Granatum Flower Research Articles

Chemical Analysis of Pomegranate Flower Essential Oil in Türkiye

Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) grows naturally in a wide area from northwest Türkiye to western and northern Pakistan and is also cultivated throughout subtropical and tropical regions of the world. Pomegranate is in the form of a spiny shrub or a small tree. The barks, fruit peels, flowers, and seeds of the plant are used in traditional medicine due to their ellagitannin and polyphenol content and are used to treat circulatory system disorders. In this study, essential oil (EO) of P. granatum flowers was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. As a result, the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained was elucidated. As a result, nine compounds representing 99.9% of the essential oil of P. granatum flowers were characterized, with hexadecanoic acid (52.4%), linoleic acid (15.2%), heptacosane (10.1%), and pentacosane (10.1%) as the major components. Notably, this research marks the first comprehensive examination of the essential oil of pomegranate flowers in Türkiye.

Evaluation of the Effects of Punica granatum Flower Tablets on Pain and Healing of Minor Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic effect of the Punica granatum (PG) flower on recurrent aphthous stomatitis in comparison with corticosteroid therapy. This cross-over randomized clinical trial was conductedon the patients who had been referred to Shiraz Dental School for their RAS in 2021. All the participants used both P. granatum flower tablets and Triadent a month apart for wash-out time and all compared themselves. In the experimental group, 30 patients received pomegranate flower tablets, three tablets daily, for 6 days. In the control group, oral paste Triadent has been prescribed three times a day for 6 days. The visual analog scale (VAS) and the size of RAS were evaluated on Days 0-6. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. The Wilcoxon test was used. The mean age of participants was 27.8 ± 14.77 years old. In this study, 15 patients (50%) were men and 15 patients (50%) were women. The mean value of VAS after using prescribed treatment in both evaluated groups on all days was significantly different such that the VAS values were lower for PG flower tablets than Triadent (p value < 0.05). The size of oral lesions in participants who used PG flower tablets was significantly less than those who used Triadent on all evaluation days (p value < 0.05) except on Day 1 (p value = 0.29). The descending slope of VAS from Days 1 to 6 for both Triadent and PG flower tablet users was significant and noticeable. (p value < 0.05). According to the result of this study, both P. granatum flower tablet and Triadent are useful in reducing the size, period of healing, and VAS of patients with RAS, but the PG flower tablet is more effective.

Herbal Formulation of High Phenols and Flavonoids with the Extract of Phyllanthus emblica, Punica granatum, and Illicium verum and Assessment of Hematotoxicity Assay: An In vitro Study.

A growing number of consumers are embracing the philosophy that natural products are better for their health and the environment. As such, they are seeking products they perceive to be safer, healthier, and without toxic chemical or synthetic ingredients. Natural products are gentle enough for daily use and provide a less abrasive alternative to more potent prescription formulations meant for short-term use. Herbal antimicrobial and antioxidant mouth rinses are considered effective adjuncts to toothbrushing and flossing for patients having gingivitis who have undergone implant treatment, providing a clinically significant benefit in the reduction of dental plaque, and also being antioxidant in nature. Three types of plant species were taken into consideration. Phyllanthus emblica fruit, Punica granatum flower, and Illicium verum fruit and seed were collected from the native trees of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. We conclude that P. emblica fruit, P. granatum flower, and I. verum fruit and seed exhibit large amounts of flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. This study also shows that these samples can be used in clinical practice as it has less hematotoxixity percentage. P. granatum that is a pomegranate flower shows a high positive percentage in the presence of flavonoids and phenols. These plant extracts can be used in further studies and in clinical use as mouthwash or topical gel by adding preservatives and flavoring agents.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles obtained from Punica granatum flower extract for phytochemical determination and antibacterial activity

Numerous biomedical applications such as biological detection, drug delivery, diagnostic imaging and tissue engineering, have incorporated nanotechnology. Parts of the pomegranate (Punica granatum) flower are known to have strong antibacterial properties. In this study, the anti-susceptibility test was used to look into the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica granatum and the inhibitory effect of these particles. According to the current study, prepared AuNPs were evaluated using a variety of methods including UV-visible spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM and GC-MS to identify the phytochemicals. The bacterial and fungal species Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur that are inhibited by the synthetic colloidal gold nanoparticles made with Punica granatum flower extract include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Protea. In this work, we describe a simple, quick and reproducible method for the environmentally friendly synthesis of AuNPs without the need for expensive reducing agents. Simple incubation of a flower extract with aqueous gold ions at ambient temperature resulted in ‘medium monodisperse’ nanoparticles, suggesting that the plant extract acted as a strong reducing agent.

Cytotoxicity Effects Of Ethanolic Extract Of Punica Granatum Var. Pleniflora On Mcf-7 Compared With L929 Cells

Abstract Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer and has the highest mortality rate in women.Most of the methods used in cancer therapy have significant side effects. In recent years, the use of medicinal plants and products derived from them to prevent, treat and also manage the side effects of cancer has been considered. Pomegranates include a variety of phytochemical and phenolic substances. This study was aimed to investigate the impact of pomegranate flower ethanolic extract on breast cancer cells (human breast cancer cell line). Initially, ethanolic extracts of P. granatum flowers were extracted from its dried powders. Using the 3-(4, 5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test, the cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic extract of pomegranate flowers were evaluated in human breast cancer cell line compared with normal mouse fibroblast cells. According to our findings, Punica granatum ethanolic extracts are less toxic to normal cells compared to human breast cancer cell line. Consequently, the minimum and maximum lethal concentrations of the P. granatum flower in normal cells were identified to be 150 and 450 μg/ml, whereas the minimum and maximum lethal concentrations were determined to be 700 and 1000 μg/ml in human breast cancer cell line. The present study showed that pomegranate flower has anti-breast cancer potential. This potential benefit can be further examined in future research.

Hydrolyzable tannins from flowers of Punica granatum and their anti-diabetic activities

To investigate the active components against diabetes, the present study isolated eight hydrolyzable tannins from the ethyl acetate extract of Punica granatum flowers by MCI, reversed-phase chromatography(ODS), Sephadex LH-20 chromatography, and HPLC, and the structures were elucidated as 1-O-galloyl-6-O-feruloyl-β-D-glucose(1), 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-gally-β-D-glucopyranose(2), punicafolin(3), corilagin(4), telimagrandin Ⅰ(5), 1,2-di-O-galloyl-4,6-O-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-D-glucose(6), heterophylliin A(7), and eugeniin(8) on the basis of spectral data and literature records. Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 5-8 were isolated from this species for the first time. All isolated compounds were tested for inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase and DPP-Ⅳ. The results indicated that compounds 2, 3, and 5-8 showed significant inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase, while compounds 1 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities. Compounds 5, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory effects on DPP-Ⅳ. In addition, the type of enzyme inhibition of compound 5 was determined.

EFFECTIVENESS OF THE NATURAL-BASED PRODUCTS AND MUCOADHESIVE FOR RECURRENT APHTHOUS STOMATITIS THERAPY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The objective was to describe and recommend the most effective combination of Natural-Based Product (NBP) and mucoadhesive for Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) treatment. This systematic review writing was based on PRISMA guidelines. The articles published in the last 10 y were selected using PubMed and Google Scholar database carried out during May 2021. The keywords were: natural-based product, mucoadhesive, and Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis. The risk of bias was assessed using the Oxford Quality Scoring System. Six articles of Randomized Controlled Trial were selected. The NBP were: Aloe vera, Myrrh, Curcuma longa, propolis, ginger, Punica granatum flower, and sesame oil. The drug’s formulation was: gel, film, and spray. The mucoadhesive polymers as vehicles were Hydroxy Propyl Ethyl Cellulose (HPEC), Hydroxy Propyl Methylcellulose (HPMC), Benzocaine, Tragacanth Gum, Carbomer 934, Sodium CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose), and chitosan. Curcuma longa 10 mg/g with HPMC was the most effective to relieve pain, while Punica granatum flower extract with Carbomer 934 and Sodium CMC was the most effective to reduce the ulcer size in RAS. Both of the formulations were in gel form.

Preparation and Standardization of Vaginal Suppository from Punica granatum Flower Extract Known as “Golnar” in Persian Medicine

Preparation and Standardization of Vaginal Suppository from Punica granatum Flower Extract Known as “Golnar” in Persian Medicine

The Antimicrobial Activity of Herbal Soaps Against Selected Human Pathogens

Abstract Antioxidant substances are used not only in food and beverages, but also in soap formulations which are known to be effective in skin cleansing, and are also used as ingredients in the detergent and cosmetics market. The aim of this study was to determine the bactericidal effects of plain and antibacterial soaps containing Punica granatum flower (PGF), Carrot seed (CS, Daucus carota), Lavender (LV, Lavandula officinalis L.) extracts which are known for their high antioxidant activity. Antioxidant properties were determined by using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) for all soap samples. The effectiveness of soaps which are prepared using PGF, CS and LV extracts on gram positive and gram negative bacteria was investigated. From the findings obtained, all plant extracted soaps had antibacterial activity and it was determined that soap containing carrot extract caused a significant decrease in bacterial levels compared to other soaps. As a result, it has been concluded that the use of antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds as soap formulation components is extremely important for increasing the effectiveness of soap against bacteria.

Lip Gloss Containing Punica granatum Flower Extract and its Volumizing Effect

ëª©ì  ìž ìˆ í”ŒëŸ¼í•‘ì€ ìž ìˆ ì˜ 볼륨감을 ì¼ì‹œì ìœ¼ë¡œ 증가시키기 위한 화장품이다. ìž ìˆ í”ŒëŸ¼í•‘ì˜ 국소작용 효과는 피부학 문헌에서 거의 ë ¼ì˜ë˜ì§€ 않았다. 본 연구는 립 화장품의 볼륨감 효과에 대한 평가를 위해 실시되었다. 방법 컨트롤(ë² ì´ìŠ¤ 립글로스), 샘플 A (2% 생강 오일), 샘플 B (2% 석류꽃 추출물) 3가지 립글로스를 준비했다. ê·¸ 효능을 평가하기 위해 ìž ìˆ ì— 피부질환이 없는 30ëª ì˜ 한국인 여성 피험자(30-49세)를 모집했다. ìž ìˆ ì˜ 모형은 0 min, 30 min, 3주의 시간에 립글로스를 바른 후 ì œìž‘ë˜ì—ˆë‹¤. SEM은 모형을 스캔하는 데 사용되었다. 모형의 볼륨 변화는 3D 이미지 분석 소프트웨어에 의해 평가되었다. ê²°ê³¼ 샘플 A의 경우 ë°”ë¥´ê³ 30분 후 ìž ìˆ ì£¼ë¦„ì´ 감소하였다. ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ ë³¼ë¥¨ê°ì˜ 효과가 동시에 나타났다. 두 ê²°ê³¼ 모두 í†µê³„ì ìœ¼ë¡œ ìœ ì˜ë¯¸í–ˆë‹¤. 그러나 ê¸°ì¤€ì„ ì— 비해 주름 완화 및 볼륨 증가 효과는 3주 만에 í†µê³„ì ìœ¼ë¡œ 차이가 없었다. 반면 샘플 B는 주름 완화 효과와 볼륨 증가 효과가 모두 30분대에 ë‚˜íƒ€ë‚¬ê³ 3주 후에도 지속됐다. 또한 주름 등급은 ì „ë¬¸ê°€ë“¤ì— 의해 ì¸¡ì •ë˜ì—ˆë‹¤. ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ , 비슷하게 샘플 B가 ìž ìˆ ì£¼ë¦„ì˜ 강도를 íš¨ê³¼ì ìœ¼ë¡œ 감소시킨다는 것을 발견했다. ê²°ë¡ ê²°ë¡ ì ìœ¼ë¡œ 석류꽃 추출물이 í•¨ìœ ëœ 샘플 B는 ìž¥ê¸°ì ìœ¼ë¡œ 주름 완화 효과와 ìž ìˆ ë¶€í”¼ë¥¼ 증가시키는 효과를 보였다. 이 연구에서는 석류꽃 추출물에 의한 기능성 화장품의 개발 가능성을 ì œì‹œí•œë‹¤. 핵심용어: 석류꽃, 립글로스, 주름, 플럼핑 효과, 볼륨감 효과

The effect of Punica granatum L. flower extract on post-surgical peritoneal adhesions in a rat model

ObjectivePeritoneal adhesions may develop after every abdominopelvic surgery. Many agents and technical modifications have been investigated to minimize adhesions. Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower has some anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects that would reduce the formation of peritoneal adhesions. In the present study, the effects of different doses of oral Punica granatum flower extract on postoperative peritoneal adhesions were evaluated in a rat model. Study designThirty-two female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: one control group (CG) and three experimental groups, treated with 100 (EG100), 200 (EG200), and 400 (EG400) mg/kg/day Punica granatum extract orally for eight days. Induction of peritoneal adhesions was done in all groups using the same method. Two weeks after the first surgery, all rats re-operated and adhesions were evaluated via both macroscopic and microscopic changes. ResultsWe observed that rats in the control group had statistically higher adhesion area and more severe adhesions when compared to all experimental groups. Besides, those in the EG-400 group had a significantly lower rate of foreign body reaction in serosal layer when compared to the other three study groups. Other microscopic findings were comparable between the four groups. ConclusionAdministration of the oral Punica granatum flower extract was associated with a decreased quantity and quality of the adhesions in the animal model of rat in this study. This therapy might be an effective and safe strategy to reduce intraperitoneal adhesion after abdominal surgeries in animal models.

Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy quantification, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and antioxidant activity profile of some medicinal plants from Albaha Region

Background: There is an urgent need to find new xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors with few adverse effects and potent activity, not only for treating gout but also to fight diseases associated with XO activity such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Objective: Screening of Saudi medicinal plants for XO inhibitory activity, to quantify the polyphenol–flavonoid content and to study ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-ESI-MS) profile of compound with best promising XO inhibitory activity among screened extracts. Materials and Methods: Sixteen methanol extracts used traditionally for treating gout and/or rheumatism were screened for total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, XO inhibitory, and antiradical activity via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The degree of XO inhibition was determined by measuring the increase in absorbance at 295 nm associated with uric acid formation. The dose-dependent inhibition profiles of the most active plants were further evaluated by estimating the IC50 values of their corresponding extracts. The most promising XO inhibitory extract, i.e., Dodonaea viscosa extract was subjected to secondary metabolites profiling using UHPLC-ESI-MS in negative ionization mode and LC-MS analysis. Results: Among screened plants, D. viscosa leaves, Punica granatum flowers, Ruta chalepensis leaves, and Solanum incanum fruits exhibited the highest activity with an inhibition of 94.4%, 83.4%, 76.2%, and 65.7%, respectively. Extracts of R. nervosus leaves, P. granatum flowers, and D. viscosa leaves showed the highest antiradical activity in the DPPH assay with IC50 values of 25.8, 27.4, and 71.2 μg/ml, respectively. The LC/MS spectrum of D. viscosa revealed the presence of 13 known compounds along with unknown compounds which belong to flavonoid, terpene, and fatty acid derivatives class. Conclusion: The findings obtained from this study revealed that the methanolic extract of D. viscosa leaf showed the highest xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and therefore is promising species for isolating active compound between the polyphenol and flavonoid content and the XO inhibitory and radical activity.

Evaluation of an extract of the Punica granatum flower as a biological stain of rat tissues: a preliminary study.

Natural dyes and especially hematoxylin, which is herbal, are widely used in staining tissues. The aim of this study is to evaluate the staining status of different tissues taken from rats with pomegranate flower extract. For this reason, 2 Wistar albino rats, one male and one female, were used as stain biomaterial. A histological follow up procedure was applied to the lung, kidney, liver, and heart tissue samples taken from the rats and the unstained preparates of these tissues were prepared. As the source of the dye, the dry flowers of Punica granatum (PG) obtained from local markets of Kayseri were used. Each tissue sample underwent the same staining procedure with the same temperature, duration, and dye solution. Before and after the staining procedure, × 40 images of the tissue preparates were taken using a light microscope. Generally, different tones of staining were observed in the nuclei and cytoplasms of all cells and epithelium cells. Staining in parts specific to each tissue occurred. For example, there were light stains on the glomerular cells and the Bowman capsule in the kidney tissue Differences in staining can only be explained by molecular diversity differences in tissue. However, in order to improve the initial staining results obtained in this study, it is possible that working with different temperatures, pH values, mordant substances, and dye that the dye molecules in the extract will provide more vivid colors with different molecules in the tissues.

Anti -Bacterial Activity of Punica granatum Flower Extract against Several Gram-Negative and Positive Bacteria

Anti -Bacterial Activity of Punica granatum Flower Extract against Several Gram-Negative and Positive Bacteria

Anti-diabetic Effect of Punica granatum Flower Polyphenols Extract in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Activation of Akt/GSK-3β and Inhibition of IRE1α-XBP1 Pathways.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common type of diabetes with more than hundreds of millions of patients worldwide. However, the medicines for treatment of T2DM are very limited. In China, Punica granatum L. flower (PGF) has been used as an anti-diabetic herb in the herbal medicine. The activity involves in improvement of insulin sensitivity. However, the underlying mechanism of action is elusive. The current study was designed to address this issue by investigating the effect of polyphenols extract of PGF in diabetic rats. A rat model was orally administrated with PGF polyphenols extract at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was improved as indicated by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). At the molecular level, insulin signaling activity was improved with an elevation in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1), Akt and GSK-3β. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signals including phosphorylation of inositol-requiring kinase1 (IRE1) and activation of X box binding protein (XBP-1) splicing were decreased by the PGF treatment. Expressions of IRE1α, XBPs, and CHOP were all decreased by PGF. Blood lipid profile, liver glycogen content and antioxidant status were improved by PGF in the rats. The observations suggest that PGF is able to lower glucose levels in T2DM rats by improving the insulin resistance. The mechanism is likely related to the activation of Akt-GSK3β signaling pathway and inhibition of ER stress.

Anti-Halitosis Tooth Paste: From Persian Manuscripts toward Clinic

Background and objectives: Halitosis as a common dentistry ailment which has a prevalence of around 50% of the adult population. There are many dental formulations in traditional Persian pharmacy called “Gharagher”, “Mazmazeh”, “Sonoun”, etc for treatment of halitosis. In the present study, we have tried to describe the step by step modernization of traditional herbal advices for treatment of halitosis. Methods: Traditional Persian manuscripts were reviewed and dome herbs were selected for formulation of toothpaste. Qualitative and quantitative controls were performed on raw materials and toothpaste was formulated using the selected herbs. Pharmaceutical control tests including squeeze, centrifuge, conductivity, particle size, spreading, temperature related stability, and microbial limit tests were performed on the toothpastes. Results: A total of 31 medicinal plants from 24 plant families and 12 anti-halitosis “Sonoun”s possessing anti-halitosis related properties were found. Syzygium aromaticum, Pistacia atlantica var. mutica, and Punica granatum var. pleniflora were selected for the formulation. Results of quality contril assays were in the accepted range of pharmacopeias. GC-MS analysis showed 15 and 16 components in P. atlantica and S. aromaticum oils, respectively. GC-FID results showed 85.15% α-pinene in P. atlantica and 5.28% eugenol in S. aromaticum. ATR-IR spectrum was used for control of P. granatum flowers. The organoleptic properties, phase separation, particle size and microbial tests of formulations showed an accepted shelf life for performing clinical trials. The results proved a good texture property as well as desirable abrasive properties of the toothpaste. Post production quality control tests indicated the proper feature of final product after packaging. Conclusion: Such model would be a straight forward rout from traditional medical manuscripts toward clinic.

English

The evaluation and comparison of the staining effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) flower extract (dye solution) on histological sections of rat testis and ovary provides a simple, quick technique for the visualisation of both cells. In the developed procedure, this work shows the staining effect of P. granatum flower extract used at different pH of dye bath and temperatures on the histological sections of rat testis and ovary. A 20% stock solution of P. granatum flower extract was prepared by dissolving 20 g of the dye in 100 mL ethanol at room temperature for several hours. After 24 h, the deep-red coloured solution was filtered (0.45 µm filter) to remove any undissolved dye. This stock solution was stored at room temperature and each day a 5 mL sample was taken and adjusted to different pH with dilute ammonia (NH3) using pH meter. Best staining effects conditions were obtained by testing the different pH of dye (1-2, 4-5) and temperature. The testis and ovary are stained in different colors; lamina propria section and spermatogonia cells of testis were more purple than the same sections of ovary at room temperature and pH of 1-2 dye bath. Therefore, the developed method has been applied successfully for the visualization of rat testis and not the ovarian tissue. Key words: Histological section, ovarian, pomegranate, Punica granatum, testis.

Punica granatum flower extract mediated synthesis of Copper oxide Nanoparticle and evolution of its antibacterial activity

Punica granatum flower extract mediated synthesis of Copper oxide Nanoparticle and evolution of its antibacterial activity

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemical Properties of Punica granatum Flowers in Iran

The antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers were evaluated and used in the present study. Antioxidant activities were studied by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power, total antioxidant capacity methods. The total phenolic contents of flower were analyzed by Folin–Ciocalteu methods. Antimicrobial activities of hydroalcoholic extracts of valid against 8 antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains including two species of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Shigella spp. were investigated. The extract was primarily screened for their possible antibacterial effects using disc diffusion methods. The antioxidant activity of extraction was investigated, including the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (27.92 μg ml−1 as EC50 value), the total phenolic contents (40.8 ± 1.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 of extract), total flavonoid contents (64 ± 38 mg quercetin equivalent g l−1 of extract), and reducing power [there were significant differences between extract and BHT (P < 0.05)]. The potential antibacterial activities at different concentrations of the extract were elucidated. The extract displayed variable degrees of antibacterial activities on different bacteria and the highest amount of total phenol and also a significant antioxidant activity.

Comparison of the effects of Punica granatum flower extract and silver sulfadiazine on wound healing in rats with burn injury

Comparison of the effects of Punica granatum flower extract and silver sulfadiazine on wound healing in rats with burn injury