Grape Varieties Research Articles

Impact of olive oil and potassium carbonate pretreatment on physico-chemical properties of sun-dried Sundar Khani raisins (Vitis vinifera L.)

Sundar Khani is native grape variety of Pakistan which has long berry length and significantly rich in taste and sweetness. There is limited literature on pretreatment and drying data for this valuable variety of Grapes. Current study was conducted to investigate the physio-chemical indices of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and olive oil combined treatments followed by natural sun drying method. The effects of 2 % K2CO3 pretreatments alone and in combination with various amounts of pure olive oil (1 %, 2 %, and 3 %) were studied. The results showed that, physical attributes like raisin length, width, volume, weight and total replication weight increased under distilled water treatment, while, combination of 2 % K2CO3 + 3 % Olive oil significantly reduced the drying time, 2 % K2CO3 + 1 % Olive oil gave higher final yield, rehydration ratio was highest under dH2O treatment and greater decay loss was observed at 2 %K2CO3 + 2 % olive oil. Further, 2 % K2CO3 displayed higher ratios of total soluble solids, sugars and peroxidase enzyme activity as well as titratable acidity, anthocyanins, total phenols, flavonoids were maximum at 2 % K2CO3 + 2 % Olive oil pretreatment. In addition, 2 % K2CO3 + 3 % Olive oil increased the Catalase enzyme activity as well as achieved higher scores in the evaluation of sensory attributes particularly morphological form, color and overall acceptance. This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical indices of Sundar Khani grapes under different pretreatment and sun-drying conditions using K2CO3 and olive oil and it could be suggested that raisin production of Sundar Khani by using above mentioned treatments along with sun drying could have future scope both in export and industrial markets due to its incredible reduction in drying and processing time.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Joint Analysis Reveals That Different Sucrose Levels Regulate the Production of Flavonoids and Stilbenes in Grape Callus Culture.

To reveal the effect of sucrose concentration on the production of secondary metabolites, a metabolome and transcriptome joint analysis was carried out using callus induced from grape variety Mio Red cambial meristematic cells. We identified 559 metabolites-mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, and stilbenoids-as differential content metabolites (fold change ≥2 or ≤0.5) in at least one pairwise comparison of treatments with 7.5, 15, or 30 g/L sucrose in the growing media for 15 or 30 days (d). Resveratrol, viniferin, and amurensin contents were highest at 15 d of subculture; piceid, ampelopsin, and pterostilbene had higher contents at 30 d. A transcriptome analysis identified 1310 and 498 (at 15 d) and 1696 and 2211 (at 30 d) differentially expressed genes (DEGs; log2(fold change) ≥ 1, p < 0.05) in 7.5 vs. 15 g/L and 15 vs. 30 g/L sucrose treatments, respectively. In phenylpropane and isoflavone pathways, DEGs encoding cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and flavanone 3-hydroxylase were more highly expressed at 15 d than at 30 d, while other DEGs showed different regulation patterns corresponding to sucrose concentrations and cultivation times. For all three sucrose concentrations, the stilbene synthase (STS) gene exhibited significantly higher expression at 15 vs. 30 d, while two resveratrol O-methyltransferase (ROMT) genes related to pterostilbene synthesis showed significantly higher expression at 30 vs. 15 d. In addition, a total of 481 DEGs were annotated as transcription factors in pairwise comparisons; an integrative analysis suggested MYB59, WRKY20, and MADS8 as potential regulators responding to sucrose levels in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape callus. Our results provide valuable information for high-efficiency production of flavonoids and stilbenes using grape callus.

Seed morphometrics unravels the evolutionary history of grapevine in France.

The cultivation of grapevines has spanned millennia, leading to thousands of varieties through exchanges, mutations, and crosses between genotypes, as well probably as gene flow from wild populations. These varieties are typically categorized by regional origin and primary use, either for wine production or fruit consumption. France, within the Western European group, hosts many of the world's renowned wine grape varieties. However, the historical development of cultivated grapevines in France and in the world remains poorly understood. This study applies morphometry on 19,377 charred and waterlogged archaeological grape pips to investigate the evolutionary history of grapevine in France over the last 10,000 years. The study compares seed outlines and lengths, corrected for taphonomic distortions, with a reference collection of 80 wild and 466 modern domestic grapevine accessions. Findings reveal a shift from wild grapevine exploitation to the expansion of domestic varieties around 600-500 BCE, coinciding with Mediterranean cultural influences and the introduction of eastern grape types. The identification of the East-Table group, a group of varieties of eastern origin for fruit consumption, indicates that grapes were also grown for food, especially in Mediterranean regions and near urban areas, alongside wine production. Early French viticulture featured a notable presence of Western European wine-type grapevines. The abundance of pips with wild-like morphology suggests early cultivation involved plants at an initial domestication stage and gene flow between introduced and wild grapevines. As viticulture spread northward, wild and Eastern morphotypes declined, leading to the dominance of Western European wine types in inner France during the Middle Ages.

Biomass Resources from Vineyard Residues for the Production of Densified Solid Biofuels in the Republic of Moldova

This paper explores the utilization of biomass resources derived from vineyard residues for producing densified solid biofuels in the Republic of Moldova, with the aim of quantitatively and qualitatively evaluating the residue from vine pruning, focusing on the feasibility of its use as raw material for the production of briquettes and pellets. The methodology includes the analysis of statistical data, as well as experimental investigations conducted at the Scientific Laboratory of Solid Biofuels of the Technical University of Moldova. Waste biomass samples were collected from various vineyards in the different districts of all three regions of the country, focusing on regions with significant plantations. Both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the biomass were assessed, considering the moisture content, calorific value, and ash content. It was found that about 1013 kg/ha of waste biomass is generated from the pruning of technical grape varieties with a net calorific value of 15.6 MJ/kg at a moisture content of 10 wt.% and about 1044 kg/ha with a calorific value of 16.4 MJ/kg from the table ones; both with an average ash content of 3 wt.%. The results indicated that vineyard pruning residues in the Republic of Moldova could provide a substantial biomass source, with an estimated total energy potential of approximately 370 TJ/y (80% located in the Southern region); they also highlighted the need for technological advancements and quality assurance procedures through which to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of biofuel production. The conclusions emphasize the numerous benefits of utilizing viticultural residue, both economically and ecologically, contributing to the sustainable development of the viticulture industry in the Republic of Moldova, as well as environmental protection.

Aroma enhancement of dealcoholized wines using enzyme treatment and glycosidic aroma precursors

This research has studied the treatment of dealcoholized wines with glycosidic enzymatic preparation and glycosidic aroma precursors extract isolated from aromatic grapes in order to enhance the aroma profile of non-alcoholic white wines. The effect of the addition of the precursors extract and the enzymatic treatment was studied after 15 and 30 d of storage, using dealcoholized wine as control. The analysis of free and bound volatile compounds was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after isolation using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The application of multivariate statistical analysis confirmed differences in the free and bound volatile profile of the studied samples when applicated the different treatments after 15 d and 30 d of storage. The combination of both treatments increased in a significant way the aromatic profile of Verdejo dealcoholized wine, showing high concentrations of terpenic and bencenic compounds due to the addition of precursors extract from an aromatic grape variety. This brings to light that this technique could be considered as a possible way of enhancing the aroma profile of dealcoholized wines in La Mancha region, as well as a way of using by-products from the wine industry, thus contributing to the concept of circular economy.

Beyond terroir: a comparative analysis of Pinot Noir producers and business strategies in Burgundy, New Zealand and South Africa

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the convergence and divergence of business and production practices in the global wine industry, particularly focusing on Pinot Noir producers in Burgundy, New Zealand and South Africa (SA). This study explores the interplay between firm-specific factors and regional contexts to identify competitive advantage drivers among Pinot Noir producers.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses a comparative analysis approach, using data from a comprehensive winery level survey. This study applies methodologies akin to value chain analysis to unravel the configuration of productive and technology/knowledge creation activities within wineries across three regions.FindingsThis analysis reveals both convergence and divergence in business and production practices among Pinot Noir producers in Burgundy, New Zealand and South Africa. Although there is a degree of convergence in marketing, distribution and competition strategies, differences exist in production practices and firms’ capabilities. Burgundy emphasizes tradition and terroir expression, contrasting with the modernization and innovation focus observed in New Zealand and South Africa. However, all regions share a commitment to quality as a competitive advantage.Research limitations/implicationsThis study acknowledges limitations such as the focus on a specific grape variety and regions, the absence of performance impact analysis and the need for additional variables like environmental, institutional and cultural factors and consumer preferences to provide a comprehensive understanding of industry dynamics.Practical implicationsThe insights from this study offer practical implications for winemakers, industry stakeholders and policymakers. Producers can optimize production and marketing strategies based on regional contexts and market segments, whereas stakeholders can identify emerging trends and opportunities in the global wine market. Policymakers can develop targeted policies supporting innovation, sustainability and competitiveness.Originality/valueThis paper provides a unique contribution by conducting a comparative firm-level analysis across distinct wine-producing regions, shedding light on the nuanced interplay of factors shaping competitive advantage among Pinot Noir producers. This study’s comprehensive data set and methodological approach enhance understanding and offer valuable insights for industry stakeholders and policymakers.

Polyphenolic Screening and the Antioxidant Activity of Grape Pomace Extracts of Romanian White and Red Grape Varieties.

Due to its valuable organic compounds, grape pomace represents a valuable resource in the creation of value-added food products. In this study, we investigated grape pomace hydroalcoholic extracts obtained by ultrasonication from two white and two red Romanian grape varieties. The phytochemical parameters, i.e., polyphenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, condensed tannins content, and antioxidant activity, were determined by UV-Vis spectrometry. The statistical analysis revealed that Tămâioasă Românească and Negru de Drăgășani, respectively, and Fetească Albă and Fetească Neagră are similar to each other. Significant differences among the pomaces obtained from different grape varieties were noticed in terms of their phenolic contents. The red varieties (Fetească Neagră and Negru de Drăgășani) were richest in terms of total phenolics and total anthocyanins, respectively. The antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from grape pomace showed that Negru de Drăgășani had the higher value due to its high amounts of polyphenols, followed by Fetească Neagră, Fetească Albă, and Tămâioasă Românească. Higher levels of bioactive polyphenolic substances, i.e., catechin, myricetin, resveratrol, and vanillic acid, were found in the pomace of Negru de Drăgășani extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography. These results emphasize the potential of the Negru de Drăgășani variety to be further exploited for nutritional and functional applications.

Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Whole Grape Juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian Hybrid Grapes in Two Training Systems.

The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of whole grape juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian hybrids in two training systems were analyzed. Genotypes of V. labrusca ('Bordô' and 'Isabel') and Brazilian hybrids ('IAC 138-22 Máximo' and 'BRS Violeta') were grafted onto the rootstock 'IAC 766 Campinas' (106-8 'Mgt' × Vitis caribaea) and trained on low and high trellis. After harvest, the grapes were destemmed and the berries macerated in a roller crusher. Following hot extraction without pressurization of the pomace and gentle pressing of the blend (skins, must, and seeds), the juices were bottled in amber glass bottles and pasteurized. The physicochemical and colorimetric parameters of the juices, as well as the levels of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and polyphenolic profile, were evaluated. The juices were also subjected to sensory analysis (CAAE: 65549817.7.0000.5411). There was broad variation in all assessed characteristics. The results obtained demonstrate that the training system and grape genotype used in juice production are highly related to the presence of sugars, acidity, and bioactive compounds. Juices made from 'Bordô', 'IAC 138-22 Máximo' and 'BRS Violeta' grapes stood out from 'Isabel' juices, the main grape variety used in Brazilian juice and wine production. All juices contain bioactive compounds in considerable concentrations, indicating beverages with high antioxidant activity and, consequently, high biological potential, with the use of high trellis in vine cultivation potentially increasing concentrations.

A New Approach for CRISPR/Cas9 Editing and Selection of Pathogen-Resistant Plant Cells of Wine Grape cv. 'Merlot'.

Grape is one of the most economically significant berry crops. Owing to the biological characteristics of grapes, such as the long juvenile period (5-8 years), high degree of genome heterozygosity, and the frequent occurrence of inbreeding depression, homozygosity during crossbreeding leads to loss of varietal characteristics and viability. CRISPR/Cas editing has become the tool of choice for improving elite technical grape varieties. This study provides the first evidence of a decrease in the total fraction of phenolic compounds and an increase in the concentration of peroxide compounds in grape callus cells upon the addition of chitosan to the culture medium. These previously unreported metabolic features of the grape response to chitosan have been described and used for the first time to increase the probability of selecting plant cells with MLO7 knockout characterised by an oxidative burst in response to the presence of a pathogen modulated by chitosan in the high-metabolite black grape variety 'Merlot'. This was achieved by using a CRISPR/Cas9 editing vector construction with the peroxide sensor HyPer as a reporter. This research represents the first CRISPR/Cas9 editing of 'Merlot', one of the most economically important elite technical grape varieties.

Explanation of morphological and biochemical diversity of autochthonous grapes grown in Türkiye (Kelkit Basin) using multivariate analysis

Grapes are widely grown around the world thanks to their different uses and nutritional importance. The demand for grapes is changing day by day in line with consumer preferences. This situation reveals the importance of identifying and protecting autochthonous grape varieties. This study was carried out to evaluate the morphological and biochemical characteristics of a previously unexplored autochthonous grape (Vitis vinifera) population using multivariate analyses. Morphological and biochemical characteristics were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis based on Ward's method. In the study, bunch weight varied between 71.67 g and 554.17 g, berry weight varied between 1.54 g and 10.98 g, and the number of seeds in berries varied between 0.00 and 3.50. Among the biochemical properties, total antioxidant content varied between 10.12% and 91.75%, total phenolic content varied between 123.77 mg 100 g-1 and 664.58 mg 100 g-1, total flavonoid content varied between 16.48 mg 100 g-1 and 270.92 mg 100 g-1 and total anthocyanin content varied between 3.35 mg 100 g-1 and 74.42 mg 100 g-1. The coefficient of variation (CV) among the characteristics examined ranged from 5.16% to 102.58%. As a result of PCA, the first two components explained 43.43% of the variation. The autochthonous grapes examined were divided into two main groups with different sub-clusters as a result of hierarchical clustering analysis. As a result of multivariate analysis, was detected significant variation among autochthonous grapes. The variations obtained show that the germplasm examined will be a valuable genetic resource for future grape breeding.

Negative Regulatory Role of Non-Coding RNA Vvi-miR3633a in Grapevine Leaves and Callus under Heat Stress

The grapevine, a globally significant fruit and an essential fruit tree species in China, is vulnerable to the adverse effects of high temperatures. Understanding the roles of microRNA and transcription factors in plant development and stress resistance is crucial for mitigating the impact of high temperature on grape growth and yield. This study investigates the response of miRNA to high-temperature stress in grape leaves. The expression level of Vvi-miR3633a was found to be inhibited under heat treatment in both Thompson seedless and Shen yue varieties, while its potential target genes (Vv-Atg36 and Vv-GA3ox2) were induced. Through transgenic overexpression experiments, it was demonstrated that Vvi-miR3633a plays a role in thermal response by affecting the expression of target genes. Furthermore, under heat stress conditions, overexpression of Vvi-miR3633a in grape callus decreased heat resistance compared to the control group (CK). The study also revealed that the target genes of Vvi-miR3633a regulate the expression of oxidase synthesis genes VvSOD and VvCAT, leading to reduced oxidase synthesis which may compromise the oxidation system. Additionally, the expression level of heat shock proteins in the transgenic lines was changed compared to the control (CK). Overall, this research provides valuable insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in different crossing/breeding programs to produce heat-resistant grape varieties. Such varieties can be appropriate to propagate in warm climate areas with high temperature conditions.

The changing geography of wine climates and its implications on adaptation in the Italian Alps

AbstractWine production and quality both strongly depend on suitable climatic conditions. Increasing the climate resilience of wine regions is therefore of critical importance but requires instruments to evaluate shifts in climatic conditions and growing suitability. This evaluation is particularly challenging in mountain viticultural areas due to their complex topoclimatic patterns, yet they offer the possibility to analyze climate change impacts and adaptation strategies across various climatic conditions and cultivated varieties. Here, we assessed historical and future bioclimatic conditions and identified effective adaptation strategies toward more sustainable and climate‐resilient wine production in the mountain winegrowing regions within South Tyrol in the Italian Alps. We found significant changes in climatic conditions under future scenarios, such as an increase in the Huglin index (HI) and cool night index (CNI) as well as a decreased dryness index (DI), causing an expansion of suitable areas for viticulture as well as a spread of unprecedented climatic conditions in traditional vineyards. Impacts and suitable adaptation options varied depending on climate type and grape variety, highlighting the need for targeted solutions that balance the need for high‐quality wine production with environmental protection and sustainability. Higher elevated areas over 1000 m a.s.l. will experience an increased suitability raising the need for restrictions regarding the expansion of vineyards to avoid degradation of natural ecosystems and biodiversity declines. In contrast, many traditional winegrowing areas will need to implement a combination of short‐ and long‐term adaptation measures to maintain traditional wine styles. Our findings provide a framework for the assessment of viticultural suitability and the formulation of appropriate adaptation strategies for the sustainable cultivation of wine grapes in a changing climate that applies to a variety of climates and grape varieties.

Chloroplast Genome Variation and Phylogenetic Relationships of Autochthonous Varieties of Vitis vinifera from the Don Valley.

The autochthonous grape varieties of the Don Valley, situated in southern Russia, constitute a distinctive element of regional cultural heritage. These varieties have been adapted over centuries to the region's specific local climatic and soil conditions. For the most part, these varieties are not imported from other countries. They are closely related to varieties found in Crimea and the North Caucasus. In this study, we obtained the first complete, unfragmented sequences of the chloroplast genomes of eight autochthonous varieties from the Don Valley and one from Crimea. We also performed a comparative analysis of their genomic features. The size of Vitis vinifera chloroplast genome sequences varied from 160,925 to 160,991 bp, depending on the cultivar, with a uniform GC ratio of 37.38%. Each genome consists of four subregions: a single copy region (LSC) ranging from 89,158 to 89,336 bp, a small single copy region (SSC) ranging from 19,070 to 19,073 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) in the range of 26,292 to 26,353 bp. The chloroplast genomes of the studied V. vinifera varieties contained 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 37 tRNA genes. The sequence divergence analysis has enabled the identification of four highly variable regions, which may be utilized as potential markers for phylogenetic analysis. The analysis revealed the presence of 58 to 61 SSRs and multiple long repeated sequences in the chloroplast genomes of these varieties. The phylogenetic analyses of the sequences obtained and complete chloroplast genomes available from public databases indicated that the majority of autochthonous V. vinifera varieties do not have a direct origin from any European variety.

History of breeding programmes for fungus resistant grape varieties in Europe, France and the Occitanie region

History of breeding programmes for fungus resistant grape varieties in Europe, France and the Occitanie region

Exploring market potential and consumer preferences for fungus-resistant grape varieties: A discrete choice analysis in Germany

While fungus-resistant grape varieties (FRGVs) offer comprehensive sustainable benefits, their slow adoption and consumer preferences warrant investigation. Therefore, a discrete choice model for key parameters influencing consumer perceptions, including product attributes, pricing, grape variety preferences, labelling and information dissemination, was constructed based on a representative sample of 1276 wine consumers in Germany. The data were analysed using a conditional logit utility model to gain insights into the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) of each product attribute. Due to the low level of awareness of these grape varieties, the sample was divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, which was conditioned prior to the study to investigate the market potential of FRGVs. The results show that the conditioned group exhibited a stronger inclination towards FRGVs, indicating an increased awareness of environmentally friendly practices. Price sensitivity was influenced by conditioning, with consumers being more sensitive to higher prices after being informed. The study highlights the importance of informed consumer education in promoting environmentally sustainable products like wine from FRGVs.

Exploring grape pomace extracts for the formulation of new bioactive multifunctional chitosan/alginate-based hydrogels for wound healing applications

Chronic wounds incidence is increasing and affects millions of people around the world, causing great psychological and socio-economic impacts. However, treatments that can effectively promote wound healing are still lacking. In this study, grape pomace (GP), the main residue from winemaking production was explored as a source of high added-value raw material directed for the topical treatment of Staphylococcus aureus chronic wound infections. Crude GP extracts (composed of stalks or a skin and seeds mixture–from red and white grape varieties) obtained using a modified solid-liquid extraction (water, ethanol, and acetone solvents) were evaluated for their antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH assays), as well as the richness of phenolic compounds (total phenolic content-TPC, total flavonoid content-TFC, and HPLC-DAD assays). The GP extracts with the most favorable results were incorporated in a chitosan-alginate hydrogel (cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and calcium chloride), characterized (swelling, degradation, and release properties), and tested for its bioactivity (antioxidant and antimicrobial potential). TPC and TFC were higher in red GP extracts, as confirmed by the HPLC analysis, indicating a greater diversity of compounds in these extracts. Ethanolic white GP extracts (from skin-seeds mixture) showed the highest extraction yield and antioxidant activity. Their incorporation into the chitosan-alginate hydrogel improved its swelling and antimicrobial properties (total cytoplasmic membranes disruption and culturability reduction). A biomaterial with high swelling capacity and antibacterial activity against S. aureus was obtained, which can potentially promote wound healing by exudate absorption and infection clearance while promoting valorization of by-products and stimulating a circular economy.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Some Vitis labrusca and Vitis spp. with Molecular Markers

Türkiye has a very suitable climate for viticulture, and different grape varieties have been grown in almost every region since ancient times. Although these grape varieties have different names, there are also grape varieties with the same genetic structure. In particular, in the Black Sea Region, Vitis labrusca, which is resistant to heavy rainfall and humidity, and hybrids of this species grow. However, it is known that different genotypes of this species are grown in the region. Genetic confusion exists in Vitis labrusca L. and its hybrids due to natural pollen transfer and crossing. This study evaluated the genetic similarities and differences among Vitis varieties and genotypes, mainly Vitis labrusca genotypes, with 18 different SSR primers. In the genetic relationship dendrogram, the varieties/genotypes showed similarity at rates ranging from 0.65% to 0.98%. The highest similarity rate between the varieties and genotypes used in the study was determined between the genotypes 5 '57 Gerze 04' and 6 '61 Of 04' with 92%. The results obtained have revealed different grape gene pools, especially in the Black Sea Region, and are expected to contribute to disease resistance breeding studies in the future significantly. Increasing consumer awareness of climate change will increase the interest in disease-resistant or tolerant grapes, such as Vitis labrusca species, in the coming years.

Interplanting potato with grapes improved yield and soil nutrients by optimizing the interactions of soil microorganisms and metabolites.

Interplanting crops is the best method to grow crops synergistically for better utilization of land and agro-resources. Grape (Vitis vinifera) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) have highly efficient agricultural planting systems in China, however, how soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities and metabolites affect the output of grape-potato interplanting remained unknown. In this study, we employed three planting patterns (CK: grape monocropping; YY: grape interplanted with potato (variety 'Favorita'); LS: grape interplanted with potato (variety 'Longshu7')) at two experimental sites i.e., the Huizhou (2022) site and the Qingyuan site (2023). The grape variety for all planting patterns was 'Sunshine Rose'. Soil samples (top 0-20 cm) at both sites were collected to observe the diversity of bacterial communities and soil metabolites. Our findings revealed that, compared with monocropping, the interplanted systems resulted in higher concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium and enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase, urease, and protease. The potato root exudates also altered the relative abundance of Bacillus, Kaistobacter, and Streptomyces in the rhizosphere. Among the soil metabolites, lipids and organic acids showed the most significant changes. Notably, 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid is the key differentially abundant metabolite involved in the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism pathways. The association analyses of the metabolome, microbiome, and soil physicochemical properties revealed that the interactions of microbes and metabolites resulted in differences in the soil nutrient content, whereas the interactions of 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid and Firmicutes improved the soil nutrient levels and bacterial composition in the interplanting systems. In summary, our findings demonstrated that intercropping grapes with potato 'Favorita' was better with respect to improving soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, the diversity of soil bacteria, and soil metabolites without causing adverse impacts on grape yield. Overall, this study explained the physiological mechanisms by which soil microorganisms and metabolites promote potato growth in grape interplanting and provided new perspectives for the utilization of soil resources in vineyards.

Leaf Area Index, Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Content Influences Yield and Quality of Nanasaheb Purple Seedless Grapes under Semi-arid Condition

Canopy management practices in grapes are crucial for achieving high-quality production. The study was conducted with different treatments of number of leaves above the bunch (10, 12, 14, 16, and &gt;16 leaves). Significant variation was recorded on photosynthetic activity, yield and quality of Nanasaheb Purple Seedless grape variety. The increase in leaf number enhanced total leaf area and photosynthetic capacity while, it had negative impact on bunch weight, berry size and total soluble solids (TSS). Retaining 10 leaves above bunch with leaf area of 1980.00 cm2 /bunch resulted in maximum bunch weight (450.20 g), 50-berry weight (250.13 g) and yield/vine (13.60 kg) while, minimum bunch weight (400.00 g), 50-berry weight (222.30 g) and yield/vine (11.22 kg) were observed by retaining &gt;16 leaves above the bunch. However, retaining 10 leaves above the bunch on a shoot with leaf area/shoot (2475.00 cm2), leaf area/vine (59400.00 cm2), leaf area/bunch (1980.00 cm2) and leaf area/g berry weight (4.36 cm2/g) were sufficient to obtain good quality production in Nanasaheb Purple Seedless grape variety spaced at 9 feet X 5 feet distance.

Embryo recovery(rescue) studies in different Vitis species

BackroundIn recent years, with the increasing demand for seedless grape varieties that have lower production costs, are disease resistant/tolerant and require less chemical pesticides, the embryo recovery technique has begun to be used more in table grape breeding studies. However, the desired high success rate has not yet been achieved in these studies. Although there are different reasons for this, especially the grape varieties selected for cross-breeding and the timing of transferring the embryos to medium are among the most important reasons. In this study, focusing on these two important factors, the embryos obtained from different hybridization combinations were transferred to agar medium at different weeks for 4 years and the most successful combination and time were determined. In addition, seedless and large berry grape varieties and some seeded varieties that are resistant/tolerant to fungal diseases were selected as parents because they can provide resistance to disease infections in vitro and thus increase the success rate.ResultsThe results obtained from the study showed that the selected variety and combination significantly affected the success rate in embryo rescue. Especially in combinations with the ‘Yalova Seedless’ variety as the female parent, more successful results were obtained compared to combinations of other varieties. When ‘Yalova Seedless’ variety was pollinated with pollen of ‘Red Globe’, ‘Muscat Bailey A’ and ‘Exalta’ varieties, more seedlings were obtained with the help of embryo rescue. The results obtained over four years showed that the best sampling time after pollination was the eighth week and then the seventh week.ConclusionsAccording to the results obtained, it has been shown that the selected varieties and the sampling time significantly affect the success rate in embryo rescue studies. Therefore, higher success rates can be achieved in comprehensive breeding studies in which they will be included as pollinators, especially in different seeded varieties that are resistant to diseases and have larger berry size.