Graphical Means Research Articles

Codimension two mean curvature flow of entire graphs

AbstractWe consider the graphical mean curvature flow of maps , , and derive estimates on the growth rates of the evolved graphs, based on a new version of the maximum principle for properly immersed submanifolds that extends the well‐known maximum principle of Ecker and Huisken derived in their seminal paper [Ann. of Math. (2) 130:3(1989), 453–471]. In the case of uniformly area decreasing maps , , we use this maximum principle to show that the graphicality and the area decreasing property are preserved. Moreover, if the initial graph is asymptotically conical at infinity, we prove that the normalized mean curvature flow smoothly converges to a self‐expander.

Šmilauer – Tesnière – závislostní syntax

The article compares two representative approaches to the description of dependency syntax: Šmilauer’s syntax for Czech (1947) and Tesnière’s structural syntax focused on syntax in general (1959). Similarities and differences between the two leading representatives of modern syntax are the object of comparison. The degree of general knowledge of Tesnière’s approach in the Czech environment is considered in the works of Šmilauer before Tesnière’s most comprehensive work was published. Both authors use graphic means to capture the syntactic structure of a sentence, called stemmata by Tesnière. Both authors, however, differ in their conception of the central sentence pair of syntactic structure: subject and predicate. While Šmilauer considers the subject to be the basic source of agreement for the predicate, for Tesnière the subject is one of the members dependent on the verb (in the same vein as the objects or adverbials). This approach then led Tesnière to introduce the notion of verbal valency reflecting the necessary participants in the action expressed by the verb. Both authors also differ in their representation of the order of words in the graphic representation: Šmilauer respects the surface order of words in the sentence structure, while Tesnière mostly places the actants to the left of the governing verb and the circumstants to the right.

The Study of Language Resources Revealing Mental Disorders in a Literary Text

Different writers try to organize and refine the raw material of facts to empathize and clarify what is the most significant in life in diverse ways. Each writer’s style is unique. Nothing is straightforward in the world of literary taste. Just there are writers who worship figurative language; there are others who apart from figurative language use graphic devices for narratives and sending messages to readers. The way in which authors manipulate these means as well as how they apply them in the context evoke readers’ appropriate comprehension. As a result, readers draw inferences as they are expected to do. The present paper aims at clarifying what graphic means are applied while portraying Charlie in “Flowers for Algernon” by Daniel Keyes, a mentally disabled person and his hurt and sufferings. In the world of fiction authors often violate the accepted rules in order to achieve particular purposes. Being one of graphic means, punctuation is frequently ignored by the author in “Flowers for Algernon”. Therefore, the author creates the appropriate atmosphere. The other device that helps the author affect readers is graphic realization of mispronounced words, whose importance is also analyzed in the work. One more device analyzed and illustrated in the paper is a spelling mistake that is deliberately made by the author to achieve particular goals.Graphic means are considered visual effects that have a great influence on readers since authors want their readers to infer their main message. The way the author uses to portray a vivid image of a mentally disabled person is marked by the application of some graphic devices.

PaRaVis: An automatic Python graphical package for ensemble analysis of plant beta diversity using remote sensing proxies

The ongoing impacts of climatic changes, coupled with intensified human activities, are leading to a significant loss of plant diversity, prompting urgent calls for comprehensive monitoring of forest ecosystems. This is particularly concerning in regions with the encroachment of human activities into forest zones, and inadequate regulations that primarily view forests as a source of timber without fully accounting for their critical roles in biodiversity. These issues highlight the need for effective geospatial approaches to support conservation strategies and sustained monitoring of plant diversity. The majority of remote sensing studies of plant diversity have focused on alpha-diversity, while beta-diversity plays an important role in providing a comprehensive picture of biodiversity patterns across scales. Among various remote sensing proxies, Rao's Q index stands out as a reliable metric to quantify beta-diversity using multispectral remote sensing indices. However, a holistic approach that can incorporate multiple remote sensing indices and enable comparative analysis using graphical means with computational efficiency is lacking. In response, we developed PaRaVis, an open-source Python-based graphical package for deriving spectral diversity from multispectral remote sensing datasets as a proxy for functional diversity using Rao's Q index. This tool encompasses all the necessary steps for parallelized computation, visualization, and analysis of Rao's index from either single or multiple multispectral indices. It is capable of calculating and visualizing 75 vegetation indices (VIs), from a raster scene, followed by calculating Rao's Q both unidimensionally and multidimensionally in parallel. PaRaVis also offers features for visualizing, analyzing, and comparing Rao's Q outputs using statistical performance diagnostics. It provides a unique means to infer diversity patterns in space and time and is therefore invaluable for researchers or organizations involved with plant diversity monitoring, especially those with limited data analysis or computer programming experience. To demonstrate the tool's effectiveness, we analyzed plant diversity patterns using satellite-derived spectral heterogeneity measures in forest sites within the Hyrcanian Forests of Iran and sites located in Germany. The first case study focused on UNESCO Natural Heritage sites. Our analysis revealed that employing EVI, SR3, and TCI indices as inputs for the multidimensional Rao's Q yielded higher performance in monitoring more heterogeneous forests compared to the unidimensional mode. In the second case study, we utilized field Species Richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices to evaluate PaRaVis and our method. We found that using a multi-temporal, multi-index approach enhances the results compared to multi-seasonal and classical Rao based on single time.

From Irony to Post-Irony: Means of Expressing “New Sincerity” in the Magazines The Rules of Life and The New Yorker

The relevance of the study is determined by the demand for “new sincerity” that has emerged in society. Reflecting modern trends, mass media highlight the urgency of research into this phenomenon from various angles. The purpose of the work is to describe mass media potential for the use of irony and post-irony as means of expressing “new sincerity”. The analysis is carried out on the material of modern intellectual periodicals The Rules of Life (formerly Esquire) and The New Yorker, which represent a striking example and an integral part of postmodern culture, create and communicate its values. The novelty of the study lies in the integrated approach that enabled the authors to describe the linguistic mechanisms of transforming irony to post-irony and to prove the capability of the “new sincerity” concept extrapolation to the sphere of mass media through determining the characteristic features of irony and post-irony that reflect new communicative strategies. An empirical study identifies lexical, syntactic, stylistic, graphic means of post-irony expression in modern intellectual periodicals and allows to conclude that it is represented in pathos and categoricity reduction, explicit criticism and sarcasm elimination, as well as transition from the irony of rejection to the post-irony of sensitivity, frankness and sympathy. Post-irony is shown to constitute the style of intellectual periodicals while the magazines themselves are noted to be the bearers of the “new sincerity” philosophy.

К ИСТОРИИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ПРОПИСНЫХ БУКВ ПРИ НАПИСАНИИ ИМЕН МОНАРХОВ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ СТАТЕЙ Н. М. КАРАМЗИНА 1802–1803 гг.)

The article compares the rules of using capital letters while writing the names of Russian monarchs, fixed in grammar books of the second half of the 18th century and their actual usage in three articles written by N.M. Karamzin, published in the journal “Messenger of Europe” in 1802-1803. It was established, that the norm described in these grammar books let variability in the usage of capital letters. Through N.M. Karamzin’s texts we can find adherence to various norm options, associated with the implementation of the author’s intention to semantize the use of graphic means. Writing exclusively in capital letters particularly concerned with the names of the three monarchs, who played the most significant role in the history of Russia. Moreover, in the editions of the same articles in the “Collected Works” of 1814 and 1820 N.M. Karamzin implements another acceptable option of the norm, offered by grammar books, and replaces writing in capital letters with writing in discharge (a graphic technique in Russian typography associated with the use of increasing space between letters in a word), while expanding the range of names of monarchs to persons belonging to the Romanov family starting with Princess Sophia.

Формування графічної компетентності майбутніх фахівців аграрного профілю у кризових умовах

The article analyzes the theoretical and methodological foundations of the formation of graphic competence of future specialists of the agrarian profile in crisis conditions. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of graphic activity and the organization of graphic training of students of agrarian universities in crisis conditions. The influence of the war on the organization of the educational process in agrarian institutions of higher education has been clarified. Attention is focused on the specifics of graphic activity and the need to take it into account in remote forms of education, which consists in operating with imaginary spatial images, translating visual information into an imaginary form and reproducing imaginary images into a graphic form. The transition to remote forms of education in crisis conditions complicates communication between the student and the teacher, the educational material is presented more intensively than it is provided by the educational programs, students have to spend more time on independent processing of educational information. For the effective formation of the graphic competence of future specialists, we distinguish two groups of pedagogical conditions: general educational (characteristic of studying any discipline at the university) and specific (inherent in the graphic training of students). The peculiarity of the isolated conditions is that they take into account the shift in emphasis to independent activity caused by the crisis situation in the country. A set of techniques proposed by us in graphic training (special geometric tasks for the use of graphic means of displaying information for integrated disciplines; choosing the type of projection and display of a technical object or process; modeling; a combination of different perspectives; graphic exercises with the construction of models; the use of technologies to expand the ability to graphically reproduce any information, etc.

Курсив как средство актуализации высказывания в поэзии М. Цветаевой

The purpose of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the functioning of italics as a means of actualizing statements in the poetry of M. Tsvetaeva. Marina Tsvetaeva is one of the few poets who widely use italics in their literary practice. The selection of the most significant word in terms of meaning is found not only in the poet's poems, but also in her artistic and epistolary prose. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in M. Tsvetaeva's poetry, italics are studied from the standpoint of the actual division of the sentence. Despite the fact that the graphical means of M. Tsvetaeva was described in the aspect of actual division, the object of analysis was her original punctuation system, not italics. It is proved for the first time that italics, emphasizing the semantic and intonation center of an utterance, acts as a distinctive element in the system of actual division of a poetic text devoid of specific means of expressing actual division - word order and intonation. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed for the first time that the font change is used by M. Tsvetaeva's poetic text is used not only to highlight an informatively important word, but also as a way of conveying a certain intonation, and as a means with an expressive stylistic function.

Проявления психологических защит в декодировании графических средств коммуникации у лиц с нарушением интеллекта

The communicative abilities of modern adolescents with intellectual disabilities relate to the integration of information and communication technologies using visual-graphic means into their daily life. The ongoing study considered the assumption that the specificity of perception of visual information as a component of the public communicative field is expressed in maladaptive protective response in persons with intellectual disability. Analysis of psychophysiological indicators of decoding of graphic means of communication by the oculography method in persons with intellectual disability was carried out in the context of manifestations of psychological defenses. The study involved 148 students of educational institutions in St. Petersburg (Russian Federation) with the diagnosis F70 according to ICD-10 “mild mental retardation” – 70 girls and 78 boys (mean age 15,03 ± 0,94). Different patterns of oculomotor activity in visual perception of pictograms at different manifestations of psychological defenses are noted in adolescents with intellectual disability. The choice of defense mechanisms, more distorting reality or displacing information was manifested in the reduced quality of interpretation of visual and information. The article emphasizes the importance of focusing on research and psychoprophylactic attention to individual user needs in decoding graphic communication elements according to cognitive capabilities. By addressing these factors, researchers and practitioners can better tailor communication technologies to meet the unique needs of this population.

A model design for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development of antidiabetic drugs in the form of solid dosage forms

Aim. To develop a model for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development of an antidiabetic drug in tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin. Materials and methods. In the study conducted, the methods of system and comparative analysis, generalization, statistical processing and synthesis were used in determining the projected prospects, design, modeling, mathematical modeling, tabular and graphic means of presenting the results. To implement the goals and objectives of the study, software and electronic resources of the Anatomical Therapeutically Chemical Classification System (ATC), Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), Compendium, State Register of Medicines of Ukraine were used; statistical data and data from clinical studies of the content were as follows: https://www.wipo.int; https://www.dec.gov.ua; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov; https://eacpt.org; https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com. The study was conducted on the modern equipment for determining the bulk density (ERWEKA SVM 202, Germany), the flowability of powders (ERWEKA GT, Germany), resistance to crushing (ERWEKA TBH-525 WTO, Germany), friability (ERWEKA TAR 200, Germany), disintegration (ERWEKA ZT 33, Germany). The active ingredient in tablets of the antidiabetic drug is API calculated with reference to the content of dapagliflozin, 5 mg. The following excipients from the groups of fillers (factor A) were used: a1 – microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) of grade 200, a2 – lactose monohydrate of grade 80, a3 – a mixture of MCC of grade 102 with anhydrous lactose of grade 22 AN in the ratio of 3:1; disintegrants (factor B): b1 – crospovidone XL-10, b2 – sodium croscarmellose, b3 – sodium starch glycolate, glidants (factor C): c1 – colloidal anhydrous silicon dioxide (aerosil 200), c2 – talc, c3 – polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000, as well as magnesium stearate as a lubricant. The experimental data were subjected to statistical processing by the method of variance analysis. Results and discussion. The development and introduction of new pharmaceuticals, effective analogs and generics is an important task as it contributes to the improvement of the quality of drug supply, treatment and safe use for patients with diabetes mellitus. A model for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development has been developed; the target quality profile of the antidiabetic drug and tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin has been substantiated, and critical quality indicators have been determined. According to the model proposed, the optimal composition and technology of antidiabetic tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin calculated with reference to dapagliflozin, 5 mg, have been developed using an experiment planning matrix based on a 3*3 hyper-Greek-Latin square of the second order; the excipients have been selected; the effect of qualitative and quantitative factors and technological parameters on the pharmaco-technological properties of the tablet masses studied and tablet quality indicators, as well as critical indicators of the quality of the pharmaceutical product have been determined. Experimental studies and risk assessment have been carried out; based on the results, the optimal parameters of the technological process for the production of the antidiabetic drug in tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin – dapagliflozin have been substantiated. Conclusions. Based on the results of the system analysis of the application of mathematical models in the production of pharmaceutical forms, it has been determined that mathematical modeling is a key stage for ensuring the quality of the technological process at the stage of the pharmaceutical development of an antidiabetic drug in tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin. The use of mathematical modeling in the course of the pharmaceutical development allows optimization at the stage of the experimental research of API, its polymorphic form, physico-chemical properties and pharmaco-technological indicators. A model for managing technological parameters at the stage of the pharmaceutical development has been proposed; the target quality profile of the antidiabetic drug and tablets with API of SGLT-2 class – a derivative of gliflozin has been substantiated; the optimal composition and technology of this pharmaceutical product has been developed.

Графические средства как элемент реализации категории эмотивности и жанровой интертекстуальности (на материале романа Д. Тартт «Щегол»)

The aim of the research is to identify Donna Tartt’s graphic and compositional decisions for integrating texts of different genres in her narrative. Furthermore, the article analyzes the potential of graphic elements in implementing the category of emotivity in D. Tartt’s novel “The Goldfinch”. The study examines mechanisms for providing visual cues that can serve to express emotivity and genre intertextuality, types of graphic elements and graphons, themes and types of texts demonstrating genre intertextuality in Tartt’s “The Goldfinch”, as well as the phenomenon of the author’s visual consciousness. The scientific novelty lies in discovering and describing new ways of conveying emotions and incorporating new genres through graphic and compositional means in the English-language novel “The Goldfinch” by D. Tartt. As a result, it was found that the author’s strategies in the use of graphic and compositional elements not only provide a more realistic and visually interactive narrative for the reader but also help further convey the emotions of the characters, highlight ideas, provide a key to understanding the meaning of the work and the author’s intentions.

ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ КАТЕГОРИИ ОЦЕНКИ В СОЦИАЛЬНОЙ СЕТИ «ВКОНТАКТЕ»

This scientific article deals with the problem of determining the linguistic essence of evaluation. The main approach to identifying evaluative components of meaning at the moment is the semantic analysis of linguistic expressions. But with the development of online communication, the analysis of context has become relevant, since the pragmatic evaluative meaning is manifested indirectly, going beyond the semantic structure of the expression. This is especially important for the study of texts within the framework of linguistic expertise, where one of the most frequent objects is an Internet commentary. In this study, 827 publications containing evaluation were analyzed. The article points out predominantly lexical, predominantly syntactic, mixed, graphic means of expressing evaluation, and emphasizes the means of expressing evaluative meaning typical for Internet comments: case, punctuation marks, symbols, emoticons. The range of these means requires additional study due to the dynamism of their development and the breadth of their use

Пиктограммы как метод невербальной коммуникации для подростков с нарушением интеллектуального развития

The article deals with the main features of communication of children and adolescents with impaired intellec-tual development. A comparative study of the nonverbal alternative communication perception was conducted with the participation of adolescents with impaired intellectual development (N = 92) and with normal intelli-gence (N = 92). Participants were asked to perform a pictograph translation task in a verbal context. The results of the study of pictogram perception in a verbal context indicate passive thinking and impaired cognitive com-ponent of thinking in persons with impaired intellectual development. The analysis of oculomotor activity during pictogram perception suggests a shorter duration of the lexical processing activation. Conclusion dwells upon the fact that the effectiveness of nonverbal graphic means of communication for persons with impaired intel-lectual development is twofold: nonverbal means of communication are able to expand the communicative abilities of this group, but it is necessary to take into account their cognitive characteristics when using methods of graphic alternative communication.

Size Distribution And Heavy Mineral Pattern In Some E Gbe Streams, Southwestern Nigeria

The Egbe-Isanlu schist belt has received scholarly attention from several researchers but there is no documented report on types and the distribution of heavy minerals in streams of the area. This study is intended to reveal the types of heavy minerals, the distribution and possible source rocks to guide prospectors in gems. The study area lies within latitude 08o 03' and 08o 16 ' and longitude 05o 31' and 05o 43’ of the Southwestern Basement Complex terrain in Nigeria. Fifteen stream sediment samples were collected at appropriate points along river channels, air dried at room temperature, sieved and subjected to heavy mineral separation process using bromoform. Graphic mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis were determined and heavy minerals identified under microscope. The graphic mean ranges between 0.67 (coarse sand) to 2.49 (fine sand), skewness between 0.75 and -0.10 and Kurtosis between 0.87 and 1.88. The calculated ZTR index ranges between 6.86% and 3.35.0%. The identified heavy minerals in the study area included tourmaline, epidote, rutile, zircon, kyanite, staurolite, garnet and zeolite. These minerals are modernly distributed across the sampled area and in some locations, they are relatively high in abundance. Some of the heavy minerals are angular to sub-angular in shape suggesting a short distance of travel from source. The graphic mean gives values that suggests a moderately to poorly sorted sediment and skewness indicated a platykurtic and leptokurtic nature for the sediments. Calculated ZTR index classified the sediments as immature to sub-mature indicating a short distance of travel suggesting that the sediments could have been derived within the catchment area. The presence of zircon, tourmaline and rutile suggests that the sediments might probably have its source from acid intrusive rocks and pegmatites.
 
 

EXPRESSIVE GRAPHICS AS A COMPONENT OF THE LANGUAGE GAME IN LEWIS CARROLL’S LITERARY FAIRY TALE ALICE’S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND

The fairy tale “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” by Lewis Carroll is one of the most popular children’s literary works, which has not lost its relevance for almost 160 years. During this time, the phantasmagoric story was never taken out of print, and was translated into 174 languages. The main aim of the article is the analysis of graphical stylistic devices in Lewis Carroll’s fairy tale “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland”, which is a real cultural phenomenon. Linguistic and extra-linguistic devices create the world of the tale.The methodology includes literature review related to the topic; methods of analysis, classification and comparative analysis. It includes the methods of literature analysis of the stylistic role of the word game. As the word game, especially the creation of neologisms, the use of graphic means of highlighting become the ways of designing an original text and an unreal-real world. The analysis of transformations of the artistic language as a means of overcoming the framework of the game space and its inherent closedness extend beyond the analysis of only a visual framework of the text but becomes the study of the main idea if it could be found in this extraordinary piece of literature. The vast majority of studies devoted to the works of L. Carroll touch upon the problems of the play of words in his works and aspects of the translation experience. The study of any fiction text inevitably involves the study of the features of its graphic design. It is well-known that graphics is a means of securing information; in a fiction text, where any unit is potentially expressive, graphic means carry a pragmatic load, and therefore are one of the ways to influence the addressee of written speech. An extraordinary way of use of graphics draws the reader’s attention to the form of writing. Thus, the form becomes significant and, interacting with the meaning of the graphically selected lexical unit, makes it semantically more complicated. The main graphic means of expression include paragraph organization, punctuation marks, numbering, typefaces, combination of fonts of different languages, color selection, underlining, deliberate division into syllables, creation of figurative elements (most often in poetic works of art), etc. “Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” is a complex and unique fantasy story but usually accepted and interpreted as a fairy tale. This is a kind of allusion to the author’s modern world. The artistic world lives according to its own laws. Many characters and episodes of the book, funny lines and situations are not random, but deeply motivated: they are fully based on the play of words, on the revival of metaphors, on the literal interpretation of components, phraseological combinations and puns. The author’s text of the fairy tale can be defined as a game and two main principles of its formation can be identified, namely: the creation of unusual language material and its non-standard (non-linear) organization of the text. Among the indicated graphic means of expression, L. Carroll’s work is primarily characterized by font selection (capital letters and italics), deliberate division of words into syllables, and the creation of figurative verse. It is concluded that the general peculiarity of L. Carroll’s fairy tale is the extremely high artistic value of the work, which is manifested in the wealth of stylistic means and techniques and is ambiguously perceived by readers due to the structure of the text itself. The writer’s attitude to the interaction between the text and the reader is important. The latter’s perception of the text will be qualitatively different depending on whether the reader understands the playful nature of the work or perceives it as an ordinary text. The elements of the game are the characters, the narrative style of the work, and the language tools used by the author at different levels

Маркеры поликодовой объективации прецедентных феноменов в семиотически осложненном тексте

Introduction. The article studies the markers of polycode objectification of precedent phenomena in semiotically complicated texts. The purpose of the study is to characterize polyprecedence in polycode texts and identify markers of precedent phenomena. A set of research tasks are solved to achieve the goal: 1) analysis of precedence and polyprecedence categories; 2) description of semiotic forms of encoding precedent phenomena in polycode texts; 3) identification of combinations of interaction between markers of precedent phenomena within the text; 4) compilation of a nomenclature of thematic groups of relevant precedent phenomena of the Soviet era based on identified markers of polycode objectification. Materials and Methods. Two hundred modern polycode texts in the “Soviet pin-up” style served the research material. They were selected from the Russian-language segment of the Internet. Each text includes a verbal and / or non-verbal marker of a precedent phenomenon related to the Soviet era or the USSR. The research methodology was based on the provisions of the theory of precedent and multimodal analysis of semiotically complicated texts, individual procedures of semiotic, discursive and structuralsemantic methods of analysis. Analysis. The lingvosemiotic approach to the study of precedent markers is integrative, since it allows one to interpret not only verbalized precedents, but also the phenomena encoded by other semiotic systems (visual, auditory and other perceptual modes). Polyprecedence is not only a correlation with different source areas, but also multiple encoding by different semiotic codes of culturally specific connotations and references to precedent phenomena related to different thematic groups and modes of perception in one text. Markers of precedent phenomena can be represented by verbal or visual codes. By providing an allusive reference to a precedent phenomenon of any type, the verbal code is universal. The degree of manifestation of the marker varies from maximum – quotation, to allusion – an obvious hint, and then to reminiscence – an implicit reference to a precedent phenomenon. The visual code conveys images and elements, among which the representatives of precedence are directly images (graphic images, photographs, images of stereotypical situations preserved in collective consciousness) and their individual elements (composition, form, color scheme, etc.), graphic means, font etc. By analogy with verbal markers, visual ones also have different degrees of manifestation: the use of a prototype image without modifications, an allusion to the image (modified image) and reminiscence. Verbal and visual markers encode variable modes of perception. Perceptual modes are mediated by verbal and visual codes, as they are objectified with the help of verbal or visual markers. Based on the identified markers of polycode objectification, fifteen thematic groups of precedent phenomena of the Soviet era were compiled. Results. The analysis carried out allows us to draw a conclusion about the polycode variability of markers of precedent phenomena and the varying degrees of their manifestation in the text.

КУЛЬТУРНАЯ СПЕЦИФИКА ЖАНРА НАУЧНОЙ СТАТЬИ: КАТЕГОРИЯ АВТОРИТЕТНОСТИ

. Recent studies of various discourse types, including the scientific one, show that in communication process the authority of the participants is one of the important communicative categories realized with a set of linguistic and graphic means. They can have some specifics in the texts belonging to the same genre but different linguistic cultures. The purpose of our study is to identify the most typical lexical and grammatical means (markers) used to realize the category of authority in scientific articles genre in the English and Russian linguistic cultures. The objects of the study were three groups of markers: the authority of general scientific facts and theories; the authority of top experts in a particular field and the authority of the author of a scientific article. The research material included a number of articles in Russian and English in the field of pedagogy, management and energy. The analysis revealed significant differences in the quantity of these markers depending on the scientific field and the particular language culture, as well as a direct correlation with the quantitative use of graphic markers of the category (tables, graphs, etc.). In addition, some differences were observed in the choice of language means, particularly, the lexical and grammatical content of speech clichés, as well as some differences in syntactic patterns of the means. Theoretical importance of the analysis proves the need to study and systematize language tools used to realize the main communicative parameters of a scientific text. The practical results can be used to develop recommendations for academic writing.

ДИАЛЕКТ В НЕМЕЦКОМ АНЕКДОТЕ

t. The aim of the research is the analysis of language variability in German jokes which contain dialect words. Every dialect has own phonetic features (which are rendered by graphical means in a written text), specific vocabulary and grammar. On the whole German dialects are highly researched. Against this background, works dwelling on the role of dialect in jokes are really very scarce. The research is based on written sources. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the description of the role of some means of dialect coloring in creating a comic effect in jokes about Berliners and Bavarians. The results obtained show that dialectcolored language means of different levels can be used separately or combine with one another. A representative of any dialect area can be described in a comic light. At the same time, any joke should always be viewed in a cultural context, without understanding which it is impossible to fully perceive it. In subsequent studies, attention can be focused on the dialect features of other regions of Germany.

Textural Characteristics and Depositional Regime of the Shitalakshya River Sediments, Bangladesh

This study analyzes the depositional regime and textural properties of the sediments from the Shitalakshya River in Bangladesh, enabling us to comprehend how these sediments evolved in a river environment. For this investigation, 30 representative samples were taken from the Shitalakshya River, and their textures were analyzed. The cumulative frequency curve is obtained by using semilog graph paper to plot particle size (in phi scale) against cumulative percent. The statistical parameters such as median (Md), mode (Mo), mean (MZ), standard deviation (σi), skewness (SKi), and kurtosis (KG) were calculated using the percentile of phi values (1%, 5%, 16%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 84%, and 95%). The cumulative curves show that the sediments are deposited through the traction population (1.90%), saltation population (75.64%), and suspension population (22.46%). The median value varies between 0.7Ø and 4.85Ø, with an average of 2.738Ø indicating coarse sand to coarse silt. The analyzed samples have unimodal, bimodal, and polymodal distribution, which indicates the sediments are carried by different tributaries and distributaries in the Sitalakshya River system. The range of 1.46Ø–4.05Ø represented by the observed mean value suggests sand with medium to extremely fine grains. Most of the sediments indicate moderate sorting, which is shown by the standard deviation (sorting), which ranges from 0.399Ø to 1.48Ø. The skewness value ranges between −0.01Ø and 0.66Ø, suggesting near symmetrical skewed, while the kurtosis value ranges from 0.54Ø to 1.87Ø, indicating the sediments are 20% leptokurtic, 20% mesokurtic, and 60% platykurtic. According to the CM plot, the Shitalakshya River is mostly deposited in the area between the rolling and suspension fields, indicating a transportation regime of saltation. The scatter plots of skewness versus sorting and graphic mean versus sorting indicate that the sediments fall within the river sand zone. The energy process discriminant functions of the sediments show that they were deposited by a fluvial process.

Семантика исторической карты. Вопросы построения и использования условных обозначений для исторических карт

This article is devoted to the methodological and editorial issues of the formation and use of conventional signs when carrying out historical and cartographic work. It indicates the relevance of historical cartographic semantics, which usually does not receive proper reflection in works on the methodology for preparing historical maps. The author formulates the basic requirements for graphical means of the historical map in relation to their syntax, semantic compliance and general readability; provides the methodological basis for constructing and using symbols. Attention is paid to the structure of historical semantics and its individual blocks. A separate block of the article is devoted to the classification of signs and their areas of application. A description of the symbol resources is given. Sources of replenishment of symbols and mechanisms for the formation of new symbols are given. For each geometric type of symbol, an analysis of the various situations in which it can be used is presented; examples are given that reveal the informational and methodological potential of various techniques for using conventional signs. The article clarifies the concept of a reference base of symbols, which is a set of all available signs, grouped by thematic headings. The methodological provisions of the article are based on the practice of general and thematic mapping, as well as on the author’s personal profes- sional experience. The article is supplemented with examples of the thematic legends design, which can be used as a guide for the further accumulation of a reference base of symbols or for direct use when working with historical maps.