Graphical Form Research Articles

THE NON-COPRIME GRAPHS OF UPPER UNITRIANGULAR MATRIX GROUPS OVER THE RING OF INTEGER MODULO WITH PRIME ORDER AND THEIR TOPOLOGICAL INDICES

In its application graph theory is widely applied in various fields of science, including scheduling, transportation, industry, and structural chemistry, such as topological indexes. The study of graph theory is also widely applied as a form of representation of algebraic structures, including groups. One form of graph representation that has been studied is non-coprime graphs. The upper unitriangular matrix group is a form of group that can be represented in graph form. This group consists of upper unitriangular matrices, which are a special form of upper triangular matrix with entries in a ring R and all main diagonal entries have a value of one. In this research, we look for the form of a non-coprime graph from the upper unitriangular matrix group over a ring of prime modulo integers and several topological indexes, namely the Harmonic index, Wiener index, Harary index, and First Zagreb index. The findings of this research indicate that the structure of the graph and the general formula for the Harmonic index, Wiener index, Harary index, and First Zagreb index were successfully obtained.

Computational simulation of the Aerodynamic performance of NACA2412 and NACA25112 in low Reynolds numbers

The present study introduces the basic definition of aerofoil and NACA series aerofoil. Then numerically investigates the two-dimensional aerodynamic characteristics of NACA 2412 and NACA 25112 aerofoils at a Reynolds number of 2. 0106. This study utilises the fluid dynamics simulation tool ANSYS Fluent, which is based on the finite volume method, to acquire the necessary data. The geometric model and grid of aerofoil were built with ANSYS Meshing and simulated with the pressure-based solver. In addition, the experimental environment of this study is the inlet speed of 30m/s and the air pressure of 1ATM. The study based on the Nabier-Strokes control equation completes simulation processing with SSTK-Omega. The aerodynamic characteristics of NACA2412 and NACA25112 were compared, including the pressure, velocity distribution map and the lift resistance coefficient change with the angle of attack. These experimental results are presented in the form of graphs. This experiment can be used for subsequent wind tunnel experiments or for developing a new aerofoil.

Going Over the Wall: Supporting Critical Artificial Intelligence Literacy Using Narrative Design Fiction

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become increasingly embedded in every aspect of our lives and educators are beginning to consider how to teach with and about it. Most AI curricula distinctly focus on developing digital or physical technical skills such as coding, robotics, and programming, while only sometimes critically considering the social and ethical dimensions of AI. This may lead to a future disparity between critical thinking and technical competency in AI literacy programming. This qualitative case study research focuses on how a week-long virtual camp used narrative design fiction in graphic novel format as a framework for camp activities and discussions for students in grades 6-8, to facilitate conversations related to the social and ethical implications of AI use. Results suggest that participants gained deeper and more complex opinions on AI and human-technology relationships via critical conversations facilitated through the narrative design fiction. Recommendations for future work on speculative futures, reflection, and narrative design fiction are presented.

Commutative Rings and Corresponding V-Graphs

Algebraic graph theory, which applies algebraic techniques to graph problems, is a pivotal area of study. Many ring algebraic properties have representations in graph theory. In this paper, we introduce an innovative type of graph related to rings that we call the V-graph. Let T be a ring with identity. The V-graph of T, denoted by V(T), consists of a set of vertices equal to all non-zero elements of T. Two different vertices u and v are adjacent if and only if uv is a regular element in T. We present several examples to demonstrate how this form of graph differs from the known ring-based graphs, such as zero-divisor graphs, unit graphs, and quasi-regular graphs. We calculate the diameter and independent number, as well as the domination number for the V-graph of the ring of integers Zn.

Design and Implementation of a Rechargeable Active/Passive RFID Tag System with Integrated Software Interface for Construction Site Equipment Tracking

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology has undergone continuous development since its origin in the 1940s, finding applications across various fields. This research aimed to design and implement a rechargeable active/passive RFID Tag system operating at 433MHz, with a specific focus on its application in construction site equipment tracking. The objectives were to develop an RFID Tag capable of switching between active and passive operation modes, wirelessly recharging the battery system, and demonstrating its effectiveness in managing construction equipment. The designed Tag operates in both active and passive modes, ensuring operation even after battery depletion. Data exchange uses backscattering modulation, allowing transmission without relying on an external power supply. The Tag was implemented using an ESP8266-01 encoder, envelope detection circuit for mode switching, signal amplification unit, impedance-matched antenna, and a rechargeable power supply unit. Testing evaluated data transmission, reception, signal reliability, and distance coverage in both modes. Results showed effective performance up to 50 meters in active mode and 30 meters in passive mode. The system's application in construction site equipment tracking demonstrated significant potential for improving asset utilization, enhancing security, and streamlining inventory management. Additionally, a software interface was developed and tested, showcasing the system's ability to present real-time tracking data in both tabular and graphical formats, further enhancing its practical applicability. This research contributes to advancing RFID technology by introducing a versatile, rechargeable Tag system with practical applications in challenging environments like construction sites, complemented by user-friendly software solutions for effective asset management

Implementation Of Digital Learning To Improve Students' Learning Activity In The Subject Of Al-Qur'an Hadith

This study aims to examine the application of digital learning in the Al-Qur'an Hadith subject at MAN 1 West Aceh using the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method of the Kemmis-Taggart model. The results of the study indicate that digital learning is learning that uses digital technology to convey material to students, which can be done by using devices such as computers, tablets, and smartphones, using online learning platforms, using educational applications using the internet to search for sources of information and present learning materials contextually and delivering audio-visual materials in the form of text, graphics, animations, or videos. Success of Digital Learning Student scores (blue) tends to be higher than scores (green), especially in the aspects of Average, Max, and Mean, indicating the effectiveness of the application of digital learning on student activity in the Al-Qur'an Hadith subject. In terms of Data Diversity, the Standard Deviation (Std) and Variance (Var) have small values, indicating that student learning outcomes are quite consistent, with little deviation between students. Meanwhile, in terms of value distribution, the maximum student value is very high, almost reaching 100%, indicating that there are students who are very active and involved. The value mode is also significant, indicating a consistent pattern of success in the majority of students and in terms of Score Gap and score values (green) have much smaller values than the values​ (blue) on each indicator. This shows that the value as a representation of final achievement is more prominent than the initial score or other indicators.

PERBANDINGAN DURASI PEKERJAAN BOR KERING DAN BOR BASAH PADA PEKERJAAN TIANG BOR DI PROYEK X

The duration of construction work is a crucial factor that affects the efficiency and success of a project, especially in bored pile construction. The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in the duration of dry and wet drilling work along with internal and external factors that affect the duration. Dry drilling is a drilling condition without using fluid, while wet drilling is a drilling condition using polymers or fluids to maintain the soil wall so that it does not collapse. The study was conducted through unstructured interviews and field observations by finding 40 data on project X. Data processing in this study was carried out using a comparative method and presented in the form of tables and graphs. Based on this comparison, it can be seen which work is more efficient and faster and the factors that influence it. Based on data analysis, the dry drilling method is more efficient with a total working duration of 3.26 hours compared to 6.37 hours required for wet drilling. The biggest difference is in the drilling and cleaning time which is different by 2.52 hours. In addition, factors such as tool damage, bad weather, and technical difficulties can affect the duration of work, especially when using wet drilling. This study provides important information for choosing the right drilling method to reduce working time and increase project efficiency

Finite element analysis of RC beams using static experimental data to predict static and dynamic behaviors

This study comprehensively compares dynamic and static forces in reinforced concrete (RC) beams, utilising experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) methodologies. Experimental tests involve monotonic two-point loading of 1 m x 150 mm x 150 mm RC beams using a universal testing machine (UTM). Deflection measurements are taken at three distinct locations (S1–S3) using various sensors, including force resisting sensor (FRS), flex sensor (FLS), MEMS accelerometer, and Piezoelectric sensors. The experimental data is then compared with FEA results obtained through ANSYS 16.0 software. Additionally, dynamic analysis is conducted, and results are presented in 3D graphical format. Mode shapes and harmonic responses are analysed. The study further discusses the sensor outcomes that align closely with FEA results. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the dynamic and static behaviour of RC beams and offers a robust validation approach through experimental and computational analyses.

Exploring the Potential of FlexSim 3D Simulation for Robotic Workstation Analysis

Simulators play an important role in testing robotic workstations in production facilities, allowing real-world conditions to be simulated without risk to equipment and staff. They allow users to verify robot control algorithms, identify possible errors, and optimize production processes. By using simulators, companies can reduce prototyping costs and decrease downtime. In addition, it helps to improve safety in production and minimize training costs. The main aims of this research are to analyze and test the FlexSim software, which is a 3D simulator for visualizing and simulating scenarios in manufacturing workplaces. To test the program, a 3D model of a robotic workplace with conveyor belts and CNC machines was created. The simulated workplace was analysed using the analysis tools offered by the software. The results were obtained in the form of graphs, which makes it easier to visually identify downtime, weaknesses, and workstation efficiency. A comparative analysis of our chosen simulator and Tecnomatix Plant Simulation software was also carried out. These two advanced simulators are actively used at serial production plants to analyze and simulate innovative solutions at production locations. At the end of the article, the weaknesses of the two software programs are described, along with a comparative analysis in the form of a table.

Study of metrological characteristics of household gas meters when measuring the volume flow rate of gas-hydrogen mixtures

The paper presents the results of studies of the influence of pure gaseous hydrogen and gas-hydrogen mixtures and the performance and metrological characteristics of membrane-type gas meters used in the household sector. For the study, membrane-type meters of leading domestic and European manufacturers were pre-selected. A series of static and dynamic tests were conducted for the meters. The static tests involved checking the air-tightness of the meters under the influence of gaseous mixtures. The dynamic tests involved measurements on a simulated test site with a work medium of pure hydrogen as well as hydrogen-methane mixtures. The proportions of the mixtures used were: 80% of methane and 20% of hydrogen, and 90% of methane and 10% of hydrogen respectively. A structural diagram of the measuring system was developed. The measurements were performed by comparing the volume of the gas that passed through the experimental meter with the volume measured by the reference meter. The measuring system was equipped with a means for measuring the pressure and temperature of the measuring medium to bring the results of the experiments to standard conditions. As a reference means in the assembled measuring system, a drum-type gas meter with a calibration characteristic pre-determined under laboratory conditions with a work air medium was used. After the experimental studies with the work hydrogen medium and hydrogen gas mixtures under the conditions of the test site, the metrological characteristics were re-determined under laboratory conditions for the reference meter. To conduct the experiments with the maximum possible accuracy and to exclude the influence of additional errors on the measurement result, a specialized software was developed to automate the measurements of the volume of the gas passing through the reference meter, measuring the pressure and temperature of the work medium and fixing the required value of the gas volume flow rate. The results of the experiments for several meters are presented in the form of tabular values and graphs. General conclusions were made regarding the influence of hydrogen and gas-hydrogen mixtures on the change in metrological characteristics of household gas meters.

AniClipart: Clipart Animation with Text-to-Video Priors

AbstractClipart, a pre-made graphic art form, offers a convenient and efficient way of illustrating visual content. Traditional workflows to convert static clipart images into motion sequences are laborious and time-consuming, involving numerous intricate steps like rigging, key animation and in-betweening. Recent advancements in text-to-video generation hold great potential in resolving this problem. Nevertheless, direct application of text-to-video generation models often struggles to retain the visual identity of clipart images or generate cartoon-style motions, resulting in unsatisfactory animation outcomes. In this paper, we introduce AniClipart, a system that transforms static clipart images into high-quality motion sequences guided by text-to-video priors. To generate cartoon-style and smooth motion, we first define Bézier curves over keypoints of the clipart image as a form of motion regularization. We then align the motion trajectories of the keypoints with the provided text prompt by optimizing the Video Score Distillation Sampling (VSDS) loss, which encodes adequate knowledge of natural motion within a pretrained text-to-video diffusion model. With a differentiable As-Rigid-As-Possible shape deformation algorithm, our method can be end-to-end optimized while maintaining deformation rigidity. Experimental results show that the proposed AniClipart consistently outperforms existing image-to-video generation models, in terms of text-video alignment, visual identity preservation, and motion consistency. Furthermore, we showcase the versatility of AniClipart by adapting it to generate a broader array of animation formats, such as layered animation, which allows topological changes.

System for Statistical Measurement of Atomic Efficiency for Graphical Interface Elements

Relevance. Currently, the interfaces quality often plays a decisive role in solving problems by a person using information services. To evaluate interfaces, the efficiency concept was previously introduced, consisting of the following indicators: effectiveness ‒ a conditional errors number measure when working with an information system; efficiency ‒ the speed of the user's work with the information system to obtain the desired result; 3) resource efficiency ‒ the degree of user psycho-emotional stress when entering and processing data. Nevertheless, the previously obtained model requires not only the mathematical apparatus usage to determine such indicators, but also knowledge of the graphic elements atomic (i.e. individual or isolated) efficiencies associated with the features of the user's interaction with them.The article purpose is to improve the efficiency of information service interfaces, which requires calculating the individual graphic elements atomic efficiencies.The proposed solution essence is the visual system for statistical measurement of the atomic efficiency for 6 graphic elements (text field, drop-down list, classic and checkbox button, bidirectional counter and "slider") based on the performing various tasks results by users with their help. For example, the text field efficiency compared to a drop-down list will be higher for short words ‒ since their input from the keyboard is faster than selecting from the list, but lower for long sentences ‒ since in this case it is faster for a person to select the desired one than to provide correct input. The measuring principle the efficiency by the proposed system is based on the sequential output of graphic forms with different types (and in some cases, quantities) of elements, indicating the task to the user and measuring the correctness and data entry duration. To reduce subjectivity in actions, various techniques are used, such as different duration timers. A special survey at the end of the element test groups is used to assess the psycho-emotional load. The system has an implementation as a Web site in PHP, individual Web pages of which and their interpretation are given in the article. Experiments with the use of this system for 50 users allowed us to obtain the desired all elements atomic efficiencies.The scientific novelty of the solution lies in the obtaining possibility estimates of the interface elements efficiency in a completely formal way, taking into account only the features of user interaction with them, as well as the data specifics (size, type).The theoretical significance lies in expanding the class of methods for assessing the graphical interfaces efficiency obtained through assessing the elements that make it up.The practical significance lies in the possibility of directly using the obtained atomic efficiencies graphs to compare interfaces and optimize them.

КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССОВ ТЕПЛООБМЕНА

The article considers mathematical models of calculation of thermal conductivity in a constant cross-section rod, change of a liquid temperature along the length of the pipe and calculation of two-dimensional temperature field of liquid under the flow in the pipe. The mathematical model of fluid flow in the tube is realized in the form of a program for computers. The results of modeling of processes of heat conduction and heat exchange are presented. The task of simulation of heat exchange processes using numerical method of solving the Cauchy problem in the form of finite differences is considered in detail. This approach makes it possible to calculate the value of the studied parameter at any point of the object under investigation. The numerical method involves obtaining a system of algebraic equations for unknown variables and an algorithm for solving these equations. The main dependencies describing the process of thermal conductivity in the rod of the final length are given. The results of the calculation of the temperature change by the length of the rod are presented in a graphical presentation. The main dependencies describing the process of temperature change of the liquid flowing through the pipe are given. The results of the calculation of temperature pressure change over the length of the pipe are presented in a graphical presentation. The problem statement and mathematical model of the process of flow of incompressible liquid in the pipe are considered in detail. On the basis of the developed mathematical model, a computer model, implemented in the form of a program for computers, was created. The results of calculation, using the method of running, of two-dimensional temperature field of liquid along the pipe length are presented. The temperature dependence of the liquid in the various nodal points of the pipe section along the length of the pipe is presented in a graphical form.

High-Accuracy Solutions to the Time-Fractional KdV–Burgers Equation Using Rational Non-Polynomial Splines

A non-polynomial spline is a technique that utilizes information from symmetric functions to solve mathematical or physical models numerically. This paper introduces a novel non-polynomial spline construct incorporating a rational function term to develop an efficient numerical scheme for solving time-fractional differential equations. The proposed method is specifically applied to the time-fractional KdV–Burgers (TFKdV) equation. and time-fractional differential equations are crucial in physics as they provide a more accurate description of various complex processes, such as anomalous diffusion and wave propagation, by capturing memory effects and non-local interactions. Using Taylor expansion and truncation error analysis, the convergence order of the numerical scheme is derived. Stability is analyzed through the Fourier stability criterion, confirming its conditional stability. The accuracy and efficiency of the rational non-polynomial spline (RNPS) method are validated by comparing numerical results from a test example with analytical and previous solutions, using norm errors. Results are presented in 2D and 3D graphical formats, accompanied by tables highlighting performance metrics. Furthermore, the influences of time and the fractional derivative are examined through graphical analysis. Overall, the RNPS method has demonstrated to be a reliable and effective approach for solving time-fractional differential equations.

Research on the Construction Method of an Assembly Knowledge Graph for a Biomass Heating System

In the complex process of assembling biomass heating systems, traditional paper documents and construction process card management methods have weak information correlation and take a long time for information retrieval, which seriously restricts the assembly efficiency and quality. Moreover, the assembly process involves numerous components and complex processes, making it difficult for traditional management methods to cope with. To address this issue, a knowledge graph-based assembly information integration method is proposed to integrate scattered assembly information into a graph database, providing pathways for accessing assembly information and assisting on-site management. The biomass heating system assembly knowledge graph (BAKG) adopts the top-down method construction. After the construction of the upper schema layer, the 3DXML file was parsed, the XML.dom parser in Python3.7.16 was used to extract the equipment structure information, and the RoBERTa-BiLSTM-CRF model was applied to the named entity recognition of the assembly document, which improved the accuracy of entity recognition. The experimental results show that the F1 score of the RoBERTa-BiLSTM-CRF model in entity recognition during the assembly process reaches 92.19%, which is 3.1% higher than that of the traditional BERT-BiLSTM-CRF model. Moreover, the knowledge graph structure generated by the equipment structure data based on 3DXML file is similar to the equipment structure tree, but is more clear and intuitive. Finally, taking the second-phase construction process records of a company as an example, BAKG was constructed and assembly information was stored in the Neo4j graph database in the form of graphs, which verified the effectiveness of the method.

Exploring the Applications of Explainability in Wearable Data Analytics: Systematic Literature Review.

Wearable technologies have become increasingly prominent in health care. However, intricate machine learning and deep learning algorithms often lead to the development of "black box" models, which lack transparency and comprehensibility for medical professionals and end users. In this context, the integration of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a crucial solution. By providing insights into the inner workings of complex algorithms, XAI aims to foster trust and empower stakeholders to use wearable technologies responsibly. This paper aims to review the recent literature and explore the application of explainability in wearables. By examining how XAI can enhance the interpretability of generated data and models, this review sought to shed light on the possibilities that arise at the intersection of wearable technologies and XAI. We collected publications from ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, SpringerLink, JMIR, Nature, and Scopus. The eligible studies included technology-based research involving wearable devices, sensors, or mobile phones focused on explainability, machine learning, or deep learning and that used quantified self data in medical contexts. Only peer-reviewed articles, proceedings, or book chapters published in English between 2018 and 2022 were considered. We excluded duplicates, reviews, books, workshops, courses, tutorials, and talks. We analyzed 25 research papers to gain insights into the current state of explainability in wearables in the health care context. Our findings revealed that wrist-worn wearables such as Fitbit and Empatica E4 are prevalent in health care applications. However, more emphasis must be placed on making the data generated by these devices explainable. Among various explainability methods, post hoc approaches stand out, with Shapley Additive Explanations as a prominent choice due to its adaptability. The outputs of explainability methods are commonly presented visually, often in the form of graphs or user-friendly reports. Nevertheless, our review highlights a limitation in user evaluation and underscores the importance of involving users in the development process. The integration of XAI into wearable health care technologies is crucial to address the issue of black box models. While wrist-worn wearables are widespread, there is a notable gap in making the data they generate explainable. Post hoc methods such as Shapley Additive Explanations have gained traction for their adaptability in explaining complex algorithms visually. However, user evaluation remains an area in which improvement is needed, and involving users in the development process can contribute to more transparent and reliable artificial intelligence models in health care applications. Further research in this area is essential to enhance the transparency and trustworthiness of artificial intelligence models used in wearable health care technology.

Analytical Method for Calculating Ring Plates on an Elastic Foundation with an Arbitrary Continuously Variable Bedding Factor

An analytical method for calculating the bending of ring plates resting on a non-homogeneous elastic Winkler foundation has been developed for the case when the bedding factor and load are given by any continuous functions. The method is based on the exact solution of the corresponding differential equation. Calculation formulas for the parameters of the stress-strain state of the plate are given in closed form. An example illustrates the practical application of the developed method. The case is considered when the bedding factor changes according to the parabolic law, and the load is given by the sine law. Calculation results are presented in numerical and graphic formats. For comparison, the calculation results obtained by the finite element method are also provided.

Fluid Dynamic Assessment of Tall Buildings with a Variety of Complicated Geometries

The exponential increase in population has led to a shortage of land for constructing tall buildings, resulting in the need to design irregular structures due to the limited availability of land. Assessing the impact of wind-generated effects can be achieved utilizing the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, specifically employing ANSYS. This involves resolving the intricate fluid dynamics problem through numerical analysis using the ANSYS software. The validation study is performed on a standard shape-building model where the result is compared with experimental values and other international standards. The outcomes are presented in a graphical format, such as mean pressure, streamline, and pressure distribution in the vertical and horizontal planes. This research has studied four building models with equal area and height. Models A and B have regular shapes, while Models C and D exhibit an irregular ‘Y’ shape. The wind incidence angle was adjusted between 0 and 180 degrees at every 15-degree interval. The results were validated to ensure the accuracy of the numerical techniques employed. This involved performing validation and grid sensitivity analyses, which showed consistent results comparable to experimental data and established international standards. Model-C irregular-shaped buildings demonstrated the highest efficiency in minimizing wind loads among the building models examined in this study.

PROFIL PASIEN KANKER YANG MENJALANI RADIOTERAPI DI RUMAH SAKIT UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS PADANG TAHUN 2019-2020PROFIL PASIEN KANKER YANG MENJALANI RADIOTERAPI DI RUMAH SAKIT UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS PADANGTAHUN 2019-2020

Background: Cancer is a non-communicable disease, which is one of the causes of death. In the future, it is predicted that this cancer will continue to increase, especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Methods: This study is a descriptive observational study with a retrospective approach. The sampling method in this study was total sampling with the number of samples in this study being 510 samples. The instrument used in this study is secondary data from medical records. The data obtained will be processed and presented in the form of distribution tables and graphs. Results: According to the findings of this study, the majority of cancer patients who received radiotherapy were between the ages of 45 and 54 (30.78%), and the female population was larger than the male population, at 72.5 percent versus 27.5 percent, respectively. %), the majority of patients came from the province of West Sumatra (80.5%), and the most common occupation was housewife (44.8%). Stage IV is the most common stage (26.1%), and the highest anatomical pathology result is invasive carcinoma of no special type (breast cancer) .Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the distribution of patients based on gender was more female than male. The distribution of patients based on domicile, who came from West Sumatra Province is the highest. Distribution in West Sumatra Province which consists of districts and cities, Padang City was the highest with a number of patients. The distribution of patients based on age shows that the most common age ranges for cancer patients are 45-54 years and 55-64 years. The distribution of cancer patients in terms of occupation, the majority are housewives (IRT) as many as 227 people (44.5%), civil servants, TNI Polri as many as 70 people (13.7%), private sector and self-employed as many as 61 people (12.0%).

ОГНЕВЫЕ ИСПЫТАНИЯ АВТОНОМНЫХ ДЫМОВЫХ ПОЖАРНЫХ ИЗВЕЩАТЕЛЕЙ

Рассмотрению подлежат результаты экспериментальных огневых испытаний автономных дымовых пожарных извещателей. Проанализированы положения международных и отечественных нормативных стандартов, регламентирующих требования к дымовым пожарным извещателям и методам их испытаний. Рассмотрены литературные источники по разработке стендов для проведения испытаний дымовых пожарных извещателей. В результате проведенных экспериментов получены числовые данные по времени срабатывания различных автономных дымовых пожарных извещателей при применении тестовых очагов пожара ТП-2 и ТП-7, уточнены условия их месторасположения, отличных от стандартных. Сделаны выводы о нецелесообразности применения тестового очага пожара ТП-7 для сертификационных испытаний автономных дымовых пожарных извещателей. Combustion of basic materials that are typical for residential and administrative facilities is accompanied by the release of smoke. Detection of smoke, which is a solid aerosol, is carried out by different type of smoke fire detectors, which have special technical requirements depending on the conditions of their use. Among the various types of smoke fire detectors, it is worth highlighting smoke detectors, which are one of the effective technical means for warning people in case of fires. Smoke fire detectors contain in a single housing a typical smoke detector and an audible and/or speech signal source that is triggered when the smoke alarm is activated. Smoke detectors are not connected to fire alarm system loops and operate autonomously. The sound signal of the smoke detectors can wake up sleeping person or notify a person in an adjacent room that smoke has begun to form. Installation of smoke detectors is relevant on residential sector facilities, hotel rooms, and hostels. The adopted provisions for fire testing of smoke fire detectors in international, regional and interstate standards require clarification of the types of test fires and determination of the conditions for fire testing of smoke fire detectors. According to State Standard GOST 34698, ISO 7240-9, EN 54-9, the room for fire testing has a height of 4 m. This height is not typical for residential and administrative buildings. The height of this type of buildings, as a rule, is not more than 3 m. The test fire source TP-7 is applied for rooms with a height of 3 m and less in accordance with ISO 7240-9, EN 54-9. To simulate a room height of 3 m, tests are carried out in a standard room with the test fire source installed at a height of 1 m from the floor level. Two series of experiments were carried out with test fire sources TP-2 and TP-7 that were installed on the floor and at a height of 1 m above the floor level. There were analyzed the test results, presented in the article in the form of graphs. There were found no significant deviations in the test results. It is concluded that the use of test fire source TP-7 during certification tests is not justified.