Grams Of Fiber Research Articles

Fiber intake of normal weight, moderately obese and severely obese subjects.

The lack of dietary fiber may be a contributing factor in obesity. This study examined the fiber intake of three weight groups: normal (20.0 < or = BMI < or = 27.0), moderately obese (27.1 < or = BMI < or = 39.9) and severely obese (BMI > or = 40.0). Each group contained 50 subjects. Detailed 3-day food records were used to gather the nutritional data. Fiber intake in the normal weight group was 18.8 +/- 9.3 grams, the moderately obese consumed 13.3 +/- 5.8 grams of fiber and the severely obese 13.7 +/- 5.7 grams. Total fiber intake in grams was found to be significantly higher in the lean group (p < 0.05) and was positively associated with sex and education level with men and more highly educated individuals consuming more fiber. Using regression analysis total fiber in grams and fiber in g/1000 kcalories was inversely associated with BMI after adjusting for sex, age, education level and income (p < 0.01). A high fiber diet may help to promote a negative energy balance by causing early satiety secondary to gastric distention. Dietitians and physicians need to emphasize the importance of a high fiber diet to their obese patients.

Bonding epoxide functions to nitric acid-oxidized carbon fibers using epichlorohydrin; A reliable analytical determination of epoxide functions on fiber surfaces

Epoxide functions were successfully bonded onto the surfaces of nitric acid-oxidized PAN-based high-strength carbon fibers by reacting surface acidic functions with epichlorohydrin. A two-stage process that included ring opening and ring closure under anhydrous conditions was employed to avoid polymer formation on the surface. Typically, more than 30 μeq of epoxy groups were bound to one gram of fibers (7-micron diameters), which initially had 60 μeq of acidic groups. The first reliable method was also developed to quantitatively analyze epoxy groups on fiber surfaces using HBr and a bromide-selective electrode. The measured epoxide concentrations on fiber surfaces ranged from a few μeq/g to 40 μeq/g.

Surface modification of polyethylene pulp fiber by ozone treatment. An analytical and thermal characterization

Ozone reaction on polyethylene pulp fiber in aqueous medium was characterized by ozone uptake determination, using KI/Na 2S 2O 3 solution titration, under acid conditions, and it was found that the ozone uptake was relatively constant with reaction time. About 12 mg of ozone per gram of fiber was involved in the surface oxidation. Oxidized fibers were characterized by dynamical scanning calorimetry, and it was found that the thermal properties changed gradually, as the ozonation time increased. A critical change was observed after 2·5 h of ozonation—the time where fiber oxidation reached the fiber's bulk.

Preparation of fibrous adsorbents containing amidoxime groups by radiation‐induced grafting and application to uranium recovery from sea water

AbstractPolypropylene fibers and polyethylene hollow fibers were used as trunk polymers and were irradiated by electron beams with a dose of 200 kGy under N2 atmosphere. Grafting of acrylonitrile to those irradiated fibers was carried out at 40°C for different periods of time. The degree of grafting was determined as a function of time. The fibrous adsorbents containing amidoxime groups were prepared by the reaction of acrylonitrile‐grafted polymers with 3% hydroxylamine in a methanol–water mixture (1 : 1). Distribution of copper ions complexed with amidoxime groups at various adsorption times was obtained by electron‐probe X‐ray microanalysis. The amidoxime groups are homogeneously distributed in the cross section of fibrous adsorbents. The fibrous adsorbents based upon polypropylene fiber of 40 μm showed a remarkable kinetic behavior for Cu2+. Even after 15 min, the adsorption capacity was 2.32 mmol Cu2+ per gram of fiber. Also, the functionalization with hydroxylamine was carried out at different conditions to compare the adsorption characteristics of the resultant adsorbents. Despite having superficially different properties (elemental microanalysis, ion‐exchange capacities, adsorption capacity for UO), the polypropylene‐based fibrous adsorbents showed similar adsorption properties for uranium from sea water. The adsorption tests proved the performance of the polypropylene‐based fibrous adsorbents as a promising material for uranium recovery from sea water. In addition, uranium uptake of fibrous adsorbents increased in proportion to the volume of sea water. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.

Enhanced Bleaching and Softening of Jute by Pretreatment with Polysaccharide Degrading Enzymes

The brightness of peroxide bleached jute material increased by about 3% when pretreated with an enzyme mix containing cellulase and xylanase. Pretreatment for 6 hours at pH 5.0 and 45°C using 0.2 u (unit) cellulase and 2.6 u of xylanase per gram of fibers gave the best results. Additives like nonionic surfactants or chelating agents during pretreatment further enhanced the brightness. Pretreatment reduced the per oxide requirement for bleaching and rendered the jute materials distinctly softer.

Metabolizable Energy of Diets Low or High in Dietary Fiber from Fruits and Vegetables when Consumed by Humans

The metabolizable energy (ME) of two diets, which differed in their content of dietary fiber mainly from fruits and vegetables, was determined in balance experiments in eight young women. The ME of the diets was also calculated by the specific factors of Merrill and Watt, by the general factors of Atwater, by the modification of Atwater's procedure used in the Federal Republic of Germany, and also by the equations of Southgate, of Miller and Payne, and of Miller and Judd. The daily intake of fruits, vegetables and potatoes was 505 and 1235 g with the low and the high fiber diets, respectively. Normally, young German women consume only 350 g of these foods each day. Dietary fiber intake was 18.8 g/d with the low fiber diet and 52.0 g/d with the high fiber diet. Daily gross energy intakes were 8540 and 8916 kJ (2041 and 2131 kcal) with the low and the high fiber diets, respectively. The apparent digestibility of energy was lower when the high fiber diet was consumed. Measured ME was 7665 and 7544 kJ/d (1831 and 1802 kcal/d) with the low and high fiber diets, respectively. It was calculated that fiber from fruits and vegetables contributed to ME about 3 kJ (0.7 kcal) per gram of fiber. On the average, the ME of the low fiber diet could be predicted by all calculation procedures except the formula of Miller and Judd. The ME of the high fiber diet could best be predicted by the specific factors of Merrill and Watt and by the Southgate formula.

A quantification and investigation of surface microporosity in carbon fibres using labelling and XPS

AbstractAn investigation is presented into the surface microporosity of Type 1 carbon fibres, with a range of oxidative treatment levels, and in which trichloromethane labelling and XPS analysis is used. Detection of the halogen atoms in molecules retained in the micropores shows that the oxidation‐dependent micropore volume is 2–13 × 10−5 cm3 per gram of fibre, which is in the expected range from results given in the literature. The model of the carbon fibre surface previously reported has been extended and it is proposed that the functional groups are bound to edge carbon atoms in the micropores. This is shown to be consistent with structures given by other workers, from x‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy.

Recurrent Abdominal Pain and Dietary Fiber-Reply

In Reply .—I was pleased to see that Dr Christensen described his own study, 1 which challenged our positive results. 2 Unfortunately, Dr Christensen does not include enough information in his letter to allow me to assess the validity of his study. For example, we are not given any information about how many grams of fiber the children received and what the nature of the fiber was. It is of interest that all of his patients were hospitalized, whereas none of ours were. Few patients without serious underlying organic bowel disease or serious psychological problems are admitted to our hospital for abdominal pain. Thus, it is entirely possible that we are discussing two different patient populations, even though Dr Christensen says that children with organic causes of pain were excluded. In fact, we are not told in the letter how organic causes were excluded. On the other hand, because of

Further Counts of Bacteria on U.S. Commercial Raw Cotton Fiber

As a result of a continuing interest in bacteria as a possible cause of byssinosis, previously reported counts of bacteria on U.S. cotton have now been extended. Counts have been made on 144 classer's samples from the 1981 crop by methods used previously with samples from the 1980 crop. The 1981 crop again exhibited great sample-to-sample variation in total bacteria and gram negatives within the same grade and growth area. Gram-negative bacteria were found at a million or more per gram of fiber in some classer's samples from the Southeast, Midsouth, and Texas-Oklahoma. Cottons from California's San Joaquin Valley, however, consistently showed bacterial counts much lower than the national average, continuing a trend shown in the 1980 crop. No constant or even near-constant proportionality occurred between numbers . for total bacteria and for gram negatives. In an additional series of 80 samples from Cone Mills Corporation, California cottons again showed exceptionally low bacterial counts. Bacterial numbers did not vary in any constant relation to the fiber's micronaire value.

Bacterial Counts on Commercial Raw Cotton from the U.S. Crop of 1980

A series of 143 commercial cotton fiber samples of widely varying grade from the 1980 U.S. crop was tested for bacterial content because of possible relevance of bacteria to byssinosis. Much sample-to-sample variation occurred in counts for total, gram-negative, and coliform bacteria, even among samples of the same or similar grade and geographical origin. Ratios of the three bacterial categories to each other within single samples also varied widely. Total bacteria ranged from 10,000 to 290,000,000 per gram of fiber.. Especially high counts were found in some spotted and tinged samples, but total bacterial numbers of more than a million per gram of fiber were encountered even in the better white grades. Bacterial numbers were not correlated with fiber pH. Most samples contained residual water-extractable materials capable of supporting addi tional bacterial growth. Bacterial counts on raw cotton fiber, as reported in the literature, were reviewed and found to be generally in the same range as those shown here.

Surface per Gram of Cotton Fibres as a Measure of Fibre Fineness

It is suggested that fibre surface per gram of fibre be used as a measure of fibre fineness. An air-flow method of quickly and accu rately measuring this quantity is described. Either high-porosity (.984 &lt; ε &lt; .994) or low-porosity (.665 &lt; ε &lt; .89) wads may be used with proper calibration, though wads of intermediate porosity are avoided. The method is checked against determinations by a microscope, and calibrations for two particular pieces of apparatus are given.

The mechanism of cellulose digestion in the ruminant organism: II. The transformation of cellulose into glucose by the agency of cellulose-splitting bacteria

An attempt was made in a recent communication (1) to propound a theory in connection with the digestion of cellulose in the ruminant organism which should be compatible with Kellner's findings as to the value of digestible fibre in the fattening of ruminants. It was shown that the generally accepted theory, that cellulose is digested by bacterial agency in the rumen with the production of organic acids and gaseous products, such as methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, failed entirely to account for the equal values of digestible fibre and starch for fat production in the ruminant animal. This could only be explained by assuming that glucose (or some other sugar capable of hydrolysis to glucose) was formed as a primary product of the action of bacteria on cellulose, and that, as with digestible carbohydrates originally present in the food, only about 8 per cent, of the sugar so formed underwent further bacterial breakdown into organic acids and gases, the remainder being available for absorption into the organism in the form of glucose. On this assumption, it would follow that every gram of fibre so digested would yield to the organism as much glucose as would a gram of starch, and in this way Kellner's practical finding would be capable of explanation.