Graphene Surface Research Articles

Highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on flexible porous graphene for cortisol detection

This report presents the development of an electrochemical sensor for detecting cortisol in sweat, utilizing a flexible porous graphene electrode (fPGE). The fPGE was created using the laser-induced graphene technique on a polyimide substrate. The characterization of the porous graphene material was conducted through SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The graphene surface of the fPGE was modified with cortisol-aptamer with the assistance of linker molecules, PASE, to form the cortisol sensor. The electrochemical properties of the sensor were assessed using cyclic voltammetry technique (CV). Cortisol detection in the sensor was achieved indirectly via the reaction of the redox couple K4[Fe(CN)6]/K3[Fe(CN)6] on the surface of the cortisol aptamer-modified fPGE. As the concentration of cortisol in the solution increased, the corresponding current in the CV decreased. Under optimized conditions, the electrochemical cortisol sensor demonstrated a wide dynamic range of cortisol concentration from femtomolar (fM) to micromolar (µM) with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 100 fM.

Rapidly one-step fabrication of durable superhydrophobic graphene surface with high temperature resistance and self-clean

High temperature resistant and self-cleaning superhydrophobic flexible film has potential application value in lunar exploration. In this paper, a novel method of magnetic field-assisted ultrafast laser induced plasma was proposed to fabricate strongly superhydrophobic graphene on polyimide film with multi-level micro-nano structure. The longitudinal magnetic field contributed to constrain the induced plasma in the lateral direction so as to form a plasma plume with high temperature and high energy density. The multi-level micro-nano graphene structures with better ordering and superhydrophobicity were fabricated, which had a contact angle of 163.1° and a roll-off angle of 1.5°, as well as hydrophobic CC bond content of 72.82 %. The droplets can achieve obvious bouncing at different heights of 1 cm and 5 cm on surfaces at different angles of 0°, 5° and 10°. The contact angle was still greater than 160° after 25 days of aging treatment and heating at 300 °C for 40 min. The water droplets before and after the heating of the sample can push the dust off the surface, showing excellent high temperature resistance and self-cleaning performance.

Elucidating the potential of bimetallic mixed metal oxide (FeO/NiO) in fusion with pristine and N- and S-doped graphene oxide for biomedical applications

Antimicrobial resistance is attributed to acquiring new mechanisms by microbes to combat antimicrobial agents, highlighting the necessity to discover new antimicrobial agents to protect human health. Graphene and its derivatives have shown antimicrobial potential due to their physical and chemical distinctive features. Potent antibacterial properties were observed by decorating the surface of graphene and its derivatives with inorganic nanoparticles, such as metal and metal oxide. In an attempt to reliably overcome antimicrobial resistance, the multifunctional nanocomposites, including FeO/NiO, FeO/NiO/GO, FeO/NiO/N-GO, and FeO/NiO/S-GO, were synthesized using a wet chemical method. Accordingly, the structural analysis was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For antibacterial potential, the synthesized nanocomposites were tested against non-resistant and resistant strains of bacteria. Notably, moderate antibacterial potential was found for FeO/NiO/N-GO nanocomposite with a MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL, compared to the MIC of pure Ciprofloxacin, a positive control, with a value of 1.25 μg/mL. Toward antifungal potential, the synthesized nanocomposites were assessed against various spores of fungal strains. In this regard, the synthesized nanocomposites were demonstrated as potent antifungal agents. Among the synthesized nanocomposites, FeO/NiO and FeO/NiO/S-GO exhibited the highest ZOI against Aspergillus flavus. Additionally, the activity of these nanocomposites was evaluated by means of total reducing power (TRP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and free radical scavenging. Further, the antioxidant, brine shrimp lethality, and hemolytic potential of the synthesized nanocomposites were evaluated to compare their effectiveness. According to brine shrimp lethality, all synthesized nanocomposites were sufficiently active, with a calculated median lethal concentration (LC50) showing ≥ 50 % mortality. The obtained results provide a promising base for the incorporation of nanocomposites in pharmaceutical and biomedical products.

Ultrahigh Thermal Rectification at Small Temperature Difference Achieved by Near‐Field Thermal Photon Manipulation

AbstractThermal diodes, which allow heat to flow in a preferential direction, are an essential component of thermal circuitry and will find applications in many fields ranging from thermal photon controls to quantum information. The quality of a thermal diode is defined by the thermal rectification ratio (TRR). Here, an ultrahigh TRR exceeding 105 at a small temperature difference (1–5 K) is presented based on near‐field thermal photon (NFTP) manipulation, by utilizing asymmetric gap‐variated dual terminals based on graphene/Si heterostructures and materials with contrasting thermal expansion coefficients. Analyses of the photon tunneling probability show that the colossal TRR comes from coupled and decoupled graphene surface plasmon polaritons under opposite temperature biases, remaining robust across a wide operating temperature range. Further enhancement can be achieved by tuning the Fermi level of graphene. This work demonstrates the significance of asymmetry in NFTP manipulation for thermal diode performance, achieving an ultrahigh TRR, which is at least three orders higher than the state‐of‐the‐art structures at the same small temperature difference (1–5 K), and is comparable to state‐of‐the‐art electronic diodes.

1 × 2 Graphene Surface Plasmon Waveguide Beam Splitter Based on Self-Imaging.

Based on the principle of self-imaging, a 1 × 2 graphene waveguide beam splitter is proposed in this work, which can split the graphene surface plasmons excited by far-infrared light. The multimode interference process in the graphene waveguide is analyzed by guided-mode propagation analysis (MPA), and then the imaging position is calculated. The simulation results show that the incident beam can be obviously divided into two parts by the self-imaging of the graphene surface plasmon. In addition, the influences of the excited light wavelength, Fermi level, dielectric environment on the transmission efficiency are studied, which provide a reference for the research of graphene waveguide related devices.

The influence of the bounding surface on the structural ordering of short chains of oligoetherimides.

In this study, we have conducted a comparative analysis of the structural ordering of short oligoetherimide chains (dimers) near the bounding surface, depending on the structure of that surface. In order to clarify the possibility of oligoetherimide ordering along the symmetry axes of graphene, two types of bounding surfaces were considered: graphene, with a regular discrete position of interaction centers (carbon atoms), and a smooth, structureless impermeable wall. The chemical structures of the considered dimers consist of two repeating units of BPDA-P3, ODPA-P3, or aBPDA-P3 thermoplastic polyetherimides. Using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the process of structural ordering of the dimers near the surface of the graphene or wall was established. The ODPA-P3 and BPDA-P3 dimers form an ordered state near the graphene surface, while the aBPDA-P3 dimers do not demonstrate structural ordering. The simulation results confirmed that the ordering direction of the BPDA-P3 and ODPA-P3 dimers near the graphene surface is chosen randomly. Comparison of the oligoetherimide structure formed near the attracting wall without a symmetrical location of the interaction centers shows the similarity of the ordering of dimers near the graphene surface and the wall. As in the case of the graphene surface, the ordering of oligoetherimide molecules near the structureless wall demonstrates one direction of ordering. Therefore, we confirmed that the key factor for the onset of ordering is the presence of a confining surface, rather than the symmetrical arrangement of interaction centers in the substrate structure.

Nanofluidic Thermoelectric Transducer with Ultrahigh and Tunable Sensitivity.

Thermosensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) ion channels can transduce external thermal stimuli to neural electrical signals, allowing organisms to detect and respond to changes in environmental temperature. Reproducing such ionic machinery holds promise for advancing the design of highly efficient low-grade thermal energy harvesters and ultrasensitive thermal sensors. However, there still exist challenges for artificial nanofluidic architectures to achieve comparable thermoelectric performance. Here, we report nanofluidic thermoelectric transducers with ultrahigh and tunable sensitivities controlled by electrostatic gating in graphene nanochannels. The equivalent Seebeck coefficient can be significantly boosted and reaches 1 order of magnitude higher than the current state of the art, even beyond thermoTRP ion channels. The improvement is attributed to substantial slippage on the highly charged graphene surface, leading to enhanced electrokinetic ion transport inside the graphene channel, which is confirmed by a scaling theory for thermoelectric coupling as well as molecular dynamic simulations. The dependence of the nanofluidic thermoelectric on the concentration, channel size, and cation types is also investigated to further clarify the underlying mechanism.

Picosecond photoacoustic generation of ultrasounds with composites of graphene-decorated gold nanoparticles

Photoacoustic or light-to-pressure transducer materials exhibit tremendous potential across various disciplines and applications, embracing theragnostic ultrasounds and permeabilization of biological barriers for drug delivery or for gene transfection. Here, we report the photoacoustic response in the picosecond excitation regime of graphene and gold nanoparticles decorated graphene dispersed in a polydimethylsiloxane polymer matrix. A novel decoration method was developed to nucleate Au nanoparticles of 25 nm on the graphene surface without reducing agent. We observed that the picosecond excitation enforced by the stress confinement generates high-frequency waves, with bandwidths of −6 dB and −20 dB of around 70 MHz and 130 MHz respectively, and peak pressure > 5 MPa. Further, the presence of gold surface decoration leads to a better dispersibility of the flake into the polymer matrix and to an increasing bandwidth at −6 dB up to 85 MHz. The decrease in source thickness leads to an increase in ultrasound frequency, which retains its value even when the laser fluence is increased up to 150 mJ cm –2. This enables the generation of high pressures while keeping the same bandwidth. We experimentally show that the photoacoustic waveform can be tailored by changing the temporal duration of the laser light, the geometry of the acoustic source, and the nature of the graphene absorber. Flexible decoration and fabrication methods of thin films, along with the generation of high-frequency and high-pressure ultrasound waves, offer new perspectives for the use of physical methods to permeabilize biological barriers and develop high-resolution photoacoustic imaging systems.

Thermal conductivity of epoxy/multilayered graphene composites prepared with different curing agents

Epoxy/multilayer graphene (ML-graphene) composites were prepared using different curing agents to control the graphene dispersion by changing the curing reactivity. With increasing initial reactivity, the aggregation size of the ML-graphene decreased and their thermal conductivity increased. In particular, the thermal conductivity of the composite prepared with p-phenylenediamine showed a maximum value of 1.46 W/(m·K) at 25 wt% ML-graphene loading because of the highest initial curing reactivity. The application of a magnetic field led to graphene alignment along the applied field, resulting in two times higher thermal conductivity than that of the corresponding system without magnetic field. The relationship between the interfacial affinity for epoxy/graphene and thermal conductivity was also investigated. As a result, resulting in a biphenyl epoxy composite showed higher thermal conductivity (6.17 W/(m·K)) than that of the bisphenol-A epoxy composite. This is derived that the π-conjugated and planar structure of biphenyl epoxy can easily interact with the surface of graphene.

Dark NO2 Reduction on a Graphene Surface with Implications for Soot Aging and HONO Formation.

Soot, primarily composed of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC), is ubiquitous in PM2.5. In the atmosphere, the heterogeneous interaction between NO2 and soot is not only an important pathway driving soot aging but also of central importance to nitrous acid (HONO) formation. It is commonly believed that the surface redox reaction between reductive OC and NO2 dominates the night aging of soot and the conversion of NO2 to HONO. However, completely differing from the currently popular explanation, we find here that the redox reaction between EC and NO2 can also drive the conversion of NO2 to HONO during soot aging. By combining in situ experiments with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we proposed that the surface carbon vacancy defects on graphite/graphene-like EC should be a type of potential primary adsorption and reactive sites inducing the heterogeneous reduction of NO2. We suggested a new mechanism that NO2 is reduced to form HONO on surface vacancy defects through the splitting of H2O molecules, and the carbon atoms adjacent to surface vacancy are simultaneously oxidized to form hydroxyl-functionalized EC. This novel finding provides insights into the chemical mechanism driving the NO2-to-HONO conversion and rapid soot aging, which expands our knowledge of the heterogeneous chemistry of soot in the atmosphere.

Polarization-selective terahertz absorber based on square cyclic graphene surface

Graphene-based absorbers are highly valued in terahertz technology due to their efficient performance. In this study, we theoretically propose a tunable, high sensitivity, single-band terahertz perfect absorber with polarization coherence that exhibits stable performance across a broad range of incidence angles. Simulation results show that the absorber's sensitivity to both TM and TE waves can be maintained at about 2 THz/RIU, with optimal values above 13.3 RIU−1 for TM waves and 12.9 RIU−1 for TE waves, and all Q-factors above 52. Furthermore, the impedance matching approach is utilized to explain the mechanism underlying its efficient absorption, and the electric field distribution is used to analyze the polarization coherence phenomena. We also propose a polarization-insensitive hetero-geometric structure based on the original structure, which allows for the separation of the absorption peaks by adjusting the geometrical parameters. These results show that the structure has a wide range of applications in aerospace, communication engineering, and image processing.

Role of graphene substrate in the formation of MoS2-based nanoparticles with improved sensitivity to NO2 gas

MoS2 coatings were formed on surface-oxidized silicon, chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown graphene, and reduced fluorinated graphene (rFG) from ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. The samples were annealed under ultra-high vacuum conditions at a temperature of 1000 °C. Analysis of X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption spectra revealed a bonding between MoS2 and the supporting material that was particularly strong for CVD-graphene. Uniform covering of the flat CVD-graphene surface with MoS2 nanoparticles and numerous contacts between them promoted the removal of sulfur and the formation of exposed molybdenum edges. A cracked MoS2 coating consisting of dense domains was formed on the wrinkled rFG surface. The study of samples as NO2 gas sensors revealed the best performance of MoS2/CVD-graphene. The sensor detected NO2 in air below 50 ppb at room temperature, had good response and recovery, operated in humid air, and demonstrated excellent NO2 selectivity. The other two sensors gave signals at elevated temperatures. The advantage of MoS2/CVD-graphene is due to improved electron transport in the hybrid, accessibility of small MoS2 nanoparticles to the analyte, and passivation of high-energy molybdenum sites by oxygen, which improves NO2 desorption.

A terahertz broadband and narrowband switchable absorber based on joint modulation of vanadium dioxide and graphene surfaces

Abstract In this paper, a terahertz broadband and narrowband switchable absorber is proposed. The absorption performance tuning for both broadband and narrowband functions is realized based on the joint modulation of vanadium dioxide (VO2) and graphene surfaces. Concretely, while VO2 is in the metallic state, the absorber achieves broadband absorption function. The overall bandwidth of over 90% absorption is 4.04 THz corresponding to a relative bandwidth of 84%. Through regulating the conductivity of VO2, dynamic tuning of the absorption amplitude is obtained and the modulation depth is 96%. By manipulating the graphene Femi energy and VO2 conductivity simultaneously, dynamic tuning of the absorption bandwidth is realized. In particular, the spectral center frequency of broadband absorption remains stable without drifting during the tuning process. While VO2 is in the insulating state, the absorber achieves narrowband absorption function. Calculated results show that two separate perfect absorption peaks are formed, and the absorption amplitudes are 99.6% and 99.2% respectively. Through regulating the Fermi energy of graphene surface, the dynamic tuning of narrowband absorption frequency is realized. Compared with the ones reported in recent years, our absorber has the advantage on function realization, absorption characteristics and performance tuning.

Excimer-ultraviolet-lamp-assisted selective etching of single-layer graphene and its application in edge-contact devices

Since the discovery of graphene and its remarkable properties, researchers have actively explored advanced graphene-patterning technologies. While the etching process is pivotal in shaping graphene channels, existing etching techniques have limitations such as low speed, high cost, residue contamination, and rough edges. Therefore, the development of facile and efficient etching methods is necessary. This study entailed the development of a novel technique for patterning graphene through dry etching, utilizing selective photochemical reactions precisely targeted at single-layer graphene (SLG) surfaces. This process is facilitated by an excimer ultraviolet lamp emitting light at a wavelength of 172 nm. The effectiveness of this technique in selectively removing SLG over large areas, leaving the few-layer graphene intact and clean, was confirmed by various spectroscopic analyses. Furthermore, we explored the application of this technique to device fabrication, revealing its potential to enhance the electrical properties of SLG-based devices. One-dimensional (1D) edge contacts fabricated using this method not only exhibited enhanced electrical transport characteristics compared to two-dimensional contact devices but also demonstrated enhanced efficiency in fabricating conventional 1D-contacted devices. This study addresses the demand for advanced technologies suitable for next-generation graphene devices, providing a promising and versatile graphene-patterning approach with broad applicability and high efficiency.

PVP-assisted synthesis of NiSnO3 firmly anchored on graphene as a high-performance lithium battery: A combination of theoretical and experimental study.

Tiny NiSnO3 nanoparticles with the assistance of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) are prepared to uniformly and stably "bond" on the surface of graphene to form a stable NiSnO3/RGO-PVP structure. At the same time, the excellent performance of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with the use of NiSnO3/RGO-PVP structure is verified through a dual combination of experiment and theory. The resulting NiSnO3/RGO-PVP structure enhanced the performance of LIBs with high cycling stability and better rate capability; even after undergoing rate performance tests at different high current densities, the NiSnO3/RGO-PVP electrode can still reach a capacity of 624 mA h g-1 at 200 mA g-1 after 400 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance of NiSnO3/RGO-PVP nanocomposites can be attributed to the synergistic effects between tiny NiSnO3 nanoparticles synthesized with the assistance of PVP and RGO, which can be verified through first-principles calculations based on DFT. The charge transfer between NiSnO3 and RGO through an electron density difference indicates a strong interaction between the two. Meanwhile, the low adsorption energies (-3.914, -0.77, and -0.65eV), low diffusion barriers (0.025, 0.49, and 0.141eV), and high diffusion coefficients (1.79 × 10-3, 5.38 × 10-11, and 2.97 × 10-5cm2s-1) of lithium ions at three different positions indicate the excellent rate performance of the NiSnO3/RGO-PVP heterostructure, which is consistent with experimental results. This work analyzes the excellent electrochemical performance of NiSnO3/RGO-PVP from the experimental results and supports the reliability of the experimental results through theoretical calculations.

Equilibrium and non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of thermo-osmosis: enhanced effects on polarised graphene surfaces

Thermo-osmotic flows, generated by applying a thermal gradient along a liquid-solid interface, could be harnessed to convert waste heat into electricity. While this phenomenon has been known for almost a century, there is a crucial need to gain a better understanding of the molecular origins of thermo-osmosis. In this paper, we start by detailing the multiple contributions to thermo-osmosis. We then showcase three approaches to computing the thermo-osmotic coefficient using molecular dynamics; a first method based on the computation of the interfacial enthalpy excess and Derjaguin's theoretical framework, a second approach based on the computation of the interfacial entropy excess using the so-called dry-surface method, and a novel non-equilibrium method to compute the thermo-osmotic coefficient in a periodic channel. We show that the three methods align with each other, in particular for smooth surfaces. In addition, for a polarised graphene-water interface, we observe large variations of thermo-osmotic responses, and multiple changes in flow direction with increasing surface charge. Overall, this study showcases the versatility of osmotic flows and calls for experimental investigation of thermo-osmotic behaviour in the vicinity of charged surfaces.

One-Step Fabrication of Composite Hydrophobic Electrically Heated Graphene Surface

Ice accumulation poses considerable challenges in transportation, notably in the domain of general aviation. The present study combines the strengths and limitations of conventional aircraft deicing techniques with the emerging trend toward all-electric aircraft. This study aims to utilize laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology to create a multifunctional surface, seamlessly integrating hydrophobic properties with efficient electrical heating to mitigate surface icing effectively. We investigated the utilization of a 10.6 μm CO2 laser for direct writing on polyimide (PI), a widely used insulating encapsulation material. From the thermomechanical perspective, our initial analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics software (V5.6) revealed that when the laser power P exceeds 5 W, the PI substrate experiences ablative damage. The experimental results show that when P ≤ 5 W, an increase in power has a positive impact on the quality, surface porosity, roughness reduction, line-spacing reduction, and water contact-angle enhancement of the graphene. Conversely, when P > 5 W, higher power negatively affects both the substrate and the graphene structure by inducing excessive ablation. However, it influences the graphene line height positively and is consistent with overall experimental–simulation congruence. Furthermore, the incorporation of high-quality graphene resulted in a surface that exhibited higher contact angles (CA > 120°), lower energy consumption, and higher heating efficiency compared to the use of traditional electrically heated materials for anti-icing applications. The potential applications of this one-step fabrication method extend across various industries, particularly aviation, marine engineering, and other ice-prone domains. Moreover, the method has extensive prospects for addressing pivotal challenges associated with ice formation and serves as an innovative and efficient anti-icing technology.

Digitalization of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Graphene Field-Effect Transistors (G-ELISA) for Portable Ferritin Determination.

Herein, we present a novel approach to quantify ferritin based on the integration of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) protocol on a Graphene Field-Effect Transistor (gFET) for bioelectronic immunosensing. The G-ELISA strategy takes advantage of the gFET inherent capability of detecting pH changes for the amplification of ferritin detection using urease as a reporter enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea generating a local pH increment. A portable field-effect transistor reader and electrolyte-gated gFET arrangement are employed, enabling their operation in aqueous conditions at low potentials, which is crucial for effective biological sample detection. The graphene surface is functionalized with monoclonal anti-ferritin antibodies, along with an antifouling agent, to enhance the assay specificity and sensitivity. Markedly, G-ELISA exhibits outstanding sensing performance, reaching a lower limit of detection (LOD) and higher sensitivity in ferritin quantification than unamplified gFETs. Additionally, they offer rapid detection, capable of measuring ferritin concentrations in approximately 50 min. Because of the capacity of transistor miniaturization, our innovative G-ELISA approach holds promise for the portable bioelectronic detection of multiple biomarkers using a small amount of the sample, which would be a great advancement in point-of-care testing.

Graphene Intermediate Layer for Robust and Spectrum-Extended Cu Photocathode Activated with Cs and O.

Developing an effective method to stably enhance the quantum efficiency (QE) and extend the photoemission threshold of Cu photocathodes beyond the ultraviolet region could benefit the photoinjector for ultrafast electron source applications. The implementation of a 2D material protective layer is considered a promising approach to extending the operating lifetime of photocathodes. We propose that graphene can serve as an intermediate layer at the interface between photocathode material and low-work-function coating. The role of oxygen in the Cs/O activation process on the Cu surface is altered by the graphene interlayer. Besides, the few-layer graphene (FLG) surface could be more likely to induce the formation of Cs2O. Thus, the graphene-Cu composite photocathode can achieve an ultralow surface work function of down to 0.878 eV through Cs/O activation. The photoemission performance of the composite cathode with a FLG interlayer is significantly enhanced. The photocathode has an extended spectral response to the near-infrared region and a higher QE. At 350 nm, its QE is more than twice that of the cesiated bare Cu, reaching 0.247%. After degradation, the graphene-Cu cathode can be fully restored by reactivation, with remarkably enhanced stability. In addition, the composite cathode can be operated reliably under a poor vacuum pressure of over 4 × 10-6 Pa. This study validates a new method for incorporating 2D materials into photocathodes, offering novel approaches to explore robust and spectrum-extended photocathodes.

Rigid-flexible coupling multistage carbon composite materials based on hybrid crosslinking as anodes for ultra long-cycling lithium-ion batteries

Graphene have garnered considerable attention owing to their disordered structure, wide layer spacing, and cost-effectiveness. The hierarchical porous structure of porous reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with hollow carbon nanospheres offers advantages such as an intact conductive network and a robust structure. However, since the hollow carbon nanospheres are physically in contact with rGO, they are randomly dispersed on the graphene surface, severely impeding fast electron transport and resulting in poor electrochemical performance. In this study, we introduced a third layer of a polypyrrole (PPy) -derived carbon film on the basis of porous rGO sheets and hollow carbon nanospheres. The HCGP-200 anode was successfully prepared to effectively encapsulate hollow carbon nanospheres on rGO sheets through the synergistic effect of rGO and the PPy-derived carbon film. The HCGP-200 anode exhibits robust cycling performance (780 mAh g−1 after 2200 cycles at 5 A g−1) and excellent rate capacity. Additionally, it demonstrates outstanding cycling stability and remarkable capacity retention (450 mAh g−1 after 3000 cycles) even at ultra-high current densities of 20 A g−1. The ingenious design and preparation of HCGP-200 is of great significance in guiding the application of high-power appliances.