Grand Total Research Articles

IASS’ historie: En personlig fortelling

As the official historian of the International Association for Scandinavian Studies, and one of the two authors of The History of the International Association of Scandinavian Studies 1956–2006, I have been asked to tell the story of the almost 70 years of our association’s existence. The whole thing began in Cambridge in July 1956, as an informal meeting of 65 academics, most of them from the Nordic countries or the United Kingdom; on that occasion there was a grand total of 13 lectures. Since that time there has been a conference every other summer – until the summer of 2020, when it had to be postponed for a year due to the pandemic. It was agreed from the very earliest days that the meetings would be held in a Nordic country and a non-Nordic country alternately, although it was not until 1962, in Aarhus, that IASS was given its official name, and supplied with a constitution and a committee (president, secretary, treasurer etc.) For the early conferences the theme was exclusively literary, but in more recent times it has been expanded to take in other disciplines, such as history, sociology, film studies etc. In 1986 Elias Bredsdorff published a slim volume about the first thirty years of IASS, which I supplemented in 2006 with an account of the following twenty years. I have attended every single conference since 1970, so my talk will provide an extremely personal account of how IASS has become a part of my own history.

Opinions of classroom teachers on values education in primary school curriculum

TIn values education, the primary school period (7-9 years), which is the most important stage in the character development of individuals, and indirectly the classroom teachers are very important. Primary school teachers play a critical role in the implementation of the values education curriculum that has been given importance recently. The purpose of this research is to examine the views of primary school teachers on values education in primary school curriculum. In the study using descriptive survey model, quantitative method was used. Purposive sampling method was used in the research. In this context, the sample of the study consisted of 281 classroom teachers in the city center of Tokat in the 2020-2021 academic year. In the study, an opinion scale on value education developed by Başçı (2012) was used to collect quantitative data. Frequency, percentage, t-test for independent groups and one-way analysis of variance were used in the analysis of the data. Considering the results of the research; effective value education, value in the curriculum and the general sum of all sub-dimensions in favor of female teachers in the opinions of teachers on values education; in favor of teachers in the 20-29 age group in the general sum of all sub-dimensions; It was found that the views on the family-environment-media sub-dimension were in favor of the teachers working for 1-5 years. It was found that there was no significant difference in the grand total of all sub-dimensions according to the classes they taught.

Groin Hernia Repair during the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Romanian Nationwide Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Groin hernia repair surgery (GHRS) is among the most common elective interventions. The aim of this three-year nationwide study on GHRS is to provide a thorough analysis of the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic had on the Romanian Health System in regard to elective procedures. Materials and Methods: 46,795 groin hernia cases obtained between 2019 and 2021 from the DRG database using ICD-10 diagnostic codes. The data were collected from all 261 GHRS performing hospitals nationwide, including 227 public hospitals (PbH) and 34 private hospitals (PvH). The 42 variables taken into account were processed using Microsoft Excel 2021, applying Chi square, F-Test Two-Sample for variances, and Two Sample t-Test. The significance threshold considered was p < 0.001. Results: Of the grand total of cases, 96.2% were inguinal hernias, 86.8% were performed on men, 15.2% were laparoscopic procedures, and 6.88% were in PvH. Overall, due to the pandemic, the total number of GHRS decreased with 44.45% in 2020 and with 29.72% in 2021 compared to pre-pandemic year 2019. April 2020 shows the steepest decrease in GHRS (91 procedures nationwide). In the private sector, there was an opposite trend with increases in the number of cases by 12.21% and a 70.22% in both pandemic years. The mean admission period (MAP) for all procedures was 5.5 days. There was a significant difference between PbH and PvH (5.75 vs. 2.8 days, p < 0.0001). During the pandemic, the MAP in PbH decreased (6.02 in 2019, 5.82 in 2020 and 5.3 in 2021), remaining stable for PvH (2.9 days in 2019, 2.85 days in 2020 and 2.74 days in 2021). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced the overall number of GHRS performed in Romania in 2020 and 2021, compared to 2019. However, the private sector thrived with an actual increase in the number of cases. There was a significant lower MAP in the PvH compared to PbH throughout the three-year period.

Modal Quantitative Logs for the Objective Recording and Analysis of Very Thick Sedimentary Sequences

The quantitative logs method is designed for objective facies analysis of thick sedimentary successions. This method enables the analysis of whole successions instead of selected intervals arbitrarily considered as representative and results in a database suitable for further analysis, e.g., statistical, quantitative stratigraphy, or facies modelling. The logging procedure involves the following steps: (i) each of the logged sedimentary features is classified according to a standard, e.g., grain-size follows the phi scale or Wentworth classes are applied for bed thickness; (ii) in the course of logging, the whole succession is subdivided into intervals, each of which is characterised by a predominant (i.e., modal) class of the considered feature; (iii) such modal class characterises a part of the section that has a specific thickness and is called a ‘modally homogeneous interval’ (MHI); and (iv) the lower and upper boundary of each MHI are defined by a change in the modal class. The thickness of all MHIs characterised by the same class interval is then added. The grand total of such component sub-totals for all class intervals of the logged feature equals the log thickness and is the basis for the calculation of frequency distribution, which characterises the succession from the viewpoint of this feature. Each bar of the resulting histogram represents the percentage of the whole section composed of the strata among which the given class occurs as the modal (i.e., predominant) feature. The method of modal quantitative logs is illustrated here with an example of statistical analysis of selected sections of the Krosno Beds (Oligocene) turbidite succession from the Western Outer Carpathians of Poland.

Analysis of University Student Satisfaction Levels with the Learning Process on Five Dimensions of Service Quality (SERVQUAL)

Each academic course must conduct a self-evaluation, one method of which is a survey of students' attitudes towards the teaching and learning they experienced. Service quality affects how satisfied students are with the institution. There are five service quality dimensions (SERVQUAL): Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy, and Tangible. The purpose of the study was to analyze students' level of satisfaction with the learning process on the 5 SERVQUAL Dimensions and evaluate which dimension had the highest level of satisfaction. The object of research is the active students of Almuslim University in the Odd Semester of the Academic Year 2021/2022 totalling 1,023 people. Quantitative research approach with the type of survey research. Data was collected using a Google form questionnaire which was distributed online. Analysis of the data by calculating the Percentage of Respondents' Achievement Level (RAL) followed by calculating the Community Satisfaction Index (CSI). The results showed that the highest RAL was in the Assurance Dimension, the average score was 3.23, and the RAL was 80.65% (excellent category), while the lowest RAL was in the Tangible Dimension, the average core was 3.06, and the RAL was 76.44% (excellent category). Analytical findings on a per-item basis There are five areas that need tweaking: The incorporation of e-learning technology and instructor feedback into the classroom setting. Hotspot facilities, as well as learning facilities in the lecture room, are readily available to accommodate the lecturers' high availability for academic consultations and/or Final Project discussions. The Assurance Dimension received the greatest CSI score (3.23), and the highest CSI conversion score (80.65), while the Tangible aspect received the lowest CSI score (2.94), and the lowest CSI conversion value (73.38). Overall, we received a CSI conversion score of 79.45, for a grand total of 3.18 (good).

The Top 5 US News and World Report National Research Universities and the Gold Open Access STEM Journals Within Which They Most Often Publish

ABSTRACT Faculty publication in Open Access (hereafter OA) journals in the sciences presents reputational risk for both faculty authors and affiliated institutions. Some OA titles are from problematic or even predatory publishers, suspect cases disappear the farther one goes up the US News and World Report (hereafter USNWR rankings. Publications from schools ranked 1st-5th, account for 79,853 of the grand total of 89,294.) PLOS ONE, which attracted 35,978 papers, is by far, the most common Gold OA outlet for work by the top USNWR schools.

Employers’ Perceptions of the Manufacturing Industry on Workplace Safety Culture

Employees play important roles regarding safety culture in the manufacturing industry. The study was conducted among 108 manufacturing workers and aimed to determine employees' perceptions of safety culture in the manufacturing industry. The data obtained were analysed to see the relationship between sociodemographic factors and safety culture dimensions to safety performance. The four aspects of perception include four dimensions of management commitment, employee engagement, communication, and training and education. Demographic factors such as age and duration of work were not significantly related to variables related to staff perceptions (p &gt; 0.05). In addition, the relationship between aspects of security culture dimensions and safety performance showed that there was a significant relationship between communication having the highest relationship (r = 0.403, P &lt; 0.01) and the lowest relationship by management commitment dimension (r = 0.244, p &lt; 0.01). The overall a grand total of these studies show a significant positive relationship with workers’ safety in the workplace (r = 0.377, p &lt; 0.01). Therefore, companies are encouraged to increase training programs in the workplace to raise awareness of workplace hazard awareness as well as ongoing health and safety programs through helpful channels for employees to reduce workplace accidents.

Enabling Dashboard Actions on Sub Totals and Grand Totals in Tableau A White Paper

Enabling Dashboard Actions on Sub Totals and Grand Totals in Tableau A White Paper

THE STRENGTH AND LOSSES OF NADIR SHAH’S ARMY IN THE DAGESTAN CAMPAIGN OF 1741-1743

A number of solid monographs are dedicated to Nadir Shah’s campaign in Dagestan in 1741-1743. While reviewing these studies, one can note a significant discrepancy in the estimations of the size of Nadir Shah's troops during the invasion of Dagestan in the spring of 1741. The authors provide information that specifies the army’s size ranging from “several dozen” to “one hundred and fifty thousand” men. However, they mainly cite a very limited range of sources of information provided by P.G. Butkov and L. Bazin. Meanwhile, the Foreign Policy Archives of the Russian Empire stores encrypted reports of the Russian residents at Nadir Shah’s court Ivan Kalushkin and Vasily Bratishchev. Examination of their information provides an idea ofthe number of troops of the Shah's army in the war, as well as determine the number of losses of his troops: the grand total of soldiers in the Dagestan campaign reached approximately 110 thousand people. Along with the army, there were about 40,000 service personnel and women. Of the soldiers, more than 82 thousand died in Dagestan and a small number of injured men were sent home. Most of the losses were due to combat, less – to hunger and diseases. The losses among the service personnel might have been just as large. The reports of the Russian residents at the Persian court are a very informative source, from which we can learn many interesting details not only about the number of troops, losses, but also the chronology of military events, the results of battles, about Nadir Shah’s tactics and strategy, about the problems of the military campaign, their solutions, international relations and lots of other historical information.

Death risk among COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus.

Deaths from COVID-19 are increasing in patients with comorbidities. One of the most common comorbidities is diabetes mellitus. The researchers wanted to see how having diabetes affected the mortality rate of COVID-19 participants. This investigation is a case control observational analytical study. Different types of people, called "cases," and "controls," complete the research sample. Each group had 68 responders, for a grand total of 136. Medical records from COVID-19 patients treated at Airlangga University Hospital, Surabaya, between March 2020 and September 2021 serve as the study's secondary data source. The purpose of this study's data analysis is to calculate an odds ratio. Patients with COVID-19 with concomitant diabetes mellitus had an increased risk of death, and this risk increased with age, gender, and COVID-19 symptoms. In contrast, education, occupation, and laboratory results were not significantly related to mortality among COVID-19 individuals with concomitant diabetes mellitus (GDA status). The results of this study show that COVID-19 patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus are at a higher risk of death if they are over the age of 65, if they are male, and if they have severe symptoms.

Kinetic and Kinematic Characteristics of Setting Motions in Female Volleyball Players

While being an integral part of both the offensive and defensive segments of the game, the biomechanical parameters of setting motions remain understudied in the scientific literature. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine differences in kinetic and kinematic characteristics between: (a) three types of setting motions (i.e., front, middle, back); (b) two types of setting approaches (i.e., stationary, step-in); and (c) proficient (PRO) and non-proficient (N-PRO) volleyball players. Twenty recreationally active females performed five stationary and five step-in setting approaches to Zone 4–2 in a randomized order. Uni-dimensional force plate sampling at 1000 Hz and high-definition camera recording at 30 fps were used to obtain kinetic and kinematic variables of interest. The total number of setting attempts performed by each subject was 30, accounting for a grand total of 600 attempts. PRO setters had less knee flexion, shoulder flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion at the initial concentric phase of the volleyball setting motion when compared to the N-PRO setters. Moreover, significantly greater peak concentric and landing forces, impulse, rate of force development, and vertical jump height were observed for PRO setters compared to N-PRO setters, while no significant differences were found between different setting targets and approaches.

A review of the diversity of lichens and what factors affect their distribution in the neotropics

The purpose of this paper is to review published literature on the diversity of lichens and the factors that affect its distribution in the neotropics. The systematic method was used to research works of literature on “Diversity of lichens and what factors affect their distribution in the neotropics.” A total of forty-nine research papers published between the years 1996 to 2021 was selected and utilized for this review. The results obtained was presented in tables. A subjective approach was then used to select the subtopics: lichens and their impact- benefits and importance. In this paper, twelve (12) neotropical countries were evaluated and a grand total of four hundred twenty-seven (427) lichens species of lichens from fifty-eight (58) lichen families were presented. Lichen distribution and habitats, diversity of lichens and factors that affect the distribution of lichens in the neotropics were also discussed. The published papers established that lichens have a rich diversity globally, they have many benefits and importance, they are widely distributed across the landscape and are found in a wide range of habitats. Many abiotic factors such as temperature, pH, humidity, moisture, latitude, topography, light availability and anthropogenic activities by human beings e.g., pollution and deforestation play a heavy influence on lichens and their distribution in the neotropics as well as globally. More studies should be done in the neotropics since data is limited and in demand.

Cannabinoid Therapeutic Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

(1) Introduction: Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients may benefit from cannabinoid administration supplementary therapy; currently no consensus on its effect has been reached. (2) Methods: a systematic review of RCTs on cannabinoid supplementation therapy in IBD has been conducted; data sources were MEDLINE, Scopus, ClinicalTrials. (3) Results: out of 974 papers found with electronic search, six studies have been included into the systematic review, and five of them, for a grand total of 208 patients, were included into the meta-analysis. (4) Conclusions: cannabinoid supplementation as adjuvant therapy may increase the chances of success for standard therapy of Crohn’s Disease during the induction period; no statement on its potential usage during maintenance period can be derived from retrieved evidence. Its usage in Ulcerative Colitis is not to be recommended. If ever, low-dose treatment may be more effective than higher dosage. Mean CDAI reduction was found stronger in patients treated with cannabinoids (mean CDAI reduction = 36.63, CI 95% 12.27–61.19) than placebo. In future studies, it is advisable to include disease activity levels, as well as patient-level information such as genetic and behavioral patterns.

Depressive Symptoms in Expecting Fathers: Is Paternal Perinatal Depression a Valid Concept? A Systematic Review of Evidence.

Background. Since the identification of Couvade syndrome in the late 1950s, little attention has been dedicated to the issue of depression in expecting fathers. Objective. To quantify the extent of depression in expecting fathers and find out if they match their pregnant partners’ depression. Methods. We conducted a PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov search using paternal depression and all its variants as terms. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement to include eligible studies. Results. We identified a grand total of 1443 articles, of which 204 were eligible. The total number of fathers/expecting fathers involved was 849,913. Longitudinal studies represented more than half of the included studies; more than three-quarters of the studies used the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). The average occurrence of paternal depression was around 5%, which confers the entity some clinical dignity. Depression tends to occur more in expecting women and new mothers than in expecting partners or new fathers, while the co-occurrence in the same couple is quite low. Limitations. The methodological heterogeneity of the included studies prevents us from meta-analyzing the obtained data. The validity of the instruments used is another issue. Conclusions. Paternal depression is distinct from maternal depression and occurs at lower rates (about half). The very existence of a paternal depression clinical entity is beyond any doubt. Future research should address methodological heterogeneity.

Constraints on extragalactic transmitters via Breakthrough Listen observations of background sources

ABSTRACT The Breakthrough Listen Initiative has embarked on a comprehensive Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) survey of nearby stars in the Milky Way that is vastly superior to previous efforts as measured by a wide range of different metrics. SETI surveys traditionally ignore the fact that they are sensitive to many background objects, in addition to the foreground target star. In order to better appreciate and exploit the presence of extragalactic objects in the field of view, the aladin sky atlas and NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) were employed to make a rudimentary census of extragalactic objects that were serendipitously observed with the 100-m Green Bank Telescope observing at 1.1–1.9 GHz. For 469 target fields [assuming a full width at half-maximum (FWHM) radial field of view of 4.2 arcmin], NED identified a grand total of 143 024 extragalactic objects, including various astrophysical exotica e.g. active galactic nuclei (AGN) of various type, radio galaxies, interacting galaxies, and one confirmed gravitational lens system. Several nearby galaxies, galaxy groups, and galaxy clusters are identified, permitting the parameter space probed by SETI surveys to be significantly extended. Constraints are placed on the luminosity function of potential extraterrestrial transmitters assuming it follows a simple power law and limits on the prevalence of very powerful extraterrestrial transmitters associated with these vast stellar systems are also determined. It is demonstrated that the recent Breakthrough Listen Initiative, and indeed many previous SETI radio surveys, places stronger limits on the prevalence of extraterrestrial intelligence in the distant Universe than is often fully appreciated.

Is monkeypox a new, emerging sexually transmitted disease? A rapid review of the literature.

Monkeypox, a milder disease compared to smallpox, is caused by a virus initially discovered and described in 1958 by the prominent Danish virologist von Magnus, who was investigating an infectious outbreak affecting monkey colonies. Currently, officially starting from May 2022, an outbreak of monkeypox is ongoing, with 51 000 cases being notified as of September 1, 2022-51 408 confirmed, 28 suspected, and 12 fatalities, for a grand total of 51 448 cases. More than 100 countries and territories are affected, from all the six World Health Organizationregions. There are some striking features, that make this outbreak rather unusual when compared with previous outbreaks, including a shift on average age and the most affected age group, affected sex/gender, risk factors, clinical course, presentation, and the transmission route. Initially predominantly zoonotic, with an animal-to-human transmission, throughout the last decades, human-to-human transmission has become more and more sustained and effective. In particular, clusters of monkeypox have been described among men having sex with men, some of which have been epidemiologically linked to international travel to nonendemic countries and participation in mass gathering events/festivals, like the "Maspalomas (Gran Canaria) 2022 pride."This review will specifically focus on the "emerging" transmission route of the monkeypox virus, that is to say, the sexual transmission route, which, although not confirmed yet, seems highly likely in the diffusion of the infectious agent.

TEACHER AND LEARNER KNOWLEDGE OF COVID- 19 AND ITS MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KAPIRI- MPOSHI DISTRICT, ZAMBIA

Purpose: This study examined the knowledge of teachers and learners of COVID-19 and further determined their awareness levels of the mitigation measures that were put in place by the government of the Republic of Zambia in order to ensure a safe and conducive environment for teaching and learning amidst the COVID – 19 pandemic.&#x0D; Methodology: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 34 items, and focus group discussions were also done. Ten schools were selected using simple random sampling from the urban and rural parts of the district, from which fifty (50) grade and fifty (50) 12 learners and one hundred ten (110) teachers, giving a grand total of 210, were selected through simple random sampling. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze the data to generate descriptive statistics and other measures. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. Qualitative data was collected through face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions, while a questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data. The results were presented using frequencies and percentages. Further statistical independent (2 tailed) Mann- Whitney U- tests were carried out to show whether there were differences in the research variables.&#x0D; Findings: The findings revealed that the participants were knowledgeable about the COVID-19 pandemic with a percentage of between 98% and 67%. In particular, participants indicated that they knew the various COVID-19 symptoms, methods of how COVID-19 spread, and that there was no vaccine at the time of the study. Further, this study showed that the participants were aware of the majority of the mitigation measures that the government through the Ministry of Health and Ministry of General Education put in place to curb the spread of the corona virus with a percentage of 99.5% to 67.5 %. Notably, participants showed that they were aware of mitigation measures such as social distancing, closure of schools, alternative ways of learning like online learning, television and radio education channels and, in some cases, homeschooling. Results from the U-test suggest that there was homogeneity between the participants across the various socio-demographic factors in terms of their COVID-19 knowledge and mitigation measures. These findings were also confirmed through the information obtained qualitatively through face- to- face interviews and focus group discussions.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study contributes to literature by providing more insight on the importance of teachers and learners being knowledgeable about what COVID-19 is, how it spreads and the mitigation measures. This is because when people are knowledgeable and aware of something, it becomes easier to prevent and control its transmission. Knowledge is important in ensuring successful implementation of many programmes such as preventing and controlling the spread of a pandemic. This study recommends that schools through the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health should come up with viable strategies and permanent plans that should be used during emergencies such as the COVID-19 by ensuring that supplies such as face masks, sanitizers and other accessories are always available. Cleanliness and washing hands and general hygiene should become part of the school cultures. Both the Ministry of Education and Health should enhance, maintain and continue their awareness and mitigation strategies on the Covid-19 pandemic.&#x0D; This study has been guided by the school adaptation model which comes from the perspective of Social Learning theory by Albert Bandura. According to Bandura (1997) school adaptation could be considered as the process in which students learn how to act in a way suited to a new environment. This theory guided this study and provided deeper understanding of the process of teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. It further gives insights on how both teachers and learners needed to adapt to the changing environment of learning and teaching amidst the corona virus pandemic

Exploring degrowth policy proposals: A systematic mapping with thematic synthesis

Degrowth – the planned and democratic reduction of production and consumption as a solution to the social-ecological crises – is slowly making its way to the sphere of policy-making. But there is a problem: proposals are scattered through a voluminous literature, making it difficult for decision-makers to pinpoint the concrete changes associated with the idea of degrowth. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic mapping of the degrowth literature from 2005 to 2020 using the RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) methodology. Out of a total of 1166 texts (articles, books, book chapters, and student theses) referring to degrowth, we identified 446 that include specific policy proposals. This systematic counting of policies led to a grand total of 530 proposals (50 goals, 100 objectives, 380 instruments), which makes it the most exhaustive degrowth policy agenda ever presented. To render this toolbox more accessible, we divided it into in 13 policy themes – food, culture and education, energy and environment, governance and geopolitics, indicators, inequality, finance, production and consumption, science and technology, tourism, trade, urban planning, and work – systematically making the difference between goals, objectives, and instruments. Following this, we assess the precision, frequency, quality, and diversity of this agenda, reflecting on how the degrowth policy toolbox has been evolving until today. • Largest systematic mapping of degrowth policy proposals (1166 texts). • Degrowth is increasingly popular and associated with more and more policies. • The inventory contains 530 different proposals, split into 13 policy themes. • Most proposals lack precision, depth, and overlook interactions between policies.

Implementation of the decision making along with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approaches in the assessment of the petroleum products cost based on the statical model

In this study, the investigation of the decision-making strategy was used to select the alternative that was finally adopted in the crude oil refining process. This strategy was used to select the option that was ultimately implemented in the process. The Doura industrial refinery was the source of the information that was acquired for the analysis. The super decision software was applied in order to carry out an examination of the PDS components. After going through the process of refining, one can get the items on the following list: There are five main types of petroleum products, and they are: gasoline, gas oil, liquid gas, black oil, and white oil. Gasoline is the most common type of petroleum product. In order for the parameters to be optimally accommodated by the solution that is finally decided to be the most practical one, the analytic hierarchy process, also known as AHP, technique has been applied. This has been done in conjunction with the parameter determination system, or PDS. This has been done in order to reach the maximum potential level of productivity in the most efficient manner. As a result of the fact that this was the circumstance, a probe into the preliminary phase of the project was carried out, which in the end resulted in the expenditure of a grand total of 3969463 USD. This was determined by taking into account the costs of running the firm in addition to the prices of the raw materials that were utilized in the production process. In addition, the output of the refining process was not only dependent on the price and quantity of the product, but also on the amount of product that was actually sold. This meant that the cost and quantity of the product were not the only factors that determined the output. In order to determine what should be done during the process of making an estimate of what should be done in order to arrive at the response that was going to be the most advantageous taking everything into consideration, a mathematical model was applied as part of the process.

Galactic ArchaeoLogIcaL ExcavatiOns (GALILEO)

We use the 17th data release of the second phase of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE-2) to provide a homogenous census of N-rich red giant stars across the Milky Way (MW). We report a total of 149 newly identified N-rich field giants toward the bulge, metal-poor disk, and halo of our Galaxy. They exhibit significant enrichment in their nitrogen abundance ratios ([N/Fe] ≳ +0.5), along with simultaneous depletions in their [C/Fe] abundance ratios ([C/Fe] &lt; +0.15), and they cover a wide range of metallicities (−1.8 &lt; [Fe/H] &lt; −0.7). The final sample of candidate N-rich red giant stars with globular-cluster-like (GC-like) abundance patterns from the APOGEE survey includes a grand total of ∼412 unique objects. These strongly N-enhanced stars are speculated to have been stripped from GCs based on their chemical similarities with these systems. Even though we have not found any strong evidence for binary companions or signatures of pulsating variability yet, we cannot rule out the possibility that some of these objects were members of binary systems in the past and/or are currently part of a variable system. In particular, the fact that we identify such stars among the field stars in our Galaxy provides strong evidence that the nucleosynthetic process(es) producing the anomalous [N/Fe] abundance ratios occurs over a wide range of metallicities. This may provide evidence either for or against the uniqueness of the progenitor stars to GCs and/or the existence of chemical anomalies associated with likely tidally shredded clusters in massive dwarf galaxies such as “Kraken/Koala”, Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage, among others, before or during their accretion by the MW. A dynamical analysis reveals that the newly identified N-rich stars exhibit a wide range of dynamical characteristics throughout the MW, indicating that they were produced in a variety of Galactic environments.