Granulated Material Research Articles

Granulated Foam-Glass Crystal Materials Based on Silica Rocks of the Southern Urals

Granulated Foam-Glass Crystal Materials Based on Silica Rocks of the Southern Urals

Structural and thermal insulation products based on vegetable raw materials

The author of the article addresses the issues of obtaining insulation products based on flax shives. The article suggests a systematization method for the flax shives based materials, which takes into account the principle of obtaining construction materials based on flax processing waste on various types of binders. It is based on the literature data and the existing research. The possibility of using flax shives as a large structure-forming aggregate of concrete is determined along with the composition and properties of organic aggregate - flax shives. The article presents the optimal ratios selection of flax and binding bonfires in the preparation of granular materials. The characteristics of granulated aggregates on the basis of flax shives are given. The manufacture of cob granules was carried out in two technological ways: on a complex binder and on mineral binders with “dusting” with portland cement. The the method involving the coating of granules with a cement shell was used to produce a granulated material with higher rates of adhesion to the hardened stone of mineral binders in the concrete composition. The technological parameters of the granulation process are determined for two technological methods.

Porous Titanium Granules for Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Case Series Study

Background:Sinus grafting with autogenous bone and other bone substitutes has been shown to be a safe technique with high predictability of success, but it has not been determined which of these materials provide better osteogenic potential. The aim of the present study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate the use of Natix™ grafting material in maxillary sinus elevation procedures with simultaneous implant placement in humans.Materials and Methods:Fifteen patients (6 women and 9 men) requiring augmentation of the maxillary sinus before implant placement were voluntarily enrolled in this study. After the sinus graft procedure, a bone augmentation material of porous titanium granules (Natix™, TigranTecnologies, Malmö, Sweden) was placed into the sinus cavity. The primary stability of the fixtures was measured at baseline and 6 months following the implantation. Panoramic x-rays for objective measurements of bone height at the floor of sinus were repeated at 18 months, and 36 months postoperatively.Results:The 15 patients had in total 20 implants installed. Panoramic radiographs made 6 months post-insertion showed a radio-opaque area around the implants.Also at 6 months post-placement, all 18 implants were clinically stable and abutments were connected. Bone biopsies were taken from 1 grafted site in 1 patient. Excluding the one implant failing to achieve primary stability at baseline, the cumulative implant survival rate in this pilot study was 94.7%.Conclusion:The results of the study showed that maxillary sinus augmentation with porous titanium granules provided predictable survival of implants in 36 months.

Analysis of densification mechanisms of dry granulated materials

Dry granulation by roll compaction is a continuum manufacturing process to produce granules with improved flowability which can further be easily used in tableting process. However, the granules are non-homogeneous in density and have non-spherical shapes which impact their densification behaviour during die-compaction. The aim of this study was to investigate both the densification mechanism and the failure strength of granules of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and mannitol using Cooper-Eaton and Adams models. For both materials, the Cooper-Eaton approach led to the quantification of fractional volume compaction by particle rearrangement and by plastic deformation respectively to explain the difference in densification behaviour of raw material and granules. Moreover, the model showed its ability to capture the effect of granule density and granule sizes and to differentiate the densification mechanisms of MCC as a plastic material and mannitol as a brittle material. The Adams model was used to compute the failure strength of single granule from in-die compression data. The obtained results of the granules were in the range [0.6–1.43 MPa]. However, regarding the effect of granule density, the model showed mixed results indicating that the model is not representative of the studied granules which are not spherical and have a relatively wide range of sizes, nevertheless, the model was derived for near spherical particles with a narrow size distribution.

Determination of expandability clay from San José de Cúcuta metropolitan area, by adding different percentages of sewage sludge

This article shows the research carried out on clay from the San José de Cúcuta metropolitan area, Colombia, to which was added several percentages of a wastewater sludge, which is called as a technological nutrient. The objective of the study is to find out with what percentage of technological nutrient the capacity of expansion of the granules is maximized. The methodology that was followed consists of four phases; preparation of raw materials; pelletizing of raw materials in granules of 5 to 10 millimeters; application of heat treatment in a rotary kiln at the pilot plant level; and application of descriptive statistics for analysis of results. It was determined that the mixture with a 20% of technological nutrient, produces the highest volumetric expansion ratio, with 1.56 times its initial size, while, when adding 30% of the nutrient the same expansion occurs when adding an 10% nutrient, which is 1.07 times the initial size of the particle.

Effect of particle size distribution on flowability of granulated lactose

The flowability of powders used in tableting significantly affects tablet weight and content uniformity of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Use of granulated materials instead of powdered materials can improve flowability. In this study, the effect of particle size distribution on flowability of granulated lactose was quantitatively analyzed. Three types of granulated lactose were classified into progressively narrower size fractions, and nine samples were systematically prepared. The mass median diameters were nearly constant (i.e., 130.5 ± 13.5 μm) and the geometric standard deviations ranged from 1.29 to 2.04. Two flow properties (angle of repose and compressibility) were measured. The correlations between flow properties and the particle size distributions were analyzed, and the coefficients of determination were obtained for different particle diameters and cumulative mass fractions. The optimal conditions to maximize the coefficients of determination were defined. Furthermore, static and dynamic friction properties were evaluated, and their correlations with particle size distribution were calculated.

Zea maize reference materials for genetically modified organism detection in Mexico.

Zea maize reference materials for genetically modified organism detection in Mexico.

Pattern recognition in the differentiated image for the powder and granulated materials particle size classification

The paper shows and investigates the technique of classifying the particle size of powder and granulated materials. The objects of the study are industrially produced mineral fertilizers. Samples with different composition (about five types of mineral fertilizers) and various degrees of particle size (less than 100 µm, less than 500 µm and granules of 2-5 mm) were examined. The samples particles have an irregular shape, close to spherical (in the case of granules) or cubic (in the case of powders). To improve the accuracy and eliminate the particle shape influence on analysis, the preliminary pressing of samples on a boric acid substrate was used. The keynote of the proposed technique is to obtain an optoelectronic image of an object with a resolution of at least 640x480 pixels (a three-dimensional matrix of pixel intensity in the Red-Green-Blue (RGB) system). Next, the area of analysis is separated from the obtained image and transformed into grayscale (a two-dimensional matrix of pixel intensities with a resolution of at least 200x200 pixels). The influence of external illumination (gradient, temperature and brightness) is eliminated by the grayscale image differentiation. The result is the “surface map” of the sample, which reflects defects in the pressed structure (patterns, which are responsible for the size of the particles). According to the found patterns, the samples are classified according to their particle size. Four classification algorithms were investigated (linear, linear with L1 and L2 regularization, and a nonlinear “random forest”). All proposed approaches are automated and implemented in the Python 3.6 programming language. There is provided the selection of the operating parameters of all the described algorithms.

Experimental investigation of surface roughness effect on electrostatics generation

Granules are widely used in solid processing including chemical, mining, energy, environment, food, pharmaceutical industries. As granules are transported in pipelines, electrostatics are to be generated due to granule-wall interactions. In this work, granular surface roughness was particularly investigated for the effect on electrostatics generation for three materials including coal, woodchip and biochar for better understanding of their respective performance in well-designed granule sliding tests. In addition, other factors including granule contact area, granule shape, relative humidity as well as their integrated effects with granule surface roughness on electrostatics were considered. It was found that the electrostatics increased with larger contact area as well as decreasing humidity. In addition, triangle granules were observed to generate more electrostatic charges than rectangle granules such that granule shape was important in determining electrostatics generation. Meanwhile, it was also found that electrostatics generated first increased with granule roughness but decreased after reaching a maximum point, which was independent of granule material. In this work, the electrostatics generated by woodchip granules was obviously higher than that by biochar granules. In addition, other factors such as granule shape, surface roughness for biochar granules were showed to have less effect on electrostatics generation than that for woodchip granules.

Effect of conditioner and moisture content on flowability of yellow cornmeal.

Flow characterization of ground materials based on standard physical properties is not always accurate and must be complemented with other properties that help characterize their flowability. The flow properties of yellow cornmeal as a function of moisture content (10.0%, 13.5% 17.0%, and 20.0% wet basis) and concentrations of added conditioner (calcium stearate, a caking agent classified at GRAS, at 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.00% wt/wt) were measured. The optimum flow behavior characteristics of the cornmeal were achieved at 0.50% wt/wt calcium stearate and 10.0% (w.b.) moisture content based on the flow function test. Overall, the material's flowability decreased with increased moisture content based on very high values for Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, and angle of repose. The flow index (ffc) obtained by the flow function test decreased from 6.47 to 3.82 as moisture increased, indicating increased cohesivity. Calcium stearate increased the flowability of the material at 0.50% wt/wt, beyond which the flowability was not affected (p > .05). Samples were very hygroscopic and classified as Class IV. The Hausner's ratio, Carr's Index, and angle of repose showed a strong linear relationship with the flow index with correlation values of 0.91, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively. Isotherms together with physical properties should be used to determine the flow characteristics of granulated materials such as yellow cornmeal to establish the best storage and processing conditions.

Granulated Sorption Material Based on Cellulose for Extracting Silver from Thiocyanate Solutions

The ability to apply granulated materials with cellulose as sorbents for silver extraction from thiocyanate solutions in industrial technological schemes is studied. Samples extracted from sulfite unbleached pulp from coniferous wood via preactivation, dilution, chemical modification, and extraction with successive curing of granules formed are studied. The granule surface is shown to possess a developed pore system with diameter of 2–5 μm. The optimum time of silver sorption from a potassium thiocyanate solution by a cellulose-containing sorbent with a weight of 500 ± 2 mg is found to be 120 min. The silver anion complexes can be completely extracted from thiocyanate solutions with a silver content of not higher than 1 g/L. The experimentally evaluated sorption capacity of a cellulose-containing material in relation to silver is 20 mg/g.

Detection and Quantification of Tire Particles in Sediments Using a Combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red, and Parallel Factor Analysis.

Detection and quantification of tread wear particles in the environment have been a challenge owing to lack of a robust method. This study investigated the applicability of a combination of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) in the detection and quantification of tire particles from formulated sediments. FTIR spectral data were obtained by heating 20 samples in STA. Among the 20 samples, 12 were tire granules in formulated sediments (TGIS) containing 1%, 2%, 5%, and 10% by mass of tire granules, while the remaining eight contained 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg of tire granules only (TGO). The PARAFAC models decomposed the trilinear data into three components. Tire rubber materials in tire granules (RM) and a combination of water and carbon dioxide were the components identified in all samples. The linear regression analysis of score values from the PARAFAC models showed that the RM quantity predicted were comparable to measured values in both TGIS and TGO. Decomposing the overlying components in the spectral data into different components, and predicting unknown quantity in both sample types, the method proves robust in identifying and quantifying tire particles from sediments.

Simulation of Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer of a Granulated Medium in a Circular Bunker

Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of a dense layer of a highly loose high-concentration granulated medium in a circular bunker on the basis of a non-Newtonian medium with application of the ″power-law liquid″ model and boundary slipping conditions on solid walls is presented. The influence of regime and geometric parameters on the dynamics and heat transfer of a high-concentration granulated medium is investigated. The validity of the results obtained is confirmed by comparison of the numerical results with well-known experimental and analytical data. The results of the investigation carried out can be used in powder technology apparatuses in the processes of drying, mixing, homogenization, batching, and transportation of granulated materials.

Adsorption of industrial wastewater from oil products with application of mathematical modeling

The granulated hydrophobic sorption material created on the basis of the chemical water treatment sludge of thermal power plants “SM-5” is studied. The information basis obtained in the experiments on the kinetics of adsorption makes it possible to model the dynamics of adsorption in a fixed bed of “SM-5” granules.

The influence of organic plant material on seed germination and development of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings

Abstract In this article we analysed the influence of plant-based organic admixtures on the germination process of seeds and the early development of Scots pine Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings. The intensity of dumpin-off diseases within the culture was recorded after applying each of the admixtures. Organic material of nettle Urtica dioica L., softwood litter, hardwood litter and peat were applied to the nursery substrate in two ways, either as an admixture in crushed form or in granulated form. None of the introduced admixtures influenced the germination of seeds or the survival rate of pine seedlings positively. The best results were obtained with a substrate without admixtures used as a control, which is the most common nursery substrate. The worst seed germination rate was observed on the substrate enriched with the organic material from nettles. In pots with granulated organic material from hardwood litter, significantly more seedlings showed signs of post-emergence dermatitis. In all other cases, there was no clear difference between the crushed or granulated admixture in either germination or survival of seedlings. We furthermore demonstrated that the process of granulating plant material leads to an approximately 10-fold increase in the bulk density of the granulated substance, which translates directly into volume reduction.

Metals removal from aqueous solutions by tailored porous waste-based granulated alkali-activated materials

In this study, and for the first time, the possibility of using bulk type waste-based granulated alkali-activated materials (AAM) for inducing heavy metals extraction by precipitation and adsorption was evaluated. Waste metakaolin and aluminium scrap recycling waste proved to be suitable precursors to create AAM. Results indicate that both methods are highly effective and promising for heavy metals extraction, removal efficiencies up to 100% were achieved. Lead was more efficiently removed by adsorption (99.4%; 16.5 mg/g), while higher zinc removal was achieved by precipitation (100%; 20.4 mg/g). These innovative waste-based alkali-activated granules, produced following a simple, sustainable and low-cost technique, are highly effective in the removal of lead and zinc from wastewaters, being a safer alternative to the use of powdered precipitation/adsorbent materials and can be directly used in packed beds. Future work will address the reuse of these granules, after their exhaustion as adsorbents, as aggregates in the production of new building materials, further closing the materials loop and enhancing the circularity of this material.

Method of thermal calculation of a heat exchanger with a dense layer of granulated material

The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for calculating the heat exchanger for the utilization of low-potential heat fluxes from industrial enterprises and its approbation. Methods of solution included the analysis of existing heat recovery devices, the identification of existing problems of creating efficient heat exchangers and the creation of an algorithm for calculating heat exchangers with a dense layer of granulated material. The possibility of using low-potential thermal secondary energy resources in the form of exhaust gases from industrial enterprises of low energy capacity, in particular, food, is considered. Heat exchangers with a fixed dense layer of granular materials are analyzed, providing direct heat exchange of gas (air) with particles. There is a shortage of developed efficient heat exchangers for low-potential heat fluxes and information on rational thermal modes of their operation. The effectiveness of the use of granular materials in heat and power engineering is noted from the standpoint of intensifying the processes of heat and mass transfer is shown. The method of thermal calculation of the contact heat exchanger to determine its geometric characteristics and the main process parameters is described. The proposed method takes into account the change in the coefficient of intercomponent heat transfer over time. The results of calculations of the main characteristics of an industrial heat exchanger with fixed filler are presented. In the regenerator with fixed filler there is no need to organize the movement of a layer of granular material, which greatly simplifies the operation and design of the heat exchanger. The results of the calculation of a fixed bed heat exchanger designed for space heating, located directly next to the ventilation channels of the enterprise, are presented. In the proposed heat exchanger in the heating period, the heat is transferred by direct contact of the gas flow with the material particles, and in the cooling period the heat is transferred from the outer surface of the heat exchanger to the environment. To obtain a smoothed heating characteristic of the room, it is advisable to duplicate the working channels of the heat utilizer filled with granular material and turn them on alternately. The calculated heat exchangers are characterized by a relatively high efficiency and the ability to work without direct contact of the particles with the air of the heated room. Designed for low-potential heat flux of regenerator designs are offered for use in food production plants

Analysis of the Problem of Granulated Material Movement in the Production Process

Plastics are the world's most widely used materials, largely due to their wide-spectrum use and relatively cheap manufacturing of complex shapes. Due to its properties, the use of plastics is possible in all manufacturing sectors. Important aspect of plastic moulding is that the heat passed to granulate is sufficient to properly heat up the plastic mixture. Another important factor is that the plastic mixture is blended as evenly as possible. Heterogeneities could lead to the formation of non-conformances with incorrect colour shades, unevenness of the mass or others. One of the factors that greatly affects the homogeneity of the mixture is the surface treatment of the guides that are designed to transport the granulate and it is important to take care of those lines.

Adsorption Drying of Natural Gas by Carbonate Sludge

Experimental results for absorption drying of natural gas by a developed granulated material based on chemical water-treatment sludge of Kazan TAC-1 are presented. A batch adsorber with a fixed bed of this material is calculated. A technological scheme for a recuperative adsorption plant for drying natural gas is proposed.

High-efficiency bacteriostatic material modified by nano zinc oxide and polyelectrolyte diallyl dimethylammonium chloride based on red mud.

After depositing nano zinc oxide on the surface of red mud granule material by one-step hydrothermal method, a layer of cationic polyelectrolyte diallyldimethylammonium chloride is coated to obtain nano zinc oxide-cation polyelectrolyte diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) modified red mud granule material. The modified granule material were characterized and tested. The results showed that the modified granule material has significant antibacterial activity against E. coli. And maintain a good antibacterial effect in multiple rounds of antibacterial cycle experiments. The nano zinc oxide-PDDA modified red mud granule material is convenient to prepare, low in cost, excellent in performance and easy to separate, which is beneficial to reduce microbial pollution of water bodies and risk of disinfection by-products.