Grammatical Units Research Articles

PROSODIC FEATURES OF SPEECH IN ENGLISH AND KAZAKH LANGUAGES

This article discusses the challenges of identifying and describing prosodic characteristics in languages of different types, such as Kazakh and English. It explores the specific features of native language prosody that arise from the interaction of phonetic systems of both native and non-native languages in the speech of bilingual speakers learning a foreign language in academic settings. The prosodic organization of syntagms, which are semantic-intonational and grammatical units of speech, is examined in detail. The research reveals that the syntagm plays a crucial role in describing suprasegmental features of speech, and its prosodic properties depend on the phonetic structure of each language. Differences in the perception of stress in different segments of speech indicate varying functional significance of stress in the systems of Kazakh and English languages. The study utilizes structural analysis of intonation and is descriptive in nature, incorporating analysis of relevant scientific literature on the research topic. This analysis serves as the basis for an in-depth study of the differences between the prosodic structures of the Kazakh and English languages.

Introductory words in the Russian language: typology and their classification

This article examines lexical and grammatical units - introductory and modal words and provides their classification. The study presents a linguistic picture that reflects the degree of study of the use of introductory words and constructions. Based on the works of leading grammarians such as Vinogradov, Shakhmatov, Peshkovsky, Paducheva, and others, the definition of introductory and modal words is formulated and their main categories are presented. The functions of introductory words in a fiction text are also studied.

Fenomenologia języka poetyckiego

The author focuses on the levels of language function and characterizes the nature of poetic texts in five dimensions: self-expression (in speech and writing); grammatical units; meaning (semantics); the relationship between the poet, text, reader, and situation (pragmatics). In the final part, he considers how poetic texts transcend the ontology of reality, possibility, and necessity transporting readers into fictional, absurd, and fantastic worlds.

한국어 단어 분류 체계의 재정립을 위한 시론

In this paper, we discussed what should be considered when re-establishing the system of classifying Korean words by comprehensively reviewing various issues raised in the formal classification of Korean lexical words. The summary of the discussions in this paper is as follows. First, we pointed out that the concept of the morpheme is still valid when classifying Korean words, and it is more reasonable in many respects to view morphemes as listeme. Second, certain blends that blend formatives, which are difficult to judge synchronically as morphemes, make it challenging to determine whether they are simple words or complex words. To rationally describe such cases, we proposed the concept of simplexhood and pointed out that Korean blends can be classified as simple words, quasi-simplex, or compound words depending on their type. Third, certain compound words that directly contain elements such as affixoid, word-formation exclusive elements, blends formatives, functional verbs, and affix-like words are difficult to distinguish as either compounds or derivatives. We proposed the concept of affixhood to measure the degree of affixhood in various grammatical units in Korean and argued that some compound words in Korean, showing characteristics of both derivatives and compound, can be classified as quasi-derivative. Fourth, we pointed out that classifying words based on the concepts of simplexhood and affixhood is useful for synchronically describing units undergoing lexicalization or grammaticalization, or in explaining how words belonging to the same category may exhibit different characteristics.

Репрезентация оппозиции «свой‒чужой» в культурных кодах Японии

The article examines the issue of “the Self and the Other” opposition in Japanese culture through its reflection in linguistic and social norms, as well as religious beliefs. In the Japanese language, the dichotomy of “the Self and the Other” is analyzed through the concepts of “uchi” (inside space) and “soto” (outside space), along with the use of various grammatical units and dialectal forms. The study explores historical and geographical factors that have influenced the characteristics of this representation in the social and religious codes of the country, as well as the attitude towards borrowings and foreigners within Japanese society. The authors conclude that these circumstances have led to the formation of two primary features: an inward orientation in defining the groups “us” and “them”, and a diminished role of ethnic outsiders. Additionally, there is a pronounced emphasis on location in the delineation of groups, which represents a specificity in how this issue is manifested in Japanese culture and its codes.

Students' Development of Writing Skills on Grammatical Units Through Peer and Teachers' Correction Strategies

Students' Development of Writing Skills on Grammatical Units Through Peer and Teachers' Correction Strategies

Explanations of the Polite Hortative form -(i)mash-ō in Current Resources and a Proposition of a Morphological Approach

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the description of Japanese grammar is explained in current resources and to present another, more systemic, morphological approach. It will be achieved by examining explanations of the basic level grammatical unit -(i)mash-ō which can be roughly translated as ‘let’s’. At the beginning the crucial characteristics of present description are portrayed. After showing the basics of the traditional, syllabary description, examples of -(i)mash-ō explanations derived from textbooks are given. Then the author analyzes -(i)mash-ō in accordance with its morphological properties. This approach argues that it is in fact a compound built of smaller units each bearing a separate meaning. Afterwards they can be divided and located in different grammatical dimensions. The morphological segmentation of grammatical units can be used in many other occurrences. This would make paradigmatical descriptions of inflection related phenomena more possible.

The Comparative Analysis of the Grammatical Units Used in School Grammar and in Modern Grammar

The Comparative Analysis of the Grammatical Units Used in School Grammar and in Modern Grammar

INTERLINGUAL COMMUNICATIVE POTENTIAL OF ENGLISH LEXICS THROUGH THE LENSES OF ECOLINGUISTICS

The paper examines ecolinguistics as a new trend in linguistics, resulting from the study of language and the environment. The article’s relevance is determined by the insufficient amount of works on ecolinguistics and its subsystems. The purpose of the study is to establish particularities of interlinguistic communication, studied within the framework of ecolinguistics, the idea of which originated at the end of the 19th century and got its prominence at present. The research methodology is based on the theoretical works of the most prominent domestic and foreign scholars. Ecolinguistics is the result of the interaction of academic disciplines including linguistics, philosophy, psychology and cognitive studies. The formation of ecolinguistics takes place in such domains as cultural, political and scientific spheres, revealing various aspects of language interaction with the thinking process and the surroundings. The study of ecolinguistics’ evolution and functioning requires a comprehensive approach. The scope of the study includes studying ecolinguistics, clarifying the origins of this branch, presenting it in a generalized form, as well as the peculiarities of translation aimed at preserving the purity of the target language. As a donor language, English considerably enlarges the vocabulary of every language it interacts with. This is manifested in the digital translation, facilitating the process of new words, nomenclatural formations and abbreviations dissemination. The study has shown that the use of digital technologies developing in the digital world ensures the entry of the linguistic personality into the unified system of ecological space. It is concluded that lexical and grammatical units of different languages can peacefully coexist in one text without violating the integrity and harmony. It contributes to the effective interlinguistic communication determined by the ecospace of a particular language.

Erratological approach to teaching complex sentences to a foreign audience

Importance. Teaching foreign students of engineering and technical profile to complex specific text-forming structures of scientific style of speech is a laborious process. The identification of the causes and mechanisms of the occurrence of the errors noted in the structure of a complex sentence, their analysis (identification, elimination, correction) facilitates the process of studying these important grammatical units. The purpose of the research is to develop a new approach (erratological) to the study of a complex sentence based on error analysis. Its structural and meaningful description is proposed. Materials and methods. The study is conducted on the basis of the Military Institute (Engineering and Technical) Military Academy of Logistics named after Army General A.V. Khrulev. The research material шs a corpus of “negative material” obtained as a result of an experimental study of the speech of engineering students. The corpus of violations in a complex sentence formed the basis of the approach we developed, called the “erratological approach”. This study is also based on the analysis and generalization of scientific works on erratology.Results and Discussion. An erratological approach to the study of complex structures of the scientific style of speech has been developed, including six main interrelated stages – the selection of grammatical material, the organization of grammatical material (its logical arrangement), the introduction of grammatical material (presentation in classes in the language of the specialty), training, practice, control, which allow you to form not only Russian-speaking professional competencies, but also skills for all types of speech activity.Conclusion. The use of an erratological approach, namely complex work with one’s own mistakes in the classroom, will ensure the student’s undoubted interest in learning a new language, will contribute to the intensification of the educational process, enrich it with new technologies, teaching methods, a new system of tasks, will form both linguistic and professional competence.

Репрезентация категории косвенной эвиденциальности средствами стратегии уклонения в английском, русском, чувашском языках

This study conducts a contrastive typological analysis of linguistic markers of author’s and impersonal evidentiality in the English, Russian, and Chuvash languages. The research novelty lies in the systematic analysis of Chuvash indirect evidentiality markers in a comparative perspective. The study demonstrates that the “Nominative Case with Infinitive” construction, as a characteristic of author’s evidentiality in English, corresponds to Russian modal-suppositional and comparative particles, introductory words, and phrases (equivalent to the degree of certainty adverb “perhaps”), which express the speaker’s low assessment of the reported information’s reliability. In Russian, evidential particles, introductory words, and sentences (equivalent to the hearsay adverb “allegedly”) are used to indicate an unreliable source. The evidential particle “якобы” and the introductory word “мол” are common in speeches and statements. This approach to classifying evidentiality systems is also applicable to Chuvash. Modals, introductory words, and modal verb forms serve as lexical means of expressing author’s and impersonal evidentiality. The standard is to use two modal formants simultaneously. However, unlike English and Russian, evidentiality representations with negative meaning can be complex grammatical units represented by verbal analytical constructions. The findings suggest both universal and language-specific means of representing indirect evidentiality. Correlated representation of evidentiality and epistemic modality plays a significant semantic-pragmatic role in utterances as an effective evasion strategy.

유형론적 관점에서 본 중한 병렬구조 비교연구

Parallelism means that two grammatical units are connected in an equal relationship, and is a linguistic structure that universally exists among the world's languages. However, because the realization method of the parallel structure is different for each language, this paper conducted a comparative analysis of the parallel structure of Korean and Chinese, especially parallel phrases, from a typological perspective to examine the commonalities and differences as well as the causes. This can be summarized as follows: The Chinese-Korean parallel structure can be divided into several types depending on the classification criteria. Based on the semantic type, it can be broadly classified into 'equal type', 'transitional type', and 'selective type', and depending on the part of speech of the parallel item, 'name-name parallel structure', 'dong-dong parallel structure', and 'type- It was confirmed that it can be divided into a ‘parallel structure’. In addition, this paper examined the syntactic function of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure in four aspects, including the degree of marking of the Chinese-Korean parallel structure, the syntactic position distribution of the parallel structure, the position of the conjunction, and whether heterogeneous parallelism is possible. In addition, the similarities and differences between Korean and Chinese parallel structures were explained in connection with the language types of Chinese and Korean and the theory of linguistic typology.

Functional and semantic basis of the organisation of the process of foreign language communicative competence development of students

Relevance. By focusing on lexicalised grammatical material as a means of forming English-language communicative competence in non-linguistic specialisations educators can better prepare students to excel in their chosen professions by equipping them with the language knowledge for effective communication in their respective fields. Purpose. This study aims to demonstrate how functionally described grammatical units effectively shape speech and communicative competence in teaching "Professionally oriented foreign language" within "Tourism" and "Socio-Cultural Service" specialisations. The objective of the study is to check the mechanism of activation of frequency semantic units in the professional speech of future specialists in the field of tourism. Methodology. The paper uses such research methods as semantic analysis, statistical method, modelling, approbation, analysis of research subject based on the processing of educational texts. 15 2nd-year students of the specialisation "Tourism" and "Socio-cultural service" took part in the study. Results. The conducted research proves the necessity of organising a system of preliminary preparation of material with the selection of lexicalised material for developing English-language communicative competence. An algorithm and corresponding practices have been devised to expedite students' foreign language communicative competence development, ensuring proficient utilisation of acquired knowledge in their professional endeavors. The study delineates the constituent elements of foreign language communicative competency and aligns them with the overarching objectives of teaching within non-linguistic specialisations, encompassing linguistic, sociolinguistic, sociocultural, social, reflexive, pragmatic, and discursive components. Conclusions. Lexicalised grammatical material significantly influences the development of foreign language communicative competence in non-linguistic students specializing in "Tourism" and "Socio-cultural Service". Integrating intercultural competency into language acquisition is crucial, enhancing students' ability to navigate diverse cultural contexts effectively. The results of the study can be used in conducting English language classes of the discipline "Professionally oriented foreign language" in the specialisations "Tourism" and "Socio-cultural service". Keywords: semantic types of elementary utterances; speech act; lexical compatibility; lexical variation; syntactic field; syntactic synonymy

Grammaticalization of Nazal Affixes in the Archaic Lexicon of Balinese Language: A Diachronic Study

Balinese has a communication system called Anggah-Ungguhing Basa (language levels). This language level coexists with the social stratification of society. Thus, the language activities of Balinese speakers are influenced by the social stratification of Balinese society. Social stratification and the Anggah-Ungguhing Basa system cause Balinese speakers to have various levels of language taste and variations in its use. In general, Anggah-Ungguhing Basa shows politeness in language. From linguistic studies, of course, such language signs need to be studied, especially regarding the grammatical processes of inherited elements in Balinese. The grammatical process that is the focus is the form and function of nasal affixes in the Balinese language. In this regard, it is very important to study the various grammaticalizations of the Balinese language further, so that these lexicons are appropriate to the language level in Bali. This research aims to thoroughly describe the inherited grammatical units in Modern Balinese. Normatively, these operational concepts are contained in the theory of comparative historical linguistics. Diachronically, the form of nasal affixes in Balinese can be traced. The affixes an-, am-, ang-, any- in Old Javanese are partly reflected in Old Balinese. The changes in each form are the basic morpheme to which it is attached. The basic morpheme begins with the phoneme bilabial, so the appropriate nasal affix is nasal bilabial. This process is called homorganization. In formal texts and traditional Balinese literary works, the affixes an-, am-, ang-, any- are still used. However, in Balinese Lumrah it changes to n-, m-, ny-, ng-.

A historical analysis of tense-aspect variations in Malawian CiTonga (N15)

This article presents cases of tense-aspect variations in Malawian CiTonga and traces the historical processes of change that have led to the different realisations of tense-aspect grammatical units (grams). The author is a CiTonga native speaker and the primary source of the data. The majority of tense-aspect grams are based on motion verbs, including the present tense-aspect tú-/tí- which seems to originate from t-á ‘go-FV’, which is unlike Chichewa (N31) and CiTumbuka (N21) which use ku-, believed to be based on the Proto-Bantu li-ku- ‘be + INF’. The remote past kú- seems to have ku- ‘INF’ as its origin. The language leans towards CiTumbuka more than Chichewa as it shares many tense-aspect features with it. Crucially, while a majority of variants are conditioned by phonology, there is also an indication that some of them are morphologically conditioned. There is also an indication that several others are dialectal or occur in free variation.

Study of Discourse Analysis Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics: A Case Study of "The Middle Eastern Bazaar"

Systemic functional linguistics holds that language has three metafunctions: ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction, and textual metafunction. This paper studies discourse “The Middle Eastern Bazaar” and analyzes it from ideational metafunction and textual metafunction. Ideational function refers to the use of language to express the objective external world in language users’ minds and their subjective judgments of the objective external world, reflecting the experiential and logical functions of language. Ideational metafunction analysis consists of the analysis of six types of processes as well as the analysis of voice. Textual function of language refers to the actual use of language as a discourse that expresses relatively complete ideas, rather than grammatical units such as words or sentences. Textual metafunction analysis is carried out from the aspects of macro discourse structure, theme-rheme structure and discourse cohesion. Discourse “The Middle Eastern Bazaar” describes a bazaar in the Middle East with very typical local characteristics. The analysis finds that more material process and verbal process are applied than mental, behavioral, relational and existing processes. More non-middle voice is applied than middle voice in the discourse. The theme-rheme structure and different cohesive devices make the thematic information flow naturally and smoothly.

MEANING RELATIONS BETWEEN IDEAS IN EXPOSITION TEXTS BY GRADE X STUDENTS OF SUNAN KALIJOGO JABUNG

This research focuses on the types of meaning relations and grammatical units that relate between ideas. This research uses a qualitative approach. The source of data in this research is the exposition text by students of class X SMA Sunan Kalijogo Jabung. The paradigmatic meaning relations found are four kinds. Grammatical units that relate between ideas found five types.

System-structural and Functional-semantic Features of Motion Verbs in Sports Discourse Based on the Kazakh, Russian and English Languages

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that system-structural and functional-semantic features constitute the most important part of the linguistic system – a kind of basis in which ready communicative units of speech are produced. It is therefore only natural that these concepts have become an area of pioneering research in the functional linguistics of sports discourse. However, this is not confined to describing the pragmatics of speech, since the functions of grammatical units are performed within the language system. The syntactic properties of the sport forms in the position of the structural surface of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages constitute their main functional-semantic features and can be the object of functional syntax The aim of the research is to investigate the system-structural and functional-semantic facets of movement verbs in sports discourse in Kazakh, Russian and English. The basic prerequisite for the various functional versions is the consistent and coherent nature of the language system. In description practice, this means the interplay of grammatical categories and the consequent lack of clear-cut boundaries between the different levels of language – phonetics and morphology, vocabulary and grammar, morphology and syntax. The content and plan of the form of features, including morphological ones, are not reducible to formal manifestations: the same form of motion verbs usually belongs to several morphological categories. The interpretation of the form in a particular situation of use is determined by the factors external in relation to the category. With a grammatical form it is possible to express semantics that is not attributed to any particular form alone, since various linguistic means are involved in its realisation. The practical significance lies in determining the peculiarities of system-structural and functional-semantic mechanisms of motion verbs in sports discourse on the material of the respective languages.

Verbal system and poetics in the works of Yehuda Ha-Lewi

Abstract The article analyzes the verbal system in the Hebrew language of Yehuda Ha-Lewi, which is (and was) represented solely by poetry. It points at Ha-Lewi’s poetics, as the central factor shaping his language, whose verbal forms were ascribed additional poetic functions. It aims to define grammatical units and rhetorical techniques which, combined, were used by Ha-Lewi to create his unique poetic style and linguistic system coherent, though seemingly mimicking Biblical Hebrew. Due to the uniqueness of the corpus of the language and the fact that the rhetorical functions were to a large extent ascribed to grammatical forms, in order to define them most accurately, I apply the discursive-pragmatic approach. This method has allowed to outline the matrix of Ha-Lewi’s verbal system and define its innovative features.

An Analysis Of Derivational And Inflectional Morphemes In The Lyrics Of Calum Scott’s Songs In The Album “Bridges”

Morphology studies the intricate forms of words and the influence of changes in word forms on word categories and meanings. Morphemes, as the smallest grammatical units with meaning, are the primary focus of morphology. Morphemes cannot be further divided into smaller linguistic units. This research aims to investigate derivational and inflectional morphemes in the lyrics of Calum Scott’s songs in the album “Bridges”. The qualitative method is employed in this study, which reveals the presence of derivational and inflectional morphemes in the lyrics. The analysis demonstrates the existence of various types of derivational and inflectional affixes. Inflectional morphemes, particularly affixes, are found to be more dominant in the lyrics of Calum Scott’s songs in the album “Bridges”. The findings of this research identify 50 derivational and 99 inflectional morphemes. In derivations, 21 types of affixes are discovered, including prefixes such as re-, pre-, a-, sur- and suffixes such as -ent, -le, -ion, -ful, - less, -ing, -ly, -ain, -ed, -ness, -ment, -y, -ry, -er, -ty, -st, and -ical. Furthermore, there are 8 types of inflectional morphemes, namely plural, past tense, past perfect, comparative, possessive, third-person singular, gerund, and progressive.