Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Some Vitis labrusca and Vitis spp. with Molecular Markers

Vitis labrusca has become widely naturalized in the Black Sea region of Northern Turkey. The aim of this work was to evaluate the morphological, phenological, and genetic characteristics of V. labrusca accessions grown in the Black Sea region during the last three growing seasons. Local genotypes were described according to the Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) ampelographic descriptor, including shoot length (cm), mature leaf size, bunch length and width, berry length and width, berry weight, number of berries, Total Soluble Solids (TTS) and titratable acidity. Additionally, phenological data, including bud burst, flowering, veraison and harvest date, were recorded. The accessions were characterized at the molecular level, and genetic relationships were assessed by means of Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. Using 6 ISSR primers, seventy-seven bands were obtained, of which 69 were polymorphic with a mean polymorphic rate of 88.68%. These ISSR primers produced polymorphism information content (PIC) values ranging from 0.48 to 0.5. The genetic similarity ranged from 0.08 to 0.83 among the genotypes. According to the dendrogram based on the ISSR analysis, Accessions 8 and 5 were genetically related, with a coefficient of similarity of 0.83, while Accession 3 was the most distantly related genotype, with a coefficient of similarity of 0.08. These results demonstrated that ISSR markers can be used for genetic diversity analysis among V. labrusca genotypes. Our results also described characteristics of new V. labrusca genotypes that could be valuable for future Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) and grapevine breeding.
 Key words: Diversity, foxy species, Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat markers (ISSRs), Breeding, polymorphism

Characterization of wines from grape varieties through multivariate statistical analysis of 1H NMR spectroscopic data

Acute consumption of organic and conventional tropical grape juices (Vitis labrusca L.) increases antioxidants in plasma and erythrocytes, but not glucose and uric acid levels, in healthy individuals

Phenology and reproductive biology of cultivated species are important for the comprehension of the requirements for fruit and seed production and the management of pollinators. This study aimed to characterise the phenology, reproductive biology and growing degree days of the grapevine 'Isabel' (Vitis labrusca) in northeastern Brazil during January 2011 (P1), Augst 2011 (P2), April 2012 (P3) and August 2012 (P4). We recorded the duration (days) of the phenological stages, pruning (P), woolly bud (W), budburst (B), inflorescence development (ID), flowering (F), ripening (R) and harvest (H). We analysed the floral biology, the sexual system and the breeding system. We measured the growing degree days (GDD) required to reach the subperiods P-B, B-F and F-H. The periods P1, P2, P3 and P4 lasted for 116, 125, 117 and 130 days, respectively. The number of days of harvest were similar in the same dry (P1 and P3) and rainy (P2 and P4) periods. All the periods that we recorded were shorter than those observed in other regions of Brazil, which may be attributable to the mean temperature and carbohydrate metabolism. The flowers are green, hermaphroditic, with an odour of mignonette, low pollen viability and autogamous. The base temperature of 10°C was considered the most adequate for the subperiods as has been documented for other grape varieties in Brazil. Thus, temperature was also the most adequate for the cycles, presenting a smaller standard deviation (0.119, 0.147, 0.156 and 0.153 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively) when compared to a base temperature of 12°C (0.122, 0.158, 0.165 and 0.160 to P1, P2, P3 and P4, respectively). The higher and the lower observed GDD were 1972.17 and 1870.05, respectively, both above the values recorded in other parts of Brazil for same variety. The phonological results, including knowledge of growing degree days, are important to the planning of cultures at the study site and in other regions that have similar climatic conditions and make it possible to pre-determine the harvest.

The phenolic profile of Isabella grape (Vitis labrusca) offers beneficial properties to human health and makes it a functional food product. In order to better understand the phenolic compounds found in this grape variety and the biological effect they induce on breast cancer cells, an ultrasound-assisted extraction was carried out. During the extraction of polyphenols from Isabella grapes organically grown in Antioquia (Colombia), parameters such as frequency (33 kHz and 40 kHz), time and solvent were optimized to finally obtain a crude extract with antioxidant properties (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity, ORAC: 293.22 ± 34.73 μmol of Trolox/g of sample), associated with a total polyphenol content (TPC) of 43.14 ± 5.00 mg GAE/g sample and a total anthocyanin content composed of 17.69 ± 2.59 mg of malvidin-3-glucoside/100 g of sample. MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with different concentrations of the optimized extract, and results show a decrease in cell viability related to mitochondrial membrane depolarization, ROS increase, and chromatin condensation. To determine the possible death induction mechanism, molecular docking was simulated to predict the molecular interactions between the most abundant phenolic compounds in Isabella grape and the main apoptosis-related proteins. The results obtained from in silico and in vitro experiments were consistent with each other, suggesting that the phenolic compounds found in Isabella grape can be considered potential adjuvant chemopreventive agents for the treatment of breast cancer.

Heavy rainfall in Turkey’s northern Black Sea Region in spring and autumn, combined with insufficientsunshine during the vegetation period, results in poor ripening of European grape (Vitis vinifera L.)cultivars. Compared to other coastal provinces in the Central and Eastern Black Sea Region, Samsunreceives relatively little rainfall. This study evaluated the adaptation of Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis labruscaL. grapes to Samsun by examining the phenology and ripening characteristics of these cultivars in2010 and 2011 and calculating climatic indices using long-term data for Samsun in order to assess thepotential for viticulture in the area. The following climatic characteristics were identified: annual sunshineduration, 1 836 hours; Branas Heliothermic Index (BHI), 3.0; Hydrothermic Index (HyI), 4 053.7°C mm;Winkler Index (WI growing degree days) 1 832/Region III “Warm”; and Huglin Index (HI) 1 978°C/HI-1“Temperate”. Phenological cycles (budburst to harvest) varied between 120 and 176 days, with TrakyaÄ°lkeren and Yalova Ä°ncisi the most precocious varieties and Favli the latest variety in both years. Heatsummation requirements ranged from 1 210 to 1 844 GDD, with Trakya Ä°lkeren requiring the least andNarince the most heat summation. Total soluble solid (TSS) values ranged from 15.1 °Brix (Trakya Ä°lkeren)to 21.4 °Brix (Labrusca). Although Favli was the last to ripen, the TSS value for this variety was only 17.1%.These findings indicate that, with the exception of Favli, all the varieties examined are capable of maturingunder the climatic conditions in the study area, suggesting that the coastal areas of Samsun province aresuitable for early and mid-season Vitis vinifera L. grape viticulture.

One of the important factors affecting rootstock performance in grafted grapevine production is root structure and its ability for different soil. In the present study, foxy grape varieties registered for the first time in the Black Sea Region in Turkey by the selection, and several American grape rootstocks were bench grafted. In this study; it is aimed to examine the root architecture of foxy grape grafted saplings for their root architecture and the development of rootstocks. In the experiment ‘Rizessi’, ‘Çeliksu’, ‘Ülkemiz’ and ‘Rizellim’ foxy grape cultivars grafted on 140Ru, SO4 and 110R rootstocks. WinRhizo root analysis program (Regent Instrument Inc. Canada, ver.2013) was used to determine rootstocks' architecture and development of grafted vine saplings. Roots prepared for scanning were placed on the scanning part of the device and transferred to the computer context. Root length and mean root diameter are two of the essential features that reveal the root architecture of rootstocks. In the study, root length (cm), root surface area (cm2), root diameter (mm), root volume (cm3), root tip number (piece), root branching number (piece), and root intersection number (piece) were determined. Total root length was determined between 330.05 - 595.40 cm ('Rizellim'/SO4 and 'Çeliksu'/140Ru) and mean root diameter of 2.04 - 3.13 mm ('Çeliksu'/140Ru and 'Rizessi'/110R). Negative relationships were found between root length and mean root diameter. Among the rootstocks, the highest root surface area was 399.67 cm2, root volume was 29.32 m3, the number of root tips was 1605.75, the number of root forks was 5421.89, and the number of root crossing was 671.61 on 110R rootstock. In all combinations obtained as a result of the study, it was determined that the rootstocks showed good root development and were in harmony with the new foxy grape cultivars.

Grape pistil has an important influence on fruit size and quality. However, there were few studies on grape ovary, and the development process of the ovary is still unclear. Therefore, in this paper, four different grape varieties with different lengths of small inflorescences, namely ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape (Vitis vinifera), ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca), ‘ShanPuTao’ grape (Vitis amurensis) and ‘GongNiang2Hao’ grape (Vitis amurensis × Vitis vinifera) were used as test materials. Four varieties ovary were significant differences by means of stereomicroscope, paraffin section. The expression of ovary determining gene VvAGAMOUS (VvAG) and its development related genes VvCRABS CLAW (VvCRC) and VvAGAMOUS-LIKE 11 (VvAGL11) with similar functions during the development of different grape varieties were preliminarily explored using fluorescence quantitative test. The relationship between VvAG and VvCRC, VvAG and VvAGL11 were analyzed using Y1H assay. Our results showed that there were obvious abdominal sutures on the surface of expect for ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape, and existing poly carpels. The ovary development of ‘ShanPuTao’ and ‘GongNiang2Hao’ grape was completed when the inflorescence length was less than 1 cm, while the ‘Concord’ and ‘Musct Hambourg’ grape were fully developed when the length of inflorescence was 3–4 and 4–5 cm, respectively. VvAG and VvCRC began to express in large quantities after the formation of stamen primordia, while VvAGL11 during the forming of ovule primordia. Therefore, VvAG and VvCRC mainly regulated the development of stamens and carpels and also promote the development of ovules, while VvAGL11 major regulated the development of ovules. The promoters of VvCRC and VvAGL11 were bound by VvAG. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the molecular mechanism of grape ovary development.

Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in different parts of Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera grapes

A cultura da uva, Vitis labrusca, é de grande importância econômica para a região do vale do Siriji - PE. No entanto, nos últimos anos, o míldio da videira vem pondo em risco essa atividade, fazendo com que os produtores invistam bastante recurso com o uso de fungicida visando o seu controle. Visando substituir o uso de agrotóxico foi avaliado nos municípios de São Vicente Férrer - PE (área 1), Natuba - PB (área 2) e Macaparana - PE (área 3) o efeito da indução de resistência promovida por ácido DL- â - aminobutírico (BABA), Agro-Mos (AM) + Crop-set (Cs), Codavit (Cd) e Ecolife (Ec) em videiras da variedade 'Isabel'. Os resultados obtidos em relação à severidade do míldio demonstraram que o indutor AM + Cs destacou-se dos demais tratamentos, não diferindo estatisticamente dos indutores AM + Cs e Cd, na área 2, e de AM + Cs e Cd, e Ec na área 3. Quanto a eficiência de controle o AM + Cs foi capaz de reduzir a severidade da doença em 37,46%, 35,97% e 18, 57% nas áreas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nas áreas 1, 2 e 3 a severidade da doença desenvolveu-se obedecendo as seguintes equações, gompertz Y= e-3,36 . e -0,019 t-0,0199(R= 0,66**), logístico Y= 1/1 + 14,63 .e 0,037t (R= 0,84**) e gompertz Y= e-4,13 . e-0,034 t-0,034t,(R= 0,62**), respectivamente. A severidade do míldio da videira em função do tempo na área 1, na maioria dos tratamentos, obedeceu ao modelo de gompertz, exceto o tratamento com BABA cujo modelo que se ajustou foi o logístico. Na área 2, o aumento da severidade da doença nos tratamentos estudados não apresentou predominância de um modelo. O modelo monomolecular apareceu com uma freqüência maior do que os demais, nos tratamentos da área 3.

Fatty acid profile analysis of grape by-products from Slovakia and Austria

The objective of the present study was to evaluate populational relationships among Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from some of the Portuguese most important grapevine varieties in different appellations of origin, using polymorphic microsatellites. One hundred ninety two grape samples were collected during the 2006 and 2007 harvest season in the Vinho Verde (grape varieties: Arinto, Alvarinho, Avesso, Loureiro, Touriga Nacional) Bairrada (grape varieties: Arinto, Baga, Castelão Francês, Maria Gomes, Touriga Nacional) Alentejo (grape varieties, Aragonês, Trincadeira, Touriga Nacional), Terras do Sado (grape variety Castelão) Bucelas (grape variety Arinto) and Estremadura (grape varieties: Arinto, Aragonês, Castelão, Trincadeira, Touriga Nacional) appellations of origin. From the final stage of spontaneous fermentations, 2820 yeast isolates were obtained, mainly belonging to the species S. cerevisiae. An initial genetic screen, based on mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA RFLP) and/or interdelta sequence analysis was followed by microsatellite analysis of strains with unique genetic profiles, using 10 highly polymorphic microsatellites. Our results showed that microsatellite analysis revealed a high resolution populational screen, showing that genetic differences and populational structures among S. cerevisiae populations derived from both “diagnostic” vineyard-, specific alleles and the accumulation of small allele-frequency differences across ten microsatellite loci. Heterozygosity was three to four times lower than the expected value, confirming the strong populational substructuring. The presented large-scale approach shows that each vineyard contains differentiated S. cerevisiae populations, showing the occurrence of specific native strains that can be associated with a terroir. Financially supported by the programs POCI 2010 (FEDER/FCT, POCTI/AGR/56102/2004) and AGRO (ENOSAFE, Nº 762).

The objective of the present study was to evaluate populational relationships among Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from some of the Portuguese most important grapevine varieties in different appellations of origin, using polymorphic microsatellites. One hundred ninety two grape samples were collected during the 2006 and 2007 harvest season in the Vinho Verde (grape varieties: Arinto, Alvarinho, Avesso, Loureiro, Touriga Nacional) Bairrada (grape varieties: Arinto, Baga, Castelão Francês, Maria Gomes, Touriga Nacional) Alentejo (grape varieties, Aragonês, Trincadeira, Touriga Nacional), Terras do Sado (grape variety Castelão) Bucelas (grape variety Arinto) and Estremadura (grape varieties: Arinto, Aragonês, Castelão, Trincadeira, Touriga Nacional) appellations of origin. From the final stage of spontaneous fermentations, 2820 yeast isolates were obtained, mainly belonging to the species S. cerevisiae. An initial genetic screen, based on mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA RFLP) and/or interdelta sequence analysis was followed by microsatellite analysis of strains with unique genetic profiles, using 10 highly polymorphic microsatellites. Our results showed that microsatellite analysis revealed a high resolution populational screen, showing that genetic differences and populational structures among S. cerevisiae populations derived from both “diagnostic” vineyard-, specific alleles and the accumulation of small allele-frequency differences across ten microsatellite loci. Heterozygosity was three to four times lower than the expected value, confirming the strong populational substructuring. The presented large-scale approach shows that each vineyard contains differentiated S. cerevisiae populations, showing the occurrence of specific native strains that can be associated with a terroir. Financially supported by the programs POCI 2010 (FEDER/FCT, POCTI/AGR/56102/2004) and AGRO (ENOSAFE, Nº 762).

The present study was conducted to polyploidy possibility induction of grapes in the experiment, apical meristem was treated by colchicine. The factorial experiment based on randomized completely design with tree replications. The factors including different colchicine concentrations (0 as control, 1 g L -1 , 2 g L -1 , 3 g L -1 , 4 g L -1 , 5 g L -1 , 6 g L -1 )and four diploidgrape genotypes cv. ‘Gök Üzüm’ ( Vitis vinifera L.) which came from conventional ancient time and have a perfect adaptation to the territory, and cv. ‘Trakya İlkeren’ ( Vitis vinifera L.) was bred in last two decades in Turkey, and ‘Isabella’ ( Vitis labrusca L.) and 41 grape rootstock[Chasselas ( Vitis vinifera L.) x ( Vitis berlandieri Planch.)] were used. With this purpose eight colchicine doses were dropped to meristematic part of young plantlets twice a day (at 8.30 am and 18:00 pm) during 3 days when first true leaves emerge in greenhouse (25°C during day and 20°C at night) . The morphological and cytological parameters were evaluated 16 weeks after the polyploidization treatments. Based on the size and shape, and density of stomata, the number of chloroplasts in guard cells, and chromosome counting in the root tip-end indicated that these descendants were diploids 2 n =2 x =38 like their parents that colchicine-induced mutation was failed in tested grape genotypes for tetraploid induction. On the other hand, only in the cv. ‘Trakya İlkeren’ an aneuploidy was observed by 5 g L -1 colchicine treated plantlet. Aneuploid ‘Trakya İlkeren’ plantlet was identified as 2n = 2x = 40. It is seeming that grape genotypes hardly response to colchicine induction for genome doubling. This is the first report for colchicine-inducedaneuploid in grapes.

Genetic diversity and structure of plant germplasm collections, frequently determined by molecular markers, can be used to assist breeding programs, to validate core collections determined by other methodologies, to identify priority accessions for conservation, and to confirm genetic integrity after regeneration. This research aimed to study the genetic diversity and structure of the Uruguayan white dent maize collection, to evaluate the genetic representativeness of its core collection (previously defined by phenotypic traits), and to confirm the genetic integrity of seven regenerations made in Mexico and Uruguay in comparison with the original accessions. Ninety accessions were fingerprinted using 26 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Genetic structure was analyzed by Ward clustering, canonical analysis, and a Bayesian approach based on allelic frequencies. All SSR markers were polymorphic with a mean number of alleles (A) of 7.43, an effective allele number (Ae) of 3.04, and expected heterozygosity of 0.579. The genetic variation between accessions was 0.251, and variation within accessions was 0.749. Four genetic groups were obtained using the three approaches. The core collection represented the structure of the whole collection because the four genetic groups were proportionally represented. The genetic diversity in the core collection did not differ from the entire collection in A, Ae, expected heterozygosity (He) percentage of polymorphic loci (%P), and expected heterozygosity within accessions (Hs). Most regenerations (9 out of 14) preserved the genetic integrity of original accessions, whereas in other cases, either new or lost alleles caused genetic differences. The analysis of genetic structure and diversity of germplasm collections, in combination with morphological characterizations, helps to define ex situ conservation strategies and usage in breeding programs.