Granulation Method Research Articles

Evaluation of the physical properties of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) fruit extract tablets using polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder agent

Background: Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC, also known as andaliman, is a traditional herb utilized predominantly as a spice. It is rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids, which exhibit analgesic activities.
 Objective: This study aims to develop a tablet formulation of andaliman fruit extract, employing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 as a binder, utilizing the wet granulation method.
 Method: The andaliman fruit was processed to extract its components using 96% ethanol. The extract, at a concentration of 100 mg, was then formulated into three different tablet formulations, varying in PVP K-30 concentration: F1 (1%), F2 (3%), and F3 (5%). These formulations were analyzed for granule characteristics and physical properties of the tablets.
 Results: Granule testing confirmed that all formulations met the requirements for quality granules. Among the formulations, F1 (1% PVP concentration) demonstrated superior physical properties: size uniformity of 1.22±0.00 cm, weight uniformity of 518.53±10.15 mg, friability of 0.45±0.01%, hardness of 6.34±0.05 kg, and disintegration time of 9.42±0.90 minutes.
 Conclusion: The tablet formulation of Andaliman fruit extract with 1% PVP K-30 exhibited the most favorable physical properties, suggesting its potential viability for further development and testing. This study lays the groundwork for exploring Andaliman fruit-based analgesic tablets.

Preparation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Acelofenac and Comparision of Formulated and Marketed Product

The aim of performing this study is to develop matrix tablet to improve the dissolution rate of aceclofenac and release the drug in a controlled manner over a period of 24 hours. Matrix tablets of aceclofenac, using various viscosity of hydrophilic polymer HPMC in two different proportions, hydrophobic polymer ethyl cellulose and Guar gum were prepared by wet granulation method and subjected to in vitro drug release studies. Tablets were evaluated for in vitro drug release profile in phosphate buffer with pH 7.5. The thickness and hardness of prepared tablets were 3.8 ± 0.2 to 3.9 ±0.2 mm and 4 ± 3 to 5 ± 3 kg/cm2, respectively. The friability was within the acceptable limits of pharmacopeial specifications (0.31 to 0.71%), which indicates the good mechanical strength of the tablets. The in vitro drug release from the proposed system was best explained by Higuchi’s model, indicating that drug release from tablets displayed a diffusion-controlled mechanism. Based on the study results, formulation F7 was selected as the best formulation.

A fuzzy rough granular ensemble learning based on the feature selection with chi-square1

Neighborhood granulation is a classical granulation method. Although it is adequate for clustering and classification tasks, its granules are more complex, and the data representation is binary. This paper proposes a new granulation method based on the neighborhood granulation. Firstly, a detailed definition of the granular form is given with fuzzy rough set theory. Then, a modified fuzzy rough discriminant function is proposed based on neighborhood systems. The samples are globally granulated on single features to construct granules and on multiple features to construct granular vectors. Also, a feature selection technique based on the Chi-square, which strikingly reduces the complexity of the fuzzy rough granular vectors, is introduced to address the disadvantage of the fuzzy rough granular vectors. An ensemble model structure is also proposed in the paper for the mixed nature of fuzzy rough granular vectors. The paper makes a detailed comparison between the fuzzy rough granulation and the neighborhood granulation. The results show that fuzzy rough granulation has higher computational efficiency and classification performance. Finally, a detailed comparison is made between the fuzzy rough granular ensemble model and various classical ensemble algorithms. The final results show that the fuzzy rough granular ensemble model has better robustness and generalization.

Development and Evaluation of Herbal Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Achyranthes aspera Linn root extract

Fast dissolving Tablets are disintegrating and/or dissolve rapidly in the saliva without the need for water. FDTs can be prepared by different methods as direct compression, freeze-drying, spray drying, sublimation and wet granulation method. Herbal drugs comprise of a major share of all the officially recognised systems of health in India. The herbal extract of Achyranthes aspera Linn was used in this formulation. The aim of this study was to formulate FDTs with sufficient mechanical integrity and to achieve faster disintegration in the oral cavity without water. To achieve this goal, MCC is used as diluent and sodium saccharin as sweetening agent for the formulation of tablets. Attempts were made to enhance dissolution rate along with faster disintegration using superdisintegrants like Crospovidone, Sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and mixture of crospovidone and sodium starch glycolatein the formulation of tablets. The tablets were subjected to weight variation, drug content uniformity, hardness, friability, wetting time, In vitro dispersion time and In vitro drug release studies.

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Ubidecarenone Chewable Tablet

Background: Coenzyme Q10 has a role in mitochondrial transport system and can be utilized as a supplement in migraine prevention. This study's objective is to assess Coenzyme Q10's effectiveness when used in conjunction with conventional medications to prevent migraines. Adding 300mg of coenzyme Q10 each day to prescription medications, while another group of patients continued receiving standard care. Over the course of a three-month treatment period, data on attack frequency, headache pain intensity, monthly migraine days, and associated symptoms like nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, and photophobia were analyses. Ubidecarenone, a medicinal component. The goal is to produce Ubidecarenone in a 300 mg chew-able tablet form. In vitro release studies and organoleptic properties, such as taste and flavour, will be evaluated. investigations in the early stages, tests for medicine excipient compatibility, and analyses of the water content Quality Assurance for the Process Hausner's Ratio, Bulk Density, Tapped Density, Comprehensibility Index, and Angle of Repose for calculating derived properties for medications and mixtures. ingredients that have been optimised for their concentrations, such as tastes, sweeteners, disintegrants, wetting agents, glidants, and lubricants. putting the best possible ingredients together to make a chew able pill. Evaluation of chewable tablets for post compression parameters including uniformity of weight, thickness, hardness, brittleness, friability, dissolution, assay, and in vitro drug release properties. An evaluation of the optimised batch's palatability is required. The intention is to create chewable tablets of ubidecarenone. Method: The wet granulation method is used to make chewable tablets of ubidecarenone. Mannitol is used as a diluent, crospovidone as a disintegrant agent, sodium starch as a disintegrate agent, saccharin sodium as a sucrose sweetener, orange flavour, peppermint oil as a flouring agent, and colloidal silicon dioxide as a gliding. The Ubidecarenone (300 mg) is one of the best first-line treatments for migraine prevention.

Synthesis of granulated Li1.33Mn1.67O4via two antisolvent methods for lithium adsorption from gas-produced water

Gas produced water is an accompanying wastewater in the natural gas extraction process, and it’s a potential liquid lithium resource contains a considerable amount of lithium. This paper investigated the feasibility of using manganese-based ion sieves to adsorb and extract lithium from gas produced water. And we focused on the applicability of two different granulation methods and extrusion and droplet in gas produced water systems. Two types of H1.33Mn1.67O4 particles were prepared by extrusion method (EHMO), and by droplet method (DHMO). The porosity of DHMO was much higher than that of EHMO, and the adsorption performance of DHMO increased with the decrease of binder concentration. DHMO prepared with binder concentration of 0.14 g·ml−1 exhibited the best adsorption performance in gas produced water, and the Li+ adsorption capacity could reach 25.14 mg·g−1. In gas produced water, the adsorption equilibrium of DHMO only took 9 hours, and the adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The pore diffusion model (PDM) could well describe its adsorption process. Besides, DHMO showed a great selectivity to Li+, and the selectivity order of DHMO in gas produced water was Li+>Ba2+>>Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+>>Na+>>K+, and after 20 cycles, the Li+ adsorption capacity was still higher than 17.30 mg·g−1, and the rate of manganese dissolution was less than 1%.

An Evaluation of Wet Granulation Process Selection for API Prone to Polymorphic Form Conversion in the Presence of Moisture and Heat.

Wet granulation (WG) is one of the most versatile processes to improve blend properties for processing. However, due to its need for moisture and heat, it is often considered not amenable to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) prone to forming hydrates. Despite this claim, little literature exists evaluating the extent to which polymorphic form conversions occur for such API when processed with WG. This work sets out to explore two common WG methods, high-shear (HSG) and fluid-bed (FBG), and two drying processes, tray-drying (TD) and fluid-bed drying (FBD), and evaluate the risk they pose to hydrate form conversion. The progression of anhydrous to hydrate form conversion of two model compounds with vastly different solubilities, fexofenadine hydrochloride and carbamazepine, was monitored throughout the various processes using powder X-ray diffraction. The resultant granules were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, BET adsorption, and sieve analysis. FBG and FBD processing resulted in the preservation of the original form of both APIs, while HSG+TD resulted in the complete conversion of the API. The FBD of fexofenadine and carbamazepine granules prepared with HSG resulted in partial and complete re-conversion back to the original anhydrous forms, respectively. The drying process is a critical factor in anhydrous form conservation. FBG and FBD yielded better preservation of the initial anhydrous forms. HSG could be an acceptable granulation method for API susceptible to hydrate formation if the API solubility is low. Selecting an FBG+FBD process minimizes API hydrate formation and preserves the original anhydrous form.

Instant Granule Formulation Combining White Sweet Potato Leaves Extract (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) and Javanese Chili (Piper retrofractum Vahl)

Dengue haemorrhagic fever is a viral infection transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is one of the symptoms is thrombocytopenia. The extract from white sweet potato leaves is recognized for its potential to increase the number of platelet count. This research aimed to develop a formula for an instant granule combining white sweet potato leaves extract with Javanese chili extract meeting taste preferences and societal acceptability. The preparation of the extract was performed by maseration using 70% ethanol and then concentrated with a rotary evaporator. The result was a thick extract which was then dried in an oven at 50℃. The manufacture of instant granule formulations was conducted using wet granulation method. Various formulations were obtained by differentiated concentration of Javanese chili used in the formula (FI 1%, FII 2%, and FIII 3%). The instant granule formulation was evaluated by organoleptic assay and other essential parameters for instant granule, such as moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose, and particle size distribution. The FII 2% formulation emerged as the most acceptable with an average score of 2.17. Non-parametric analysis indicated no significant difference among the three formulas, as the obtained significant value (α) was ≥ 0.05, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis H0.

Development of Pharmaceutical Equivalent Montelukast Sodium Immediate-Release, Film-Coated Tablets

Montelukast tablets are sold under the brand name Singulair and are used to control and prevent asthma symptoms. In this study, 10 mg film-coated montelukast tablets were developed as a generic drug in order to evaluate the pharmaceutical equivalent of the innovator’s products. The primary formulation ingredients used in all developed formulations (F1-F5) were the same as those described in the Singulair tablet package insert, except for formulations F3, F4, and F5, to which solubilizing enhancers were added to increase montelukast solubility. The core tablets were produced using the wet granulation method before being coated with HPMC polymer. FT-IR and DSC were used to determine drug and excipient compatibility. The micromeritic properties of the granules were assessed. The physicochemical properties of generated montelukast tablets and Singulair tablets were also investigated. The dissolution profiles of the tested drug and the innovator were assessed in a variety of pH mediums (pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8, and water). The similarity (f2) and difference (f1) factors were computed. The accelerated and long-term stability of the tested drug in hot and humid climate zones was evaluated. The analytical method validation used in this study was ICH-acceptable for 8 parameters including specificity, range, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, and robustness. F1-F5 granules had similar properties, such as a pale-yellow color and excellent flow properties. There were no chemical interactions between montelukast and the excipients according to FT-IR and DSC analyses. The physical properties of all developed montelukast film-coated tablets were similar (average weight 212-218 mg; thickness 3.02-3.07 mm; assay 101-102% LA; disintegration time 3-4 min), except that the disintegration time of F3 was 8.10 min and that of F5 was 5.90 min, which was caused by the addition of poloxamer 188 to the formulation. In all mediums, only the F1 formula produced acceptable comparison dissolution profiles to Singulair. After 6 months of storage under accelerated and long-term conditions, the results showed the F1 formulation remained physically and chemically stable.

The Effect of PEG 4000 in Co-processed Excipient using Melt Granulation Method on the Physical Characteristics of Chitosan Tablets in Mangrove Crab Shells (Scylla serrata)

Mangrove Crab (Scylla serrata) is an animal that likes to be consumed but its shell waste is underutilized. The shell contains chitosan which has many benefits, one of which can lower cholesterol levels. The combination of 2 or more excipients is called co-processed excipients which are then continued into tablets by direct compression. The aim of the study was to find out whether chitosan could be formalized into coprocessed tablets (lactose, primogel, and PEG 4000 7.5% & 15%) by direct compression method and the effect of differences in the characteristics of coprocessed and chitosan tablets with a ratio of PEG 4000 7.5% and 15 % as binder. The evaluation results showed that chitosan tablets fulfilled the requirements for the uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration time (F1) tests, while they did not meet the requirements for the uniformity of tablet size, friability and disintegration times (F2) tests and the results of the coprocessing evaluation met specifications both F1 and F2, namely: particle size distribution, moisture content, flow rate, angle of repose (very good), compressibility index (adequate) and Hausner's ratio (very good). The evaluation results were then processed statistically using the SPSS application using the independent t-test method which showed that there was no significant difference in the effect of PEG 4000 7.5% and 15% as a binder on the characteristics of co-processed and chitosan tablets. Chitosan tablets from mangrove crab shells (Scylla serrata) cannot be formalized by direct compression with co-processing.

DEVELOPMENT, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHARMACOKINETIC EVALUATION OF OPTIMIZED VILDAGLIPTIN SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLET USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN

Objective: The principal objective of this research was to develop and optimize cost-effective sustained-release Vildagliptin (VLN) tablets using the wet granulation method. Methods: The tablets were prepared by the non-aqueous wet granulation method. A Box-Behnken design was used to study the effect of the independent variables, i.e., HPMC K100 M, Eudragit RSPO and PVP K30, on the dependent variables swelling index, in vitro drug release at 8 and 12 h. The drug's physiochemical properties were investigated using ultraviolet (UV), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The hardness, thickness, weight variation, content uniformity, swelling index, and in vitro drug release study of the formulated tablets were all evaluated. The optimized formulation Opt-VLD-SR was evaluated for pharmacokinetic parameters like AUC, Cmax, tmax and MRT. Results: The FTIR and DSC studies confirmed that no interaction occurred between the drug, polymers and excipients. The crystalline nature of VLN remained unchanged in the optimised formulation tablet, according to DSC studies. With the optimal concentration of both polymers, formulation Opt-VLN delayed drug release for up to 12 h. The formulated Optimized Sustained-release tablets (Opt-VLD-SR) showed significantly lower Cmax±3.01ng/ml) than conventional IR tablets (256.17±8.02ng/ml). In the pharmacokinetic study, the MRT for Optimized-VLD-SR is (7.40h) showed a better result than the Vildagliptin IR marketed product (3.70 h.), which leads to higher bioavailability of Vildagliptin. Conclusion: Sustained release tablets of VLN with a combination of diffusion and erosion-controlled drug release mechanisms have been successfully developed.

Exploring the potential of neem and tamarind gum as release retardants: Design and statistical optimisation of vildagliptin extended release matrix systems using D-optimal quadratic mixture design

Exploring the significant role of natural polymers in developing drug delivery systems has been a promising area of research interest. The current investigation uses a D-optimal quadratic mixture design to design and evaluate neem and tamarind gum-based vildagliptin extended-release matrix tablets. Studying the combination effect of gums is one of the major objectives. Initial screening studies were performed to select the factors and their levels. The variables selected at different levels in mg/tablet are neem gum, tamarind gum, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and lactose monohydrate. Based on the screening experiments with both gums, the polymer content of 165 mg was chosen as the highest level in the DOE. Nineteen runs were generated to screen the desired parameters as responses. The total weight of the formulation was kept constant at 275 mg. Time (hours) required for 50 %, 90 % and 100 % of drug release and tablet hardness were selected as the responses for each run. The wet granulation method was adopted, and the critical variables were optimised using the design of experiments following Design Expert software. Statistical analysis was conducted, and the optimised formulations were prepared and evaluated to compare with the predicted responses. Stability studies were performed for the optimised batches. Results indicated that the prepared batches met the compendial limits and confirmed the application of neem and tamarind gum in the development of extended-release tablets of vildagliptin for 24 h. An optimised formulation comprising of 16.52 mg of neem gum and 148.48 mg of tamarind gum with a hardness of 7.5–8.5 kp produced 50 %, 90 % and 100 % drug release in 12, 22 and 25 h.

INTENSIFICATION OF HEAT AND MASS EXCHANGE PROCESSES OF PROCESSING OLD SLUDGE

At sewage treatment plants, in addition to filtered water, sludge is formed during wastewater treatment. They are dumped on mud sites, which occupy large areas and are almost completely overflowing. The content of a large amount of minerals and toxic substances in sediments leads to the deterioration of the condition of groundwater and soil, which in turn leads to the deterioration of ecology and life. An urgent task in Ukraine is the creation of complex processing of sludge, which includes economic, technological, social and ecological aspects. The purpose of the research is to intensify the heat and mass exchange processes of processing old sludge deposits with the subsequent creation of a technology for obtaining composite fuel based on them. The study of drying kinetics of composite granules was carried out on an experimental convective stand with automatic data collection. A comparison of the drying time of composite granules depending on the granulation method was carried out, which showed the expediency of carrying out the process for granules formed on a screw mechanical device. Adsorption studies were carried out, which made it possible to determine the equilibrium moisture content. It was established that the specific heat of combustion of composite granules exceeds the heat of combustion of peat by 1.2 times, which allows them to be used as an alternative fuel.

Fuzzy information granulation towards benign and malignant lung nodules classification

Lung cancer is the second common cancer with the highest death rate in the world. Cancer diagnosis in the early stages is a critical factor for increasing the treatment speed. This paper proposes a new machine learning method based on a fuzzy approach to detect benign and malignant lung nodules to early-diagnose lung cancer by investigating the computed tomography (CT) images. First, the lung nodule images are pre-processed via the Gabor wavelet transform. Then, some of the texture features are extracted from the transformed domain based on the statistical characteristics and histogram of the local patterns of images. Finally, based on the fuzzy information granulation (FIG) method, which is widely recognized as being able to distinguish between similar textures, a FIG-based classifier is introduced to classify the benign and malignant lung nodules. The clinical data set used for this research are a combination of 150 CT scans of LIDC and SPIE-APPM data sets. Also the LIDC data set is analyzed alone. The results show that the proposed method can be an innovative alternative to classify the benign and malignant nodules in the CT images.

Effect of Formulation Parameters on Enalapril Maleate Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet Using Quality by Design (QbD) Approach.

The buccal route has great prospects and possible benefits for the administration of drugs systemically. The present study involves designing, developing and optimising the buccal tablet formulation of Enalapril Maleate (EM) by using the QbD approach. We prepared the EM buccal tablets using the dry granulation method. In the QTPP profile, the CQAs for EM buccal tablets are Mucoadhesive strength, swelling index and drug release (dependent variables); the CMAs identified for EM buccal tablets were Carbopol 934P, HPMC-K100M and chitosan (independent variables). Diluent quantity, blending time and compression force were selected as CPPs; the Box-Behnkentdesign was used to evaluate the relationship between the CMAs and CPPs. Based on the DoE, the composition of the optimised formulation of EM BT-18 consists of 20mg of EM, 15 mg of carbopol 934p, 17 mg of HPMC-K100M, 10mg of chitosan, 30 mg of PVP K-30, 1 mg of magnesium stearate, 16 mg of Mannitol, 1 mg of aspartame, and 50 mg of Ethyl cellulose. The optimised formulation of EM BT 18 was found to have a Mucoadhesive strength of 24.32±0.30g. The swelling index was 90.74±0.25% and drug release was sustained up to 10 hours 98.4±3.62% compared to the marketed product, whose release was up to 8 hours. We attempted to design a buccal tablet of Enalapril Maleate for sustained drug release in the treatment of hypertension. Patients who cannot take oral medication due to trauma or unconscious conditions could receive the formulation. Development of a newly P.ceutical product is very time-consuming, extremely costly and high-risk, with very little chance of a successful outcome. Hence, this study showed EM tablets are already available on the market but we have chosen a buccal drug delivery system using a novel approach using QbD tools to target the quality of the product accurately.

Formulation and evaluation of new herbal nutraceutical tablet for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Abstract BACKGROUND: Herbal nutraceutical dosage forms a dietary supplement that improves various chronic diseases. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate new herbal nutraceutical tablets and assess antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemia effects in ob/ob mice. METHODS: A herbal nutraceutical tablet was prepared by the wet granulation method. Proximate composition was determined by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. The high-performance liquid chromatography method was used for the estimation of water-soluble vitamins and fat-soluble vitamins. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used for analyzing trace elements. Oral glucose tolerance tests and biochemicals were analyzed to assess antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemia effects in ob/ob mice. RESULTS: Herbal nutraceutical tablet contains a good amount of energy. Iron, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iodine, copper, zinc, and calcium were present in the newly formulated herbal tablets. A reasonable amount of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins were also present. Administration of newly developed herbal nutraceutical tablets (200 mg/kg) in ob/ob mice significantly improved the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemia effects compared to the standard drug metformin (200 mg/kg). CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, a newly formulated herbal nutraceutical tablet may be recommended as a dietary supplement and can be utilized as an active type 2 diabetes drug.

Development and optimization of guaifenesin sustained release mini-tablets for adult and geriatric patients.

Aim: The main aim of this study was to formulate and optimize sustained release mini-tablets of guaifenesin.Materials & methods: Guaifenesin granules were successfully prepared using different blend ratios of carnauba wax to drug by melt granulation method. The properties of granules were further modified by combining them with ethyl cellulose. The obtained granules were then mixed and compressed into mini-tablets using a tablet press machine. The resulting mini-tablets were characterized in terms of weight, thickness, hardness, drug content and in vitro drug release.Results: Mini-tablets with 1:6 carnauba wax to drug ratio showed superior physicochemical characteristics, releasing about 100.03% of guaifenesin over 8h. Ethyl cellulose offers a great potential to accurately control drug release from mini-tablets.Conclusion: The prepared mini-tablets seem to be a very promising alternative to guaifenesin conventional formulations and can be used in adults and elderly people.

Study on the management of granulation during surgery for congenital preauricular fistula infection stage

Objective:To investigate the management of granulation tissue during surgery for infected congenital preauricular fistula and to assess the surgical outcomes. Methods:To summarize the surgical methods and the treatment of granulation methods in 140 cases of congenital preauricular fistula during the period of infection treated in our department from January 2018 to September 2022. The study divided patients into an observation group （79 patients） undergoing fistulectomy without granulation treatment, and a control group （61 patients） where fistulectomy and granulation resection were performed concurrently.. After six months of follow-up, the wound healing, recurrence rates, and the aesthetic assessment of granulation healing were evaluated using the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale（SBSES）. Results:The two surgical approaches were applied to a total of 140 patients with infected congenital preauricular fistula. There was no statistical difference in wound healing and recurrence rates between the observation group and the control group. However, the observation group exhibited smaller scars. Conclusion:In cases of infected congenital preauricular fistula, surgical removal without excising granulation tissue is feasible, leading to effective healing and lesser scar formation.

Biogenic Waste from Two Varieties of Plantain in Ghana Contain Pectin with Potential Binding Properties in Conventional Tablets.

Pharmaceutical formulations have traditionally relied on plants and their derivatives for various APIs and excipients. In Ghana, the widespread utilization of plantains, irrespective of their ripeness, generates significant waste at every stage of processing, posing disposal issues. Fascinatingly, these wastes, often discarded, possess significant economic potential and can be recycled into valuable raw materials or products. Pectin, a polysaccharide that occurs naturally, has seen a surge in interest in recent times. It has found widespread use in the pharmaceutical sector, particularly as a binding agent in tablet formulations. This study aimed to evaluate pectin from two popular plantain varieties, Apem (M) and Apantu (T) at different ripening stages, for pharmaceutical use as a binding agent in immediate-release tablets. The ripening stages selected were the matured-green (G), half-ripe (H), and full-ripe (R). Acid (D) and alkaline (L) mediums of extraction were employed for each ripening stage for both varieties. Wet granulation method was used to prepare the granules using paracetamol as a model drug, and their flow properties were subsequently assessed. Postcompression tests including, hardness, friability, weight uniformity, disintegration, assay, and in vitro dissolution were also assessed. Granules from all formulation batches had good flow properties indicated by their angle of repose (14.93 ± 1.41-21.80 ± 1.41), Hausner ratio (0.96 ± 0.27-1.22 ± 0.02), and compressibility (%) (7.69 ± 0.002-20.51 ± 0.002). All the tablets passed the uniformity of weight with none deviating by ±5%. The hardness of all the formulated tablets ranged between 3.96 ± 0.32 and 13.21 ± 0.36, while the friability for all tablets was below 1%. The drug content was between 100.1 ± 0.23% and 103.4 ± 0.01%. Tablets formulated with pectin as a binding agent at concentrations of 10% w/v and 15% w/v successfully met the disintegration test criteria for immediate release tablets. However, those prepared with a concentration of 20% w/v (MGL, MHD, MHL, MRD, MRL, TGL, THD, THL, and TRL) did not pass the disintegration test. Consequently, all batches of tablets successfully met the dissolution test requirement (Diss, Q > 75%), except for the batches that did not pass the disintegration test (Diss, Q < 75%). Ultimately, pectins extracted from the peels of Apem and Apantu at different ripening stages using acid and alkaline extraction can be commercially exploited as pharmaceutical binders at varying concentrations in immediate-release tablets.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULE OF WHITE TEMU RHIZOME EXTRACT (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe.) AS ANTIOXIDANT

More than 9,606 plant species have medicinal properties, but only around 3-4% of these have been cultivated commercially and used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. One of the natural ingredients believed to have properties is the white temu rhizome. White Curcuma rhizomes are usually processed into food and drinks. White ginger rhizome has antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are secondary metabolites found in herbal plants and have pharmacological activities that can minimize free radicals. Several studies have shown that white ginger rhizomes have antioxidant activities that can remove free radicals. This research aims to formulate an effervescent granule preparation. for white temu rhizome extract (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) using the wet granulation method, which meets the requirements for the physical properties of granules and has antioxidant activity. Several formulae were selected from various combinations. Next, an evaluation was performed to determine the physical properties and activities of the formulated granules. The evaluation results showed that all formulations met the requirements of the physical properties of the granules. Qualitative antioxidant activity testing using TLC plates showed positive antioxidant results in the extract and effervescent granule preparation of white curcuma rhizome extract and in quantitative testing it was found that the IC50 value of white curcuma rhizome extract was in the strong category and in the effervescent granule preparation of white curcuma rhizome extract, the granules were found to be in the strong category. Keywords: Effervescent Granule, Extracts, White Temu Rhizome (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe), Antioxidants