Graphic Survey Research Articles

Analysis of Traffic Congestion Impacts of Urban Road Network under Indian Condition

Traffic congestion has been an area of major bother across the globe. The existing infrastructure is not able to cope with the new traffic demand. Furthermore the restriction of the space and outside activities influencing the traffic congestion. The emerging country like India, where the traffic conditions comprise heterogeneous traffic with no lane discipline, further creates more complicated scenarios for the researcher. A substantial portion of working hours is getting wasted on the roads because of traffic congestion, which imposes the negative effect on the overall economy. There has been numerous of literature and studies for analysis of the traffic congestion and its impacts. However, the result has not been much satisfying. In the present study congestion forecast is aimed under mixed traffic with no lane discipline towards identifying the inherent viability of the diversified traffic situation and presents better recommendations in controlling and evading these prolonged traffic jams. The urban highway systems were considered as a study area. Required particulars were collected by a License Plate Matching method using video graphic survey for the day rush timing considered from 8:00 AM to 10:00 AM and off peak hours to estimate the travel time of a distinct class of motorized vehicles for selected sections of the urban roadway. Congestion indices for both the up and down traffic of a particular road were evaluated from the data collected from the video recording. Traffic congestion impacts were analyzed and possible mitigation measures have been suggested. The study mainly focused on traffic jam indices with regarded to travel time reliability measures to observe the functional effectiveness of the urban road network.

3D MODELLING OF THE NEGRO TOWER FOR ITS COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS AND A CONSERVATION PROPOSAL

Abstract. The Negro Tower, in El Algar, Cartagena (Region of Murcia, Spain), is a building which dates to 1585. It is a tower built in a rural environment, inland from the coast, to alert and protect the population from pirate attacks. It was part of the network of watchtowers and defense posts along the coast of Murcia built between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The tower is protected as a historical monument, but its state of conservation is very poor. For this reason, a comprehensive study has been carried out to ensure its correct restoration and future conservation. Historical and constructive analysis has allowed us to discover the social, cultural and architectural characteristics of the tower. Digital photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning compatible with classic topography have been used for the graphic survey of the tower. All this information has permitted the elaboration of thorough three-dimensional modelling and the proposal of a volumetric recomposition of the tower. The presentation will set out the working methodology followed as well as the important results achieved. This research work aims to contribute to the recognition and correct conservation of the Tower. The graphic survey and the three-dimensional model obtained will allow the recovery of the tower and its integration into the natural environment.

New Contributions on the Escuelas Pías Dome in Valencia

In the city of Valencia (Spain), domes covered by blue-glazed roofing tiles are common, but there is one that stands out above all others; the dome of the Escuelas Pías, one of the largest single-shell domes of Christianity. This dome is pending repair due to the appearance of large cracks. The present contribution aims to take us closer to the construction of the dome. By following a historical trajectory, we broaden its formal analysis providing a constructive approach that determines some factors on which some questions and controversies have been raised. Thus, we intend to solve these issues and others based on the results obtained from a high-precision graphic survey carried out by the authors. Based on the analysis of this graphic survey, new contributions regarding to its current morphology and the construction system used will be facilitated, revealing some unknowns that enable the understanding of its structural functioning and its constructive technology.

Las andanzas de la portada de Oñate tras la demolición de la casa-palacio: calle Mayor, Teatro Español, La Moncloa

Este artículo cuenta la historia de los cambios de localización, reales o imaginados, de la portada del palacio del conde de Oñate y Villamediana de la calle Mayor de Madrid. La investigación aborda el origen de la portada, su abandono tras la demolición del palacio, los proyectos en los que se sitúa y la reconstrucción en la Casa de Velázquez en La Moncloa, donde, a pesar de resistir los bombardeos durante la guerra civil, se demuele y desaparece, quedando algunos restos en el jardín. Se hace este viaje a través de información gráfica relevante, como los dibujos del palacio (ca. 1845), el proyecto de fachada del Teatro Español (1917) y el levantamiento de la portada de la Revista Arquitectura (1927). Se emplea el Dibujo de Arquitectura como instrumento para la confirmación de argumentos, la búsqueda de respuestas y la hipótesis de localización de los restos en la portada.

Effect of Construction Work Zone on Traffic Stream Parameters Using Vehicular Trajectory Data under Mixed Traffic Conditions

The research work presented is originated with the intent of studying driving behavior, especially in a lateral direction under the influence of construction work activities under prevailing heterogeneous traffic conditions. Initially, a midblock road section is selected, and then macroscopic traffic characteristics were evaluated. Later, Mumbai metro-rail construction work was started on the same road section. As a result, it was planned to study the variation in traffic-flow characteristics for road sections with-and-without construction work zone at microscopic as well as macroscopic levels. For this purpose, video graphic surveys were conducted, and macroscopic characteristics were evaluated for both study sections (with-and-without construction work zone). The results showed that at given flow levels, the stream speeds were dropped from 70 to 50 kph, followed by a drop in efficiency in terms of per-lane capacity. To sense this impact more deeply, vehicular trajectory data were developed over road sections at three different traffic-flow levels. The driving behavior is investigated using different variables, such as longitudinal following behavior, following times, lateral amplitude, and lateral placement, followed by lateral direction correlation analysis. From the investigation, the results show that the following-hysteresis plots for vehicles are found to be slender in a construction work-zone, revealing the conservative approach in driving behavior. Furthermore, following-time analysis also supports the same interpretation. Given the smaller size of vehicles, the vehicle tends to possess extra lateral freedom and hence is responsible for the seeping phenomenon through a porous media in the traffic stream. As an impact of reduced road width, capacity (per-lane) values are found to be higher in the base section than the section having a construction work zone. Further, based on the conceptualized framework, safety in the traffic stream over the study sections was evaluated. Finally, the importance of cautioning drivers the construction work activity in advance was well revealed from the safety analysis of this work.

Choice crossing behaviour model for Safety Margin of pedestrian at mid-blocks in India

Today’s fast growing life where the time is most important, pedestrian want to cross the road with comfort, convenience, safety without taking any risk for the minimal delay while crossing the road at mid-block crosswalk locations. The traditional way of measuring safety is in terms of the number of accidents, which occurred in that area based on accidental data. For, developing countries like India, the accuracy of accident details is highly questionable. Hence there is a need of a more effective safety evaluation technique which is proactive; to develop predictive models. A video graphic survey has been carried out in western and northern part of Indian cities to investigate pedestrian safety at mid-block crosswalks in an urban setting. A Binary Logistic Model (the probability of pedestrian-vehicle non-conflict) was developed to predict the probability of avoiding conflict with an approaching vehicle and other parameters on pedestrians’ decisions whether to cross the street at unprotected mid-block crosswalks. The result shows pedestrian behavioural characteristics significantly affect the PSM value as well as the probability of PVNC behaviour. Model shows that the decision to cross the street with or without safety depends on the type of approaching vehicle, vehicle speed, pedestrian speed, vehicular gap available, number of lanes, pedestrian rolling behaviour, land use, pedestrian age, platoon size, accepted gap/lag, type of gap. Further, the increase in the vehicle speed resulted in the increase PVNC. Pedestrian’s individual characteristics were found to be insignificant whereas gender was found to have an impact on SM. Rolling behaviour, presence of marking, number of lanes discourages pedestrians towards the decision to cross, regardless of the traffic gap. The outcome of elasticity analysis indicated that the traffic gap size, pedestrian speed, vehicle speed, concentration on gap are the parameters, which influences the pedestrian crossing decisions.

Compact star in Tolman\u2013Kuchowicz spacetime in the background of Einstein\u2013Gauss\u2013Bonnet gravity

The present work is devoted to the study of anisotropic compact matter distributions within the framework of five-dimensional Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity. To solve the field equations, we have considered that the inner geometry is described by Tolman–Kuchowicz spacetime. The Gauss–Bonnet Lagrangian mathcal {L}_{GB} is coupled to the Einstein–Hilbert action through a coupling constant, namely alpha . When this coupling tends to zero general relativity results are recovered. We analyze the effect of this parameter on the principal salient features of the model, such as energy density, radial and tangential pressure and anisotropy factor. These effects are contrasted with the corresponding general relativity results. Besides, we have checked the incidence on an important mechanism: equilibrium by means of a generalized Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation and stability through relativistic adiabatic index and Abreu’s criterion. Additionally, the behavior of the subliminal sound speeds of the pressure waves in the principal directions of the configuration and the conduct of the energy-momentum tensor throughout the star are analyzed employing the causality condition and energy conditions, respectively. All these subjects are illuminated by means of physical, mathematical and graphical surveys. The M–I and the M–R graphs imply that the stiffness of the equation of state increases with alpha ; however, it is less stiff than GR.

Evaluation of pedestrian crossing speed change patterns at unprotected mid-block crosswalks in India

Abstract The pedestrian crossing speed is one of the important factors in pedestrian crossing facility design. Research studies have shown that the pedestrian crossing speed is influenced by availability of green time at signalized crosswalks and pedestrian characteristics such as gender and age. However, the effects of vehicular time gap and additional pedestrian behavioural characteristics on pedestrian crossing speed patterns have not been examined at unprotected (un-signalized) mid-block crosswalks. The present study examines the pedestrian crossing speed change patterns considering the effect of vehicular time gap and pedestrian behavioural characteristics such as rolling behaviour, path change, etc., at selected unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations under mixed traffic conditions in India. Video graphic survey has been conducted at eight selected unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations in Mumbai City for two to three hours duration during normal weather conditions. The data was mined using AVS video editor software, and the extracted data includes pedestrian speed, pedestrian characteristics (gender and age), pedestrian behaviour (rolling behaviour, path change, etc.), vehicle characteristics (type and speed of the vehicle) and traffic characteristics. Pedestrian crossing speed change patterns (whether pedestrian is changing speed or not while crossing a road) was considered as a binary variable and a logistic regression model was developed with vehicular gaps and other pedestrian behavioural characteristics as independent variables. The results revealed that there is a reduction in pedestrian crossing speed change behaviour with an increase in vehicular gap size at unprotected mid-block crosswalks. The younger pedestrians have more probability of exhibiting crossing speed change patterns as compared to the elderly pedestrians at mid-block crosswalks. Further, it is identified that there is an increase in pedestrian crossing speed with increase in vehicle speed as well as heavy vehicle type. Pedestrian behavioural characteristics also have a significant influence on crossing speed. The study findings would provide useful information to designers and policy makers for design of pedestrian crossing facility under mixed traffic conditions.

Nanofluids Thin Film Flow of Reiner-Philippoff Fluid over an Unstable Stretching Surface with Brownian Motion and Thermophoresis Effects

The current investigation is carried out on the thin film flow of Reiner-Philippoff fluid of boundary-layer type. We have analyzed the flow of thin films of Reiner-Philippoff fluid in the changeable heat transmission and radiation over a time-dependent stretching sheet in 2D. The time-dependent governing equations of Reiner-Philippoff fluid model are simplified with the help of transformation of similarity variables. To investigate the behavior of the Reiner-Philippoff fluid with variable stretching surface for different physical effects, we considered thermophoresis and Brownian motion parameters in the flow. The Homotopy Analysis Method is implemented in the reduced model to achieve a solution of the original problem. A numerical convergence of the implemented method is also analyzed. The behavior of temperature, velocity, and concentration profiles have been investigated with the variation of skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. A comparative graphical survey is presented for the velocity gradient, under different parameters. An analytical analysis is presented for the time-dependent parameter over thin film flow. The results we obtained are better than the previously available results. For the survey, the physical representation of the embedded parameters, like, β depends on the stretching parameter ζ , and the Reiner-Philippoff fluid parameter ϵ are discussed in detail and plotted graphically. Prandtl number P r , Brownian motion parameter N b , thermophoretic number N t , and Schmidt number S c are presented by graphs and discussed in detail.

Assessing the effectiveness of pharmaceutical public organizations using of questionnaires specialists

Today in Ukraine insufficient amount of scientific publications in which explores issues of interaction of authorities with civil society organizations. Given the large number of associations in the domestic pharmaceutical, research on the effectiveness of their work yavlyayutsya relevant. The aim of this work was the evaluation of pharmaceutical activities of public organizations and determine ways to improve their effectiveness. Materials research is the result of a questionnaire survey of managers and specialists, conducted over the past ten years on the evaluation of the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical associations. We used a systematic approach, the analytical, statistical, graphical and questionnaire survey.
 In the article for the first time on the basis of a questionnaire survey was conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the need for participation of public organizations in the management of the pharmacy, identify effective joint activities with their government and basic directions of activation of of such activities.
 As a result, studies have established regulatory functions, it is expedient to fully convey associations (certification training, accreditation of pharmaceutical establishments, licensing retail sales of medicines). Overall assessment of works the existing non-governmental organizations in the national pharmacy in the analyzed period is defined as effective, but with some problems. These problems primarily respondents chose low level associations impact on authorities and personnel policy in pharmacy.
 It has been conducted a nationwide questionnaire of the leaders, including government officials and experts in 2011–2012 (I) and 2015–2016 years. (II) trials. There were founded that most respondents as managers and professionals – 73.21% and 82 % and 43.48% and 73.1 % respectively, pointed out the need to involve civil society organizations to participate in the management and regulation of the industry, but only in certain directions. According to the survey results it has been determined that 64.29% and 76% of managers and 60.71% and 71.06% of specialists consider the possibility to complete the transfer of pharmaceutical certification training for NGOs. However, respondents also considered possible to transfer functions of the accreditation and licensing of the activities related to retail sales of drugs for the associations, which is almost 2 times more than the 2007. Total evaluation of the pharmaceutical NGOs activities was identified by respondents during the two study periods as effective, but with some problems, low impact of the associations in public administration and personnel policy in pharmacy. This evaluation of the managers (55.36% and 64.00%) were higher than specialists (54.91% and 59.19%). Estimates of respondents regarding efficiency of PhPAU and AOEMMIU remained consistently high (55.0–66.00%) in I and II studies, unlike Ukraine Pharmaceutical Association, which has significantly reduced its activity. The work of the regional pharmaceutical associations generally rated as effective only 32,14% (I) and 43,51% (II) of respondents, respectively, indicating the need to increase their activity.

Study on Different Graphic Representations in Architectural Heritage

In recent years, cutting-edge methods have emerged to gradually replace or be used with traditional methods to carry out graphic surveys of architectural heritage; modern topographic tools such as 3D scanners and specific software. In addition, the new technologies of additive printing and three-dimensional digital representations has made architectural heritage more accessible to the general public. The main objective of this study was to conduct an analysis of each of the methods, to determine their advantages and disadvantages, as well as to carry out a comparative study of the results obtained with each of them.

Identification of platoon dispersion pattern under heterogeneous traffic conditions

Vehicles released from the traffic signal travel along the arterial in platoons. These tend to disburse as they proceed through the corridor. The present study uses various measures which quantify speed variability to determine regions where initial dispersion and higher dispersion occur on signalized urban arterials under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Video graphic survey technique was used to collect the traffic data. Data was collected up to 420 m and each platoon was analysed at every 30 m interval. The analyses identified the pattern of dispersion of platoons of vehicles along the downstream of traffic signals at three different volume levels. On the basis of the fluctuations depicted by the measures which quantify speed variability namely profiles of speed, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, relative speed difference and platoon characterizing variables, the regions where in initial and higher platoon dispersion occurred along the downstream of traffic signals were identified as 180 m and 360 m respectively. It is found that at the critical inter arrival time range of 2.8 s–3.2 s initial dispersion happens and at the range of 3.2–3.6 s higher dispersion occurs under heterogeneous traffic conditions. This research work provides better understanding of platoon dispersion phenomenon under heterogeneous traffic conditions in order to improve signal coordination and to enhance traffic flow.

La evolución y cambio del alzado de una vía principal durante el último siglo. Aplicación a un tramo de la Calle del Carmen de Cartagena

<p>La calle del Carmen en la ciudad de Cartagena ha ido evolucionando desde el siglo xvi, siglo en el que se empezó a urbanizar, pero su mayor auge arquitectónico comenzó a finales del siglo xix. Tras los bombardeos de la guerra cantonal (1873) y la gran prosperidad promovida principalmente por la industria minera del siglo xix-xx hicieron que en la ciudad de Cartagena en general y la calle del Carmen en particular, proliferaran edificios de nueva construcción de diferente consideración. Se convirtió en una calle fundamental de la ciudad a principios del siglo xx, por su pujanza comercial y su belleza arquitectónica.</p><p>La evolución en el tiempo en esta calle, el envejecimiento de las edificaciones de factura más pobre y la guerra civil española, provocaron que edificios de la época de finales del siglo xix y principios del siglo xx, fueran derribados o quedaran en estado ruinoso, perdiendo la calle parte del aspecto de la época ecléctica y modernista.</p><p>Para poder recrear el alzado de un tramo de la calle a principios del siglo xx y compararlo con su estado actual, se ha realizado la documentación gráfica de detalle de todas las fachadas mediante fotogrametría digital de las edificaciones ya desaparecidas y mediante levantamiento por láser escáner de las fachadas en la actualidad. A partir de este análisis y comparación gráfica puede verse la evolución del alzado general de la calle del Carmen en un tramo de la misma.</p>

Proactive pedestrian safety evaluation at unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations under mixed traffic conditions

The pedestrian safety can be evaluated by proactive methods (conflict techniques). Proactive method is a cost-effective technique as compared to the historic crash data analysis. Pedestrian safety studies at mid-block crosswalks based on proactive methods are required due to the growing number of pedestrian crossing facilities in developing countries. Hence, the present study evaluated the pedestrian safety at unprotected mid-block crosswalks by considering the proactive safety measure as a pedestrian safety margin (PSM). PSM is the time difference between accepted vehicular time gap with reference to the pedestrian crossing path and pedestrian actual crossing time (based on the field conditions). To fulfill this objective eight unprotected mid-block crosswalks were selected which have different roadway characteristics. Video graphic survey has been conducted for data collection at these locations. PSM values were extracted corresponding to the pedestrian behavioural, vehicular and traffic characteristics at all the eight crosswalks. Further, stepwise regression and binary logit models (the probability of pedestrian-vehicle non-conflict) have been developed in order to find out the factors contributing to the PSM values as well as predicting the probability of avoiding conflict with an approaching vehicle at unprotected mid-block crosswalks. From the study, it is observed that pedestrian behavioural characteristics such as rolling behaviour and speed change conditions significantly reduce the PSM values, and it influences the probability of avoiding conflict with an approaching vehicle at unprotected mid-block crosswalks. These findings may be useful for evaluation of the existing unprotected mid-block crosswalk locations and for increasing the pedestrian safety at these crosswalks by considering suitable control measurements on pedestrian behaviour under mixed traffic conditions.

Graphic Survey and Analysis of the Outer Walls and Floor Plan of the Royal Corpus Christi College-Seminary in Valencia

The construction of the Royal Corpus Christi College-Seminary in Valencia was begun in the late sixteenth century. The building was designed in accordance with the principles laid down by the Council of Trent and explained in detail in a treatise by Saint Charles Borromeo. In the present study a laser scanner was used to achieve a high degree of accuracy in tracing the building's outer walls and internal floor plan. The two most important of the outer walls, the south and west, were given special attention as regards regulating lines and different proportional relationships.

Platoon Diffusion along Signalized Corridors

Management and control of traffic flow on urban arterial streets with traffic signals at intersections actualize platoons at the exit of a given traffic signal, which do not remain intact as they progress along the arterial link and tend to disperse. The platoon characterizing variables such as platoon size, intra-platoon headway, inter-platoon headway and platoon speed has been studied extensively under homogeneous traffic conditions but such similar studies have not been conducted adequately considering the diversity of traffic and lack of lane discipline exhibited under heterogeneous traffic conditions. This study enables better understanding of platoon characterizing variables under heterogeneous traffic conditions facilitating enhanced safety and better operation. Data were collected using video graphic survey technique. It was analyzed for each platoon upto 420m at every 30 m interval. The analyses revealed the trend and dispersion of platoons of vehicles and locations where initial platoon diffusion and higher platoon diffusion occur at downstream of traffic signals.

Assessment of Pedestrian Level of Service for Mixed Lane

The objective of the present study is to carry out the pedestrian level of service on the mixed lane urban road sections and to develop condition prediction model for mixed lane for the purpose of improving the serviceability of mixed lane and identifying factors which affect pedestrian LOS at mixed lane. The factors fall into three main categories, pedestrian factors, crosswalk factors and roadway factors. This analysis was done based on Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2010. The PLOS model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. In order to determine PLOS, a set of data were collected using a video graphic survey. From this study, it is found that, pedestrian flow, pedestrian speed, pedestrian holding area, pedestrian crossing time, vehicular traffic and road side parking are significant factor in the development of the PLOS model, and therefore influence the movement of pedestrians at mixed lane.

"Structure from Motion" Alternativa de bajo costo para el registro del patrimonio edificado

El siguiente artículo, de carácter aplicativo e instrumental, fue elaborado a partir de los resultados de una serie de proyectos arquitectónicos cuya intervención en edificios patrimoniales dio oportunidad de mirar más allá de los métodos y procesos tradicionales para la documentación gráfica. Se desarrolló una metodología que implica el uso del software Visual Structure from Motion System****, que permite obtener un modelo tridimensional; mediante una combinación de técnicas de representación se mejora la documentación gráfica y el relevamiento de lesiones patológicas del edificio. Dos recursos fueron optimizados para poder lograr la viabilidad de los proyectos: el tiempo y el presupuesto, ambos escasos. Tal escenario llevó a plantear una estrategia basada en métodos que permiten un rendimiento en el proceso de la documentación gráfica, pues garantizan la fidelidad de la representación actual del edificio, y sus lesiones y patologías.

Models for pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour analysis at unprotected mid-block crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is an important aspect while crossing the road and it can be explained by pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour. The statistical models such as multiple linear regression (MLR) is often used to model linear relationships between dependent variable (viz., pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour) and independent variables, due to their ability to quantitatively predict the effect of various factors on the dependent variable. However such linear models cannot consider the effect of several variables on the output variable, due to primary assumptions of normality, linear, homoscedasticity and multicollinearity. In this regard, the non-linear models based on the artificial neural network (ANN), which are free from assumptions of linear models, can be easily employed for obtaining the effect of several input variables on the pedestrian accepted gap size. However, researchers have rarely applied ANN modelling technique for predicting the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour, as the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour depends on several pedestrian, traffic and vehicular characteristics. The ANN based models would be quite useful in establishing relationship between these factors on the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour at midblock crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions. In this direction, the present study adopts both MLR as well as ANN with different pedestrian, traffic and vehicular characteristics to assess the significant contributing factors for pedestrians’ gap acceptance behaviour at unprotected mid-block crosswalks under mixed traffic conditions. For this purpose, a video graphic survey was conducted at a six lane divided road at unprotected mid-block crossing in Mumbai, India. The data such as pedestrian (gender and age), vehicular, traffic and pedestrian behavioural characteristics were extracted to model pedestrian accepted gaps. The model results show that pedestrian rolling behaviour has a significant effect on pedestrian accepted gap size. The model results concluded that ANN has a better prediction with possibility to consider the effect of more number of variables on the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour as compared to the MLR model under mixed traffic conditions. However, the quantification of significant contributing variables on pedestrian accepted gap size is easy by MLR model as compared to the ANN technique. So, both models have their own significant role in pedestrian gap acceptance analysis. The developed models may be useful to enhance the existing mid-block crosswalk facilities or planning new facilities by more accurate prediction of the pedestrian gap acceptance behaviour considering the influence of various factors under mixed traffic conditions.

Documentación gráfica de edificios históricos: principios, aplicaciones y perspectivas

The graphic survey of historical buildings is one of the most powerful tools to preserve its material cultural values and it is besides the basis for its research, conservation and dissemination. Although manual drawing has been historically the main representation technique, some other methods have been recently developed to improve the data capture and its later management. This article aims to show clearly the basic concepts related to the making process of the graphic documentation in order to make possible to select reasonably and effectively such techniques. For this purpose, a comparative analysis of the current methods is firstly shown, followed by several case studies and those criteria taken into consideration within them. Finally, the main ideas obtained in the previous analysis are presented, as well as the future prospect that in our opinion set new development ways in this field.