Grape Seed Extract Research Articles

Assessment of the Remineralizing Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract vs Sodium Fluoride on Surface and Subsurface Enamel Lesions: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) on remineralization of surface and subsurface enamel lesions compared to that of sodium fluoride (NaF). A total of 20 intact bovine incisor crowns were separated from their roots and immersed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hours at 37°C to create artificial enamel lesions. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10): 6.5% GSE solution and 1000 ppm NaF solution. The specimens were subjected to six daily pH cycles for 8 days. The microhardness test was carried out at three different stages: baseline, after artificial caries formation, and after pH cycling. Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the depth of enamel remineralization. Surface morphology and elemental analysis were assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscope, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant increase in the mean values of enamel surface microhardness after pH cycles in the two groups compared to after artificial caries formation, but there was no significant difference between both groups. The B-type carbonate/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio at 10 and 40 µm depth revealed no significant difference between the two groups. Scanning electron microscope micrograph revealed occlusion of porosities and particle precipitation on the enamel surface of the two groups, while EDX results for the Ca/P ratio of the GSE and NaF groups were 1.59 and 1.60, respectively. Grape seed extract and NaF are equally effective in remineralizing surface and subsurface artificial enamel lesions. Grape seed extract can be considered a promising herbal material and a safe alternative to traditional NaF for the noninvasive treatment of enamel lesions.

Stearoyl-CoA Desaturases1 Accelerates Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis by Promoting Aromatase Expression to Improve Estrogen Synthesis.

Metastases contribute to the low survival rate of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Targeting lipid metabolism for anticancer therapies is attractive. Accumulative evidence shows that stearoyl-CoA desaturases1 (SCD1), a key enzyme in lipid metabolism, enables tumor metastasis and the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, immunohistochemical staining of 96 clinical specimens showed that the expression of SCD1 was increased in tumor tissues (p < 0.001). SCD1 knockdown reduced the migration and invasion of HCC827 and PC9 cells in transwell and wound healing assays. Aromatase (CYP19A1) knockdown eliminated cell migration and invasion caused by SCD1 overexpression. Western blotting assays demonstrated that CYP19A1, along with β-catenin protein levels, was reduced in SCD1 knocked-down cells, and estrogen concentration was reduced (p < 0.05) in cell culture medium measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SCD1 overexpression preserving β-catenin protein stability was evaluated by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The SCD1 inhibitor A939572, and a potential SCD1 inhibitor, grape seed extract (GSE), significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion by blocking SCD1 and its downstream β-catenin, CYP19A1 expression, and estrogen concentration. In vivo tumor formation assay and a tail vein metastasis model indicated that knockdown of SCD1 blocked tumor growth and metastasis. In conclusion, SCD1 could accelerate metastasis by maintaining the protein stability of β-catenin and then promoting CYP19A1 transcription to improve estrogen synthesis. SCD1 is expected to be a promised therapeutic target, and its novel inhibitor, GSE, has great therapeutic potential in NSCLC.

Effect of Naturally Derived Dentin Bio-modifiers on Immediate and Long-Term Bond Strength of Etch and Rinse Adhesive to Dentin

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 10% Proanthocyanidin (PA) rich grape seedextract (GSE) and cardanol oil applied for 60s on immediate and long-term shearbond strength (SBS) of etch and rinse to dentin. Materials and methods: The occlusalsurfaces of forty two samples were ground to expose flat superficial dentin surfaces.The samples were divided into 3 groups; Group A1 (control group) without any pretreatment,Group A2 (10 % GSE), Group A3 (cardanol). Pre-treatments were appliedfor 60s and then washed away for 30s. Each group was further randomly subdividedinto two groups (n=7) according to the storage time (immediate 24 hours) and (longtermsix months period). Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testingmachine at a cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Data was tabulated and presented asmean and standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s test for pairwise andPaired student t-test was performed between paired groups. Results: All pre-treatmentgroups showed statistically no significant SBS values after 24 hours of storage. Whileat 6 months storage, group A3 showed the highest SBS mean value followed bygroup A2 while Control Group recorded the lowest shear bond strength mean value.Conclusion: Natural dentin Bio-modifiers are considered effective in improving theshear bond strength of the bonded interface and the Bond strength of dentin is affectedby the storage time.

Effect of Naturally Derived Dentin Bio-modifiers on Immediate and Long-Term Bond Strength of Etch and Rinse Adhesive to Dentin

Purpose: To investigate the effect of 10% Proanthocyanidin (PA) rich grape seedextract (GSE) and cardanol oil applied for 60s on immediate and long-term shearbond strength (SBS) of etch and rinse to dentin. Materials and methods: The occlusalsurfaces of forty two samples were ground to expose flat superficial dentin surfaces.The samples were divided into 3 groups; Group A1 (control group) without any pretreatment,Group A2 (10 % GSE), Group A3 (cardanol). Pre-treatments were appliedfor 60s and then washed away for 30s. Each group was further randomly subdividedinto two groups (n=7) according to the storage time (immediate 24 hours) and (longtermsix months period). Shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testingmachine at a cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. Data was tabulated and presented asmean and standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey’s test for pairwise andPaired student t-test was performed between paired groups. Results: All pre-treatmentgroups showed statistically no significant SBS values after 24 hours of storage. Whileat 6 months storage, group A3 showed the highest SBS mean value followed bygroup A2 while Control Group recorded the lowest shear bond strength mean value.Conclusion: Natural dentin Bio-modifiers are considered effective in improving theshear bond strength of the bonded interface and the Bond strength of dentin is affectedby the storage time.

Appraising the Antimicrobial Effect of 2% Grape Seed Extract Mouthwash on Periodontal Pathogens: A Clinicomicrobiological Analysis

Objectives: The seeds of Vitis vinifera (Grape) are rich in polyphenolic compounds especially proanthocyanidins that show antimicrobial activity as well as have the potential to halt the progression of gingival inflammation by hindering the activity of interstitial collagenase. The aim was to evaluate and compare the effect of Grape seed extract (GSE) and Chlorhexidine mouthwash on Streptoccocus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and correlate with the clinical parameters. Material and Methods: In this randomized, controlled, and double-blinded study, 75 participants were selected from the undergraduate section and divided into three groups, Group A: 25; grape seed extract (2%) mouthwash, Group B: 25; chlorhexidine (0.2%) mouthwash, and Group C: 25; placebo mouthwash. Participants were stipulated to use their assigned mouthwash for 7 days. The supragingival plaque was collected in reduced transport fluid at baseline and 7 days post-intervention and sent for cultural analysis of S. mitis, S. salivarius, and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted and compared for individually selected pathogens at 0 and 7 days among the 3 groups. At each visit, participants were also examined for any clinical changes. Results: Mean scores of all clinical parameters (P = 0.05) and mean CFU of S. mitis, S. salivarius, and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P &lt; 0.001) in Groups A and B (Test Groups) differed significantly as compared to Group C (Control Group) at 7 days post regimen. Intragroup comparison revealed a significant reduction in the mean scores on the 7th day of mouthwash use as compared to baseline in Groups A and B, while Group C showed no significant difference. Conclusion: It was observed that GSE mouthwash has shown a positive effect in reducing selected periodontal pathogens and improvement of clinical parameters when compared to control. It showed comparable efficacy when compared to chlorhexidine. Its biocompatibility, cost effectiveness, easy availability, and no reported topical side effects make it a potential alternative to chlorhexidine. It efficaciously supplements the periodontal therapy.

Ca-Alginate Hydrogel with Immobilized Callus Cells as a New Delivery System of Grape Seed Extract.

The development of new delivery systems for polyphenols is necessary to maintain their antioxidant activity and targeted delivery. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain alginate hydrogels with immobilized callus cells, in order to study the interaction between the physicochemical properties of hydrogels, texture, swelling behaviour, and grape seed extract (GSE) release in vitro. The inclusion of duckweed (LMC) and campion (SVC) callus cells in hydrogels led to a decrease in their porosity, gel strength, adhesiveness, and thermal stability, and an increase in the encapsulation efficiency compared with alginate hydrogel. The incorporation of LMC cells (0.17 g/mL), which were smaller, resulted in the formation of a stronger gel. The Fourier transform infrared analyses indicated the entrapment of GSE in the alginate hydrogel. Alginate/callus hydrogels had reduced swelling and GSE release in the simulated intestinal (SIF) and colonic (SCF) fluids due to their less porous structure and the retention of GSE in cells. Alginate/callus hydrogels gradually released GSE in SIF and SCF. The faster GSE release in SIF and SCF was associated with reduced gel strength and increased swelling of the hydrogels. LMC-1.0Alginate hydrogels with lower swelling, higher initial gel strength, and thermal stability released GSE more slowly in SIF and SCF. The GSE release was dependent on the content of SVC cells in 1.0% alginate hydrogels. The data obtained show that the addition of callus cells to the hydrogel provides them with physicochemical and textural properties that are useful for the development of drug delivery systems in the colon.

Influence of Chitosan and Grape Seed Extract on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA Blends.

Blends based on polylactic acid (PLA), chitosan, and grape seed extract (GE) were prepared by extrusion and injection molding. The effect of chitosan (5% and 15% on PLA basis) and natural extract (1% on PLA basis) incorporated into the PLA host matrix was explored regarding the thermal and mechanical properties. GE showed antioxidant activity, as determined by the DPPH assay method. Chitosan and GE affect the degree of crystallinity up to 30% as the polysaccharide acts as a nucleating agent, while the extract reduces the mobility of PLA chains. The decomposition temperature was mainly affected by adding chitosan, with a reduction of up to 25 °C. The color of the blends was specially modified after the incorporation of both components, obtaining high values of b* and L* after the addition of chitosan, while GE switched to high values of a*. The elongation at break (EB) exhibited that the polysaccharide is mainly responsible for its reduction of around 50%. Slight differences were accessed in tensile strength and Young's modulus, which were not statistically significant. Blends showed increased irregularities in their surface appearance, as observed by SEM analysis, corresponding to the partial miscibility of both polymers.

Low concentrations of grape seed extract maintain osteoblast morphology, cell adhesion, and mineralization.

The increase in life expectancy has led to a higher incidence of osteoporosis, characterized by an imbalance in bone remodeling. Several drugs are used for its treatment, but most promote undesirable side effects. The present investigation evaluated the effects of two low concentrations of grape seed extract (GSE) rich in proanthocyanidins on MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells. The cells were cultured in an osteogenic medium and divided into control (C), 0.1 µg/mL GSE (GSE0.1), and 1.0 µg/mL GSE (GSE1.0) groups to evaluate cell morphology, adhesion, and proliferation, in situ alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection, mineralization and immunolocalization of osteopontin (OPN). The data obtained were analyzed by statistical tests for a significance of 5%. Cell morphology was maintained with both GSE concentrations, whereas cell adhesion significantly increased within three days in all groups. Cell proliferation increased significantly at seven days of culture, followed by a significant decrease in all experimental periods, with no statistical difference among them. In situ detection of ALP and mineralization increased with time, but within each period, no statistical differences among groups were observed. The expression of osteopontin was distributed regularly with more intensity after 24 hours in the GSE0.1 group. After three days, OPN expression was more intense in the control group, followed by GSE0.1 and GSE1.0 groups. Data obtained suggest that low concentrations of GSE do not affect the morphology and may stimulate the functional activity of osteoblastic cells.

Antibacterial and antioxidant double-layered nanofibrous mat promotes wound healing in diabetic rats

Diabetic wounds are problematic to heal owing to microbial infections as well as decreased proliferation and high concentrations of reactive oxygen species. In this study, a double-layered nanofibrous mat containing grape seed extract (GSE) and silver sulfadiazine (SSD) was fabricated. A synthetic biodegradable polymer, e.g., polycaprolactone (PCL), and a natural material (i.e., collagen) were employed as wound dressing substances. The results showed that GSE possesses antioxidant activity which can be helpful in reducing free radicals. The platform exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The double-layered nanofibrous mat containing GSE and SSD not only was not toxic but also amplified the cell proliferation compared to a pure mat, showing the effect of plant extract. After induction of a round wound, the animals were divided into three groups, namely (1) normal group (receiving + GSE/-GSE nanofiber), (2) diabetic group (receiving + GSE/-GSE nanofiber), and (3) control group (receiving gauze). In vivo evaluation demonstrated no significant differences in the healing process of normal rats. Surprisingly, fully repaired skin was observed on day 14 in the double-layered nanofibrous mat containing GSE in the normal and diabetic groups whereas the wound of diabetic rats treated with pure mat was not completely healed. The macroscopic and microscopic results after 14 days showed the following order in wound repair: Normal/ + GES > Diabetic/ + GSE > Normal/-GES > Diabetic/-GSE > control (with gauze) (p < 0.05). Accordingly, the double-layered nanofibrous mat containing GSE and SSD used in the present study could be considered as a suitable wound dressing in order to shorten healing time and prevent infection during the wound healing process.

A Systematic Quantitative Determination of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract against Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens

Concerns regarding the role of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in disease outbreaks are growing due to the excessive use of antibiotics. Moreover, consumers are demanding food products that are minimally processed and produced in a sustainable way, without the use of chemical preservatives or antibiotics. Grape seed extract (GSE) is isolated from wine industry waste and is an interesting source of natural antimicrobials, especially when aiming to increase sustainable processing. The aim of this study was to obtain a systematic understanding of the microbial inactivation efficacy/potential of GSE against Listeria monocytogenes (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium (Gram-negative) in an in vitro model system. More specifically, for L. monocytogenes, the effects of the initial inoculum concentration, bacterial growth phase and absence of the environmental stress response regulon (SigB) on the GSE microbial inactivation potential were investigated. In general, GSE was found to be highly effective at inactivating L. monocytogenes, with higher inactivation achieved for higher GSE concentrations and lower initial inoculum levels. Generally, stationary phase cells were more resistant/tolerant to GSE as compared to exponential phase cells (for the same inoculum level). Additionally, SigB appears to play an important role in the resistance of L. monocytogenes to GSE. The Gram-negative bacteria under study (E. coli and S. Typhimurium) were less susceptible to GSE as compared to L. monocytogenes. Our findings provide a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the impact of GSE on the microbial dynamics of foodborne pathogens, assisting in the more systematic design of natural antimicrobial-based strategies for sustainable food safety.

Grape seed extract improves intestinal barrier integrity and performance: Evidence from in vitro, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster experiments and a study with growing broilers

Grape seed extract (GSE) is an interesting source for polyphenols and other phytochemicals with high antioxidant potential. Here, we report on a comprehensive study investigating GSE in various in vitro and in vivo experiments. Obtained results indicate that GSE improves parameters related to intestinal barrier integrity in cell culture, C. elegans and D. melanogaster. Faster wound healing was observed in a scratch assay using intestinal IPEC-J2 cells when pre-treated with GSE. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species were found to be significantly decreased in cell culture and C. elegans experiments. In C. elegans, qPCR gene expression analysis revealed significant modulations after 24 h of GSE treatment. Finally, a 42-day broiler feeding study revealed a dose dependant effect on growth performance in the GSE supplemented groups. In conclusion, GSE was found to provide promising properties including wound closure, intestinal integrity, and antioxidant activity.

Antimicrobial Potential, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Content of Grape Seed Extracts from Four Grape Varieties

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic content, composition, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of four grape seed extracts (Cabernet Sauvignon, Marselan, Pinot Noir, and Tamyanka). The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid, anthocyanin, procyanidin, ascorbic acid, DPPH, and ABTS antioxidant capacities of the grape seed extracts (GSEs) were determined. The extracts showed high TPC values (79.06-111.22 mg GAE/g). The individual components in the GSEs were determined using HPLC. High contents of catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B1 were found in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained GSEs against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli was evaluated using the agar diffusion test and a test to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). According to the effect on the growth of pathogens, the extracts were ranked in the following order: Pinot Noir > Marselan > Cabernet Sauvignon > Tamyanka. The tested bacteria showed high sensitivity to the extracts (MIC = 0.12-0.50 mg/mL). According to the MIC values, the bacteria were in the following order: S. aureus > B. cereus > E. coli. A correlation was found between the phenolic content of the GSEs and their antibacterial potential. The obtained results show that the studied GSEs have good potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Mathematical modeling of temperature and natural antimicrobial effects on germination and outgrowth of Clostridium perfringens in chilled chicken

Effects of ginger essential oil (GEO) and grape seed extract (GSE) treatments on germination and growth of Clostridium perfringens spores in chicken after linear cooling and isothermal storage were evaluated. GEO or GSE (1%) can properly inhibit the germination and growth of C. perfringens spores during cooling from 50 °C to 4 °C. The kinetic models of Gompertz and Rat-kowskyt were carried out to describe the spore germination and growth of C. perfringens in GEO- and GSE-treated chickens at 15 °C–45 °C. Results showed a high degree of fit. The addition of GEO and GSE increased the lag phase at all storage temperatures (λ), decreased the growth rate (Rmax), and extended the time it took to rise by 1 lg of bacteria in chicken compared with the control group. GSE demonstrated stronger inhibitory activity than GEO at the corresponding storage temperature. The models provided a cost-effective and fast technology for replacing traditional culture methods and evaluating the effect of temperature and plant extracts on the shelf life of meat.

Characteristics of edible films enriched with fruit by-products and their application on cookies

Edible coatings and films provide an environmentally-conscious alternative to plastic food packaging options. This study investigated physico-chemical, morphological and thermal properties of edible coatings and films based on chitosan and gum arabic (GA) enriched with grape seed extract (GSE). Their influence on the quality and shelf-life of whole grain cookies with grape and aronia (chokeberry) pomace (GAP) was also investigated. The addition of 0.1% GSE to the film formulations significantly increased thickness and resistance to water vapor, while reducing water solubility, visible light transmission, and rotational force. Moreover, the addition of GSE influenced the film color (turning it dark, reddish, and yellowish) and microstructure as shown by thermal, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform-infrared analysis. The addition of GSE led to an increase in the total phenolic content. Thus, edible coating led to lower formation of peroxides in cookies during storage. Cookies with edible coatings were harder and tougher but with much better sensory properties than control during six months of storage. Both, an accelerated shelf-life test and a direct shelf-life method confirmed that the GAP cookies with edible film were safe and of acceptable quality after six months of storage. The results of this study showed that GA and chitosan edible film enhanced with GSE had a positive impact on cookie shelf–life. • Chitosan and gum arabic (GA) films with grape seed extract (GSE) were developed. • GSE improved the physicochemical, morphological and thermal properties of the films. • Chitosan and GA films were applied on cookies with grape and aronia pomace. • Films with GSE improved textural and sensory properties during cookies storage.

Manjari Medika Grape Seed Extract Protects Methotrexate-Induced Hepatic Inflammation: Involvement of NF-κB/NLRP3 and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling System.

Grape Seed Extract is a natural source of various polyphenols, which have been shown to possess potent antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. The earlier studies have reported that grape seed extract exhibits broad-spectrum pharmacological activities. Therefore, studying the hepatoprotective effects and elucidation of mechanisms of action of the Indian Variety, Manjari Medika grape seed extract (GSE), may give an insight into therapeutic benefits. Methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line pharmacological therapy for different rheumatic diseases. The major adverse events such as hepatotoxicity are evident even in the low doses used for the treatment. The present study investigated the role of MTX on hepatic damage in murine liver and the plausible protective effects of the Indian grape variety, Manjari Medika grape seed extract, in ameliorating it. To assess the hepatological modulation, mice were divided into eight groups to investigate the ameliorative potential of this GSE (75 and 125 mg/kg) and correlate the experimental findings. The active components of the extract were assessed through UPLC-(ESI)-QToF-MS analysis. On the other hand, various biochemical and immunological indices were carried out to correlate the experimental data. The result demonstrated that the prophylactic administration of GSE reduced MTX-induced hepatic toxicity indices, which subsequently restored the hepatic morphological architecture. Moreover, the application of GSE in a dual dosage (75 and 125 mg/kg) suppressed MTX-induced reactive oxygen species generation, followed by lipid peroxidation and cellular nitrite formation. MTX-induced inflammasome activation through the redox-assisted cascade of TLR4/NF-κB signaling was further reduced by applying the GSE. The results showed that the activation of cytoprotective transcription factor Nrf2 enhanced the level of endogenous antioxidants. Furthermore, through the regulation of TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 axis, this extract could reduce the MTX-mediated hepatic damage. Our findings suggest that Manjari Medika seed extract could be used as a therapeutic agent to relieve the side effects of MTX and other hepatic disorders.

Nano and micro lupin protein-grape seed extract conjugates stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions

Conjugation of plant proteins with phenolic compounds has been an efficient strategy to improve the limited capacity of this kind of protein to stabilize emulsions. In this sense, the stabilizing capacity of lupin protein-grape seed extract conjugates in the form of nano (NC) or micro (MC) particles was evaluated in oil-in-water emulsions. Covalent binding between lupin protein isolate (LPI) and grape seed extract (GSE) was confirmed by quantification of total free sulfhydryl groups and fluorescence assays in both NC and MC for all GSE concentrations tested (0.04–1.2 wt%). The main differences between MC and NC were the larger size and surface hydrophobicity of the former, reflecting different stabilizing capacities. The droplet size and microstructure of all emulsions after 28 days of storage suggest that NC- and MC-stabilized emulsions were highly stable to coalescence. However, NC produced emulsions with a higher tendency to flocculation. Increasing the GSE concentration in the conjugates attenuated the droplet flocculation, resulting in emulsions with improved kinetic stability. Results indicate that the dominant stabilizing mechanism of the conjugates is Pickering-type, although others may occur simultaneously. Indeed, MC produced emulsions with better stability with no visible creaming and more complex rheological properties. A gel-like behavior (G’>G’’) was observed from oscillatory rheology, which was considered an additional stabilizing mechanism. In contrast, NC produced emulsions with predominantly liquid-like behavior (G’’>G’). Shear resistance was evaluated after homogenization of the emulsions, showing that the 3D network formed in the emulsions was rapidly recovered, including the highly structured MC-stabilized emulsions. Different properties of emulsions stabilized by NC or MC indicate potential varied applications in the food industry. The conjugation of GSE with LPI showed improvements in the overall stability of the emulsions, demonstrating the great potential for usage of these conjugates in the formulation of highly stable emulsion-based systems, even using a protein of limited stabilizing capacity.

Performance-enhanced regenerated cellulose film by adding grape seed extract

Eco-friendly packaging material with intelligent colorimetric performance has been a requirement for food safety and quality. This work focused on a food packaging material from regenerated cellulose films that added the grape seed extract (GSE) and polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG). FTIR and SEM techniques were employed to prove the compatibility of GSE with cellulose matrix. The composite film showed an enhanced elongation at break (16.61 %) and tensile strength (33.09 MPa). The addition of PEG and GSE also improved the water contact angle of regenerated-cellulose film from 53.8° to 83.8°. Moreover, the composite films exhibited UV-blocking properties while maintaining adequate transparency. The GSE induced the regenerated films with a macroscopic change in color under different pH conditions. Furthermore, the loading of GSE slowed down the decomposition of strawberries and delayed the self-biodegradation compared with the control for more than 3 days and 18 days. The present study showed a regenerated cellulose film with acceptable mechanical and hydrophilia properties, pH-responsiveness, anti-decomposition, and delayed biodegradation performances, indicating a potential color sensor in food packaging.

Grape Seed Extract and Urolithiasis: Protection Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Background Grape seed extract (GSE) has demonstrated various pharmacological actions. Urolithiasis is the occurrence of calculus in the renal system. The present study evaluated the anti-urolithic effect of GSE on ethylene glycol (EG) and ammonium chloride (AC)-induced experimental urolithiasis in rats. Materials and Methods Rats were assigned into six groups; Normal control and Normal + GSE, in which rats received standard drinking water and GSE orally daily, respectively; Urolithiatic animals received EG with AC in drinking water for 28 days; Urolithiatic animals + GSE, in which rats were administered EG with AC in drinking water and GSE 100 and 200 mg/kg orally; and Urolithiatic + cystone, where rats received EG with AC in drinking water and 750 g/kg of cystone as a standard drug orally. Results Urolithiatic animals showed a significant decrease in excreted magnesium and citrate and antioxidant enzymes, whereas they exhibited amplified oxalate crystal numbers, urinary excreted calcium, phosphate, oxalate ions, uric acid, intensified renal function parameters, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory mediators. Management with GSE and cystone significantly augmented urolithiasis inhibitors (excreted magnesium and citrate) and amplified the antioxidant enzymes’ activities. GSE reduced oxalate crystal numbers and urolithiasis promoters, including excreted calcium, oxalate, phosphate, and uric acid excretion, lessened renal function parameters, and declined lipid peroxidation and the inflammatory mediators. Conclusion GSE could protect against EG-induced renal stones as evidenced by mitigated kidney dysfunction, histological alterations, and oxalate crystal formation. This action may be related to the antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts.

Grape Seed Extract Attenuates Demyelination in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response of Immune Cells.

To examine the anti-inflammatory effect of grape seed extract (GSE) in animal and cellular models and explore its mechanism of action. This study determined the inhibitory effect of GSE on macrophage inflammation and Th1 and Th17 polarization in vitro. Based on the in vitro results, the effects and mechanisms of GSE on multiple sclerosis (MS)-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice model were further explored. The C57BL/6 mice were intragastrically administered with 50 mg/kg of GSE once a day from the 3rd day to the 27th day after immunization. The activation of microglia, the polarization of Th1 and Th17 and the inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secreted by them were detected in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, respectively. GSE reduced the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6 in bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (P<0.01), inhibited the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ in spleen cells of EAE mice immunized for 9 days (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and reduced the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 mediated by CD3 and CD28 factors (P<0.01). GSE significantly improved the clinical symptoms of EAE mice, and inhibited spinal cord demyelination and inflammatory cell infiltration. Peripherally, GSE downregulated the expression of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCKII, P<0.05 or P<0.01), and inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the central nervous system, GSE inhibited the infiltration of CD45+CD11b+ and CD45+CD4+ cells, and weakened the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 (P<0.05). Moreover, it reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors (P<0.01), and prevented the activation of microglia (P<0.05). GSE had a beneficial effect on the pathogenesis and progression of EAE by inhibiting inflammatory response as a potential drug and strategy for the treatment of MS.

Grapeseed Extract and its Role in Maintaining Oral Health: A Literature Review

Plant products are becoming the topic for discussion because of its properties and many medicinal benefits. Among these natural products, Grapeseed Extract (GSE) is becoming an essential part of medicine. Antibacterial, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antiviral are some of the important properties. Due to its antibacterial property it is used to control various bacterial diseases and eased the course of treatment, many oral bacteria are also inhibited by GSE. GSE has shown considerable results in patients with periodontal diseases and treatment of bone loss. GSE is a potent antioxidant and reduces free radicles and oxidative stress thus inhibiting various adverse effects. GSE contains antioxidant properties which protects body from premature ageing. Antifungal properties are very useful in treatment and prevention of fungal infection. Grapeseed is useful in treating oral candidiasis as well. A number of phytochemicals including resveratrol, Proanthocyanidin (PA) are beneficial in treating cancer and prevents recurrence. The protective properties of plant extracts and phytochemicals are recently been used in prevention of most common oral disease like dental caries in children and adults. Many studies are going on about remineralisation efficiency of phytochemicals in the field of dentistry. It has been shown to increase the dentine resin bond strength if it is added in the primer and also effectively reduces the polymerisation. Another important consideration is the safety doses of GSE, it refers to the quantity or percentage in which it is added in the concerned products so it is safely tolerated and its effects are maximum. Overall, GSE contains many useful properties and is of great clinical importance.