Grammatical Structure Research Articles

EXPLORING LANGUAGE INTERFERENCES: SLOVAK LEARNERS OF SPANISH AND THE CHALLENGES IN PAST TENSE USAGE

Different linguistic classifications of Spanish and Slovak make the differences between these two languages. The genetic criterion classifies languages, clustering them into language families, the largest among which is the Indoeuropean one. The typological criterion divides languages according to their grammatical structures. Meanwhile, Slovak is genetically a Slavonic language, and Spanish is a Romance language. Therefore, they both belong to different language families. Also, according to the typological criterion, Slovak is a synthetic language, and Spanish is an analytic language. Based on a theoretical study of the standard features and differences between the Slovak and Spanish verb systems, we formulated the hypotheses about language interferences, which are accepted or rejected at the end of the research. The current research aims to examine the errors in the use of past tenses by Slovak university students who study Spanish as a foreign language, and then analyze where these errors are due to interference with their native language. The present paper observes what errors students make in using past tenses in Spanish. The research question is: What interferences do Slovak learners of the Spanish language experience in the use of past tenses? We applied scientific methods (an observation, a textual analysis, a synthesis) to conduct the study. The first method was an observation. Applying this method made it possible to gather data by watching the process of doing grammatical exercises in Spanish during classes held from September 2020 to May 2022 for the first- and second-year students at the Faculty of Applied Languages of the University of Economics in Bratislava. These students knew English and were generally better at it than Spanish. We also conducted a textual analysis that primarily looked at the learners’ short-text writing skills. We used a form with 30 phrases the respondents needed to complete using past tenses. Then, we assessed the written and spoken communication skills of students. The analysis results show that, on the one hand, most respondents needed help distinguishing between the past continuous and simple past tenses, resulting in misuse. On the other hand, we found some slight errors in phrases in which the present perfect tense was supposed to be used.

Students’ Perceptions of Literary Texts, Challenges in Learning, and Learning Strategies

Students’ perceptions are very crucial for improving the quality of teaching and learning. However, the study of students’ perceptions of learning literature is very limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore EFL students’ perceptions of literary texts, challenges in learning literature, and out-of-class learning strategies. The study applied the descriptive quantitative method. The stratified random sampling technique was also employed. The samples (n = 122) were the EFL students at the National University of Battambang. The online survey questionnaire was used as the research instrument with the Likert scale of four choices (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, and strongly agree). The data was analyzed automatically by Google Forms. Three main results were revealed. First, the majority of students have positive perceptions of the literary text used in their class (76,61%), although some viewed vocabulary and grammatical structures as complicated elements. Second, although most of the students do not face many challenges in learning literature (62,38%), a large number of students believed that text difficulty, workload from other classes, and poor English proficiency cause difficulties for them. Third, despite the majority of students having better learning strategies (72.02%), a specific learning schedule, task completion before class, and learning discussion between peers are the learning activities that the rest of the students failed to implement. In conclusion, the literary texts are appropriate despite a few problematic aspects that might be accordingly adapted. Also, the teachers should pay attention to learners’ challenges and suggest better learning strategies to them.

CREATIVE WRITING AS AN INTERACTIVE FORM OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE TEACHING

Objective. The objective of the article is to consider the development of creative writing skills in foreign language classes; identifyithe main approaches to teaching writing; familiarization with methods of revealing the meaning of lexical units when explaining words, concepts and realities; offer a set of language creative exercises and games as methods of creative writing in the process of teaching a foreign language. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using such research methods as analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, generalization of best practices and observation. Results. Based on the fact that the development of students' creative abilities and their acquisition of skills of independent educational and cognitive activity is currently one of the important tasks in the learning process, as well as the fact that creative writing, and in general, the written language began to occupy a special place in the teaching foreign languages, we came to the conclusion that the growth of the role of creative writing in the educational process is associated with the increased use of interactive forms of language work, since a creative approach greatly facilitates the processes of memorizing and learning new information. Many teachers note that it is written work, unlike other types of educational activities, that helps students to develop their creative abilities. It is very often difficult for students to express their thoughts competently both orally and in writing. In this connection, there is an obstacle to the development of a whole range of professional competencies, and one of the incentives in overcoming fear is creative tasks that increase educational and professional motivation. Practical tasks and exercises in creative writing during learning a foreign language: help to consolidate the material learned; aimed at the development and formation of the qualities of a creative personality, creative thinking, as well as a comfortable stay in a creative environment; make the process of learning a foreign language more interesting and less stressful and take place in a creative and relaxed atmosphere; help to get rid of fears and insecurities; make you want to share your thoughts and emotions in writing and orally. As a result, this causes the need to expand the vocabulary, to get acquainted with new lexical and grammatical structures, and thus there is an active search for different forms and ways of self-expression. It should also be noted that both written and oral forms of work can be used when teaching written communication due to the close interrelationship of all types of language activity, therefore the presented set of exercises and games can be used in foreign language classes in different versions depending on the type of communication skills , on the development of which the lesson is directed.

PECULIARITIES OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC TRANSFORMATIONS APPLICATION IN THE PROCESS OF O. HENRY’S STORY "THE LAST LEAF" TRANSLATION

Objective. The objective of the article is the definition of the concept and specifics of artistic translation; consideration of the concepts of translation adequacy and equivalence, as well as translation transformations; identifying and clarifying the validity of the use of lexical-semantic transformations in the process of translating O. Henry's story "The Last Leaf" into Ukrainian performed by M. Dmytrenko. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using such general scientific and special research methods as the analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of artistic translation and the application of translation transformations; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; an integral approach to the study of linguistic phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. The analysis of scientific literature makes it possible to reveal the meaning of artistic translation, which is always a challenge for the translator, as it requires not only a deep knowledge of the original language, the vocabulary of the translated language and thorough knowledge of literary studies, but also significant skills in translation techniques. Due to the inconsistency of individual elements in the original language and the language of translation, differences in the grammatical structures of languages, stylistic features of a specific text, full correspondence is impossible. Therefore, the terms "adequacy" and "equivalence" are used to indicate the relationship between the source text and the final text. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to achieve complete correspondence, identity in the process of translation. In cases where there are no regular equivalents in the target language or they cannot be used in the context, the translator must resort to transformations. After considering different classifications of translation transformations and analyzing Henry's story "The Last Leaf" for the category of lexical-semantic transformations, we can come to the conclusion that contextual substitution, decompression and descriptive translation are most often used by the translator. This is caused, first of all, by the wide lexical potential of the translation language, the need to adapt the source text to the norms of the translation language, as well as reproduce non-equivalent vocabulary and words and phrases that do not have regular counterparts in the target language. Summing up the analysis, it can be noted that the problem of literary translation is complex and controversial, because it is a co-creation of the translator and the author, the success of which depends on the latter's creativity and skillful use of the tools of translation transformations

Features of application of single- and multi-component terms in the Kazakh official style

The article discusses the terms used at the present stage in the official sphere, among which are the terms and term combinations derived from the native Kazakh words. The authors of the article emphasize that today the process of transferring the names of new concepts and phenomena in the native language by reproducing the meaning of the word, using word-forming forms, as well as ways of combining, combining words in the native language, terminology in this area is not only one-two-component, but also three to four, five to six components. An analysis of the methods for the formation of legal terms showed that legal terms consist of own and borrowed words, in terms of grammatical structure they are often one-component, and multi-component terms are currently used more often than in previous periods in the development of this style.

A new consonant-vowel architecture: Japanese borrowings from European languages from the viewpoint of Complexity Scales and Licensing

This study endeavors to undertake a comparative analysis of aspect in English and Moroccan Arabic, hereafter referred to as MA, adopting a cognitive linguistic approach, with special attention to the categorization of different situation types as proposed by Radden and Dirven (2007). It also aims to highlight the aspect areas that may challenge Moroccan EFL learners when acquiring this English grammatical construction. The study reveals that aspect is treated differently in English and MA. English aspect hinges on the viewing frame adopted. Therefore, the shift from one viewing frame to another results in the change from one situation type to another. By contrast, in MA, the perfective use calls for the adoption of a maximal viewing frame. However, the imperfective use calls for two interpretations: the event can be seen with either a maximal or a restricted viewing frame. In the absence of elements that co-determine the aspect in MA, general context is the only indication of the appropriate interpretation. The differences in the aspectual systems of English and MA may lead to difficulties in language acquisition. MA learners attempting to learn English, and vice versa, may face challenges in learning both the grammatical structure and its associated meanings.

A contrastive analysis of aspect in English and Moroccan Arabic

This study endeavors to undertake a comparative analysis of aspect in English and Moroccan Arabic, hereafter referred to as MA, adopting a cognitive linguistic approach, with special attention to the categorization of different situation types as proposed by Radden and Dirven (2007). It also aims to highlight the aspect areas that may challenge Moroccan EFL learners when acquiring this English grammatical construction. The study reveals that aspect is treated differently in English and MA. English aspect hinges on the viewing frame adopted. Therefore, the shift from one viewing frame to another results in the change from one situation type to another. By contrast, in MA, the perfective use calls for the adoption of a maximal viewing frame. However, the imperfective use calls for two interpretations: the event can be seen with either a maximal or a restricted viewing frame. In the absence of elements that co-determine the aspect in MA, general context is the only indication of the appropriate interpretation. The differences in the aspectual systems of English and MA may lead to difficulties in language acquisition. MA learners attempting to learn English, and vice versa, may face challenges in learning both the grammatical structure and its associated meanings.

Teaching L2 Galician through the traditional songbooks: The case of the direct object [+human] with the preposition a

Explaining the grammatical structures that characterize the Galician language system to university students of L2 Galician involves certain difficulties, both in terms of contact with Spanish and due to its nature as an L2 language. It must be noted that such learners’ L1 is mostly Spanish, French, English or Italian. We propose in this paper an activity in which students engage in a process of practical reflection on real examples of the language. The activity will focus in par-ticular on the absence of the preposition a with the direct object (DO), i.e., Nós saudamos o teu amigo (“We greet your friend”), using for this purpose a corpus of traditional Galician popular songs, and following the recommendations of the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) model. Within this theoretical and practical approach students will also acquire knowledge of Galician culture and history, through information found in the anonymous poetry of the songbook itself.

THE EVOLUTION OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL LANGUAGE: A DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS ACROSS CULTURES AND EPOCHS

The perception and expression of time and space in human language has long captivated researchers across multiple disciplines. This study delves into the diachronic evolution of temporal and spatial language, examining the shifts and development patterns in various languages throughout different time periods and cultural contexts. By analyzing linguistic corpora representing diverse languages, epochs, and genres, the research investigates the impact of historical, cultural, and environmental factors on the evolution of temporal and spatial expressions. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis of grammatical structures, lexicon, and metaphors, this study highlights significant patterns and changes in human understanding and communication of time and space. The findings offer insights into the dynamic nature of linguistic evolution and suggest implications for theories of language development, cognitive processes, and the intricate relationship between language and human experience. Through an examination of linguistic artifacts, texts, and historical records, this study uncovers the intricate trajectory of how societies have linguistically represented temporal and spatial dimensions. By identifying patterns of change and continuity, the research highlights the interplay between linguistic structures, cognitive capacities, and cultural contexts. The findings illuminate the dynamic processes that have contributed to the shaping of temporal and spatial language, ultimately deepening our understanding of the complex relationship between language, cognition, and cultural evolution. This work offers valuable insights into the mechanisms that underlie linguistic change and provides a broader perspective on the ways in which humans have grappled with conceptualizing time and space throughout history.

ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWOCOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN MODERN ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH

Verbal phraseological units play a significant role in every language enabling speakers to express diverse meanings and semantic nuances. Studying verbal phraseological units is crucial for identifying the morphological features and linguistic structures of the compared languages. In spoken language, the verbal component of a two-component verbal phraseological unit is modified according to specific grammatical rules shared by the verb, while the non-verbal component follows a certain grammatical structure. Altering any element other than the verbal component primarily leads to the disruption of the meaning of the two-component verbal 39 phraseological unit. The semantic stability of such units relies on their structural stability. This article examines the morphological means of expressing definiteness, number, and negation in two-component verbal phraseological units and their potential impact on the meaning of these units in modern Armenian and English. The study employs comparative and analytical methods. Two-component verbal phraseological units exist in speech as entities with distinct grammatical structures. These forms are often fossilized and resist change. The verbal component can be adjusted in speech by adopting a specific grammatical verb form. In a few cases, altering the grammatical structure of the non-verbal component may lead to a variant of the phraseological unit or an entirely different meaning. In both Armenian and English, number is conveyed through synthetic structures. In Armenian, the article is attached to the non-verbal component, while in English, it is expressed analytically. Negation is conveyed using analytical structures in English and both synthetic and analytical structures in Armenian.

Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab dalam Upaya Mempersiapkan Calon Mahasiswa Baru ke Timur Tengah (Studi Kasus pada El-Darosah Banten)

This article aims to analyze the Arabic language learning strategies implemented by El-Darosahat Banten in order to prepare prospective new students for the Middle East, especially Al-Azhar as the oldest university in Egypt. As we know that students who want to continue their studies in the Middle East have increased. Therefore, it requires a strategy in preparing Arabic so that they can follow learning in the Middle East well. This research is qualitative using descriptive analysis methods. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The qualitative approach according to Creswell allows a researcher to become a key instrument, namely as a data collector, behavioral observation, or participant interview. The object of research in this paper is students at the El-Darosah institution who want to continue their studies to the Middle East. The results of this research show that learning Arabic at this institution is for a specific purpose so that it has implications for several things: First, the implementation of Arabic learning at El-Darosah uses private and classical methods so that learning runs effectively; The material is a compilation of many resources pertaining to learning Arabic related to the acquisition of Arabic language skills; Third, in the grammatical aspect, students are required to identify and express ideas about the grammatical structure and style used in the texts provided, so that learning Arabic is more functional. Another strategy used in learning Arabic at this institution is that teachers always motivate students, so predetermined goals of learning Arabic can be achieved effectively and efficiently because students are present physically and psychologically. We recognize that this study has many flaws. Therefore, we hope that there are researchers who can continue our research, such as how the strategy of mastering the Amiyah language because outside of learning, the language used is the Amiyah language.

EVALUATION OF THE ADEQUACY OF WRITTEN SPECIALIZED TEXTS MACHINE TRANSLATION

Machine translation has become critical for overcoming language differences in the age of global communication, especially in specialized fields. This article discusses the complex process of evaluating the adequacy of machine translation for written specialized literature. The study analyzes the mistakes made by Google Translate (GT) and DeepL Translate (DT) when translating biology textbooks. The paper emphasizes that specialized texts require not only terminological accuracy but also context preservation, which makes machine translation in this field extremely challenging. Several evaluation approaches have been considered in previous work, emphasizing the need for human editing alongside machine translation systems. Machine translation errors, ranging from terminological and semantic mistakes to stylistic and grammatical errors, emphasize the importance of thorough post-editing. The results of the study showed that despite the correct translation of commonly used terminology, its use in complex sentences caused difficulties. Both systems often failed to recognize details, leading to distorted interpretations. Stylistic mistakes, such as word-for-word translation disregarding context, further weakened the translated sentences. The translation was also accompanied by grammatical errors that demonstrate the complexity of syntactic structures in specialized topics. The study revealed minimal differences between GT and DT, with GT translating terminology better and DT demonstrating more efficient grammatical structures. However, both systems used word-for-word translation, which resulted in stylistic errors and inaccurate word choice. This paper emphasizes the need for human editing to ensure the correct translation of specialized materials, as well as the need for continuous improvement of machine translation technology to ensure the accuracy of terminology and preserve context in specialized texts.

Methods of transference stylistic units to the target language in literary texts

This paper focuses on the stylistic approach to literary texts in their original language, evaluated through unique grammatical structures inherent to each language unit. Morphological and syntactical analyses contribute to the formation of logical steps in stylistic units. Word order, a key category in lexicology, plays a crucial role in the creation of stylistic units, influencing the use of stylistic devices and expressive means.

Ta`līm al-Qawā`id an-Naḥwiyyah Bi aṭ-Ṭarīqah al-Istiqrāiyyah `Alā Asās al-Madkhal al-`Ilmī Bi Ma`had al-Muhājirīn Aceh Besar

Arabic has two grammars, nahwu, and sharaf. Nahwu specializes in the rule of changing word endings, while Sharaf focuses on word changes. The use of nahwu helps with determining each function of every word in a sentence, the adjustment of word endings, and their positions. Therefore, nahwu is fundamental in learning Arabic. When learning activities took place in the female class VII- A at Junior High School Al-Muhajirin, the initial process was conducive. The teacher taught students by applying the istiqraiyah method. However, the situation in the classroom changed after 30 minutes, especially for students sitting in the back. Some of them ate snacks, talked to each other, and fluttered using books although the room’s temperature was normal. The circumstance happened because the learning activity was teacher-centered, the teacher was more active than the students. The aim of this study was to apply the Istiqraiyah method based on the scientific approach in learning nahwu, to find out students' responses to the application of the method, and to know the influences of the istiqraiyah method based on the scientific approach in the grammar learning in each cycle. The researcher applied the classroom action research (PTK). The population of this study was 172 students. The study sample was female students in class IX-a. There were 36 students. The researcher carried out observations, and tests, and provided questionnaires. The findings of this study were: 1) The implementation of the istiqraiyah method based on the scientific approach was very effective. The teacher observation result in the second circle (94,21%) was higher than the first circle (89,47%). The student observation result in the second circle (93,75%) was higher than the first circle (88, 75%). 2) The students’ responses to the istiqraiyah method based on the scientific approach in learning the nahwu grammatical structure at Dayah Al-Muhajirin were very good. The result of the students' responses in the second circle (86, 11%) was higher than the first one (79,73%). 3) The influences of the istiqraiyah method based on the scientific approach in the nahwu grammar learning at Dayah Al-Muhajirin were effective in improving students' nahwu grammatical skills. The result of the student test in the first cycle (70, 31%) was higher than the test in the pre-cycle (46, 25%). The result of the student test in the second cycle (84,37%) was higher than the student test in the first cycle (70,31%).

Linguistic variation in functional types of statutory law

When the meaning of an ambiguous word, phrase or grammatical structure in a statutory provision is disputed, courts are tasked with identifying the best meaning of the contested language. A common method of resolving linguistic ambiguities is to investigate the meaning of the contested word or structure in statutory provisions with similar subject matter. While the subject matter of a text has a demonstrated effect on language use, register variation research shows that the function of a text is also highly influential in predicting linguistic variation. Thus far, the function of a statutory provision (e.g., obligation to act, authorization to act) has not been considered in legal interpretative research. In the present study, I investigate the extent to which function influences the lexico-grammatical characteristics of statutory texts. 2,573 statutory provisions from the Arizona State Code are individually assigned to one of seven categories representing their function: Duties, Permissions, Impersonal Rules, Operational Definitions, Prohibitions, Procedural Guidelines, and Criminal Offenses. Key feature analysis is used to identify and describe patterns of lexico-grammatical variation between the seven functional types. Results reveal a great deal of lexico-grammatical variation associated with function in the register of statutory law. Furthermore, some functional types of statutory provisions are more linguistically distinct than others. These findings suggest that it may be beneficial to consider communicative function when investigating legal interpretative questions.

Reflection of Chinese Cultural Realities in the Modern Russian Language in the Paradigm of Subject and Semantic Correspondences

The article deals with the importance of language and culture interaction, the linguistic and cultural characteristics as features of the languages belonging to various linguistic macrogroups (Russian as part of Indo-European, Chinese as part of Sino-Tibetan). The paper highlights the importance of translation in the interaction of linguistic cultures; the difficulties that can be encountered in interpreting the realities of another culture are indicated, which is due to both the peculiarities of the lexical and grammatical structure of the source and translating languages, and the peculiarities associated with the traditional culture of the language community.
 The component of the meaning of the real words of the Russian and Chinese languages with different semantic structures is part of the denotative macro component of the lexical meaning of the word. The national-cultural component of words with different degrees of differentiation of concepts in the Russian and Chinese languages is included in the significative macro component of their lexical meaning, and its content consists of differential semes of the significative macro component. The national-cultural component of the lexical meaning of words of corresponding languages with a mismatched internal form is the semes of the denotative macro component. Russian linguoculture should take into account the specifics of the Russian language, and in cases where the realities are completely alien to Russian national and cultural ideas, the necessary historical and other comments are tobe given. It should be noted that recently, due to the intensification of national-cultural and economic contacts, a great number of words (including national-specific realities) from the Chinese language have been penetrating into the Russian language, which requires separate linguistic research.

A Study on Toponymic Entity Recognition Based on Pre-Trained Models Fused with Local Features for Genglubu in the South China Sea

Toponymic entity recognition is currently a critical research hotspot in knowledge graphs. Under the guidance of the national ancient book protection policy and the promotion of the wave of digital humanities research, this paper proposes a toponymic entity recognition model (ALBERT-Conv1D-BiLSTM-CRF) based on the fusion of a pre-trained language model and local features to address the problems of toponymic ambiguity and the differences in ancient and modern grammatical structures in the field of the Genglubu. This model extracts global features with the ALBERT module, fuses global and local features with the Conv1D module, performs sequence modeling with the BiLSTM module to capture deep semantics and long-distance dependency information, and finally, completes sequence annotation with the CRF module. The experiments show that while taking into account the computational resources and cost, this improved model is significantly improved compared with the benchmark model (ALBERT-BiLSTM-CRF), and the precision, recall, and F1 are increased by 0.74%, 1.28%, and 1.01% to 98.08%, 96.67%, and 97.37%, respectively. The model achieved good results in the field of Genglubu.

Språklig purisme på Island – i fortid og nåtid

The article examines the history of the Icelandic linguistic purism (málhreinsunarstefna). For many years Icelanders have been known for their conservative attitude to any kind of foreign influence on their language. The country’s official language policy is to preserve the Icelandic language in an untouched form. To achieve that, Icelanders avoid borrowing words or grammatical structures from other languages. The study provides an outline of different undertakings aimed at preserving the Icelandic language, and presents the most important Icelandic organisations involved in language planning and key legal regulations in this area. It also describes Icelanders’ attitude to the impact of the English language.

Observations regarding extended causative verbal adverbials in the modern turkish language

In the grammatical structure of the Turkish language, the ablative case suffix can also in certain contexts express causation. Thus, causative adverbial phrases can be derived by adding the ablative case suffix to noun phrases formed during the process of nominalization by transforming the initial clauses with finite predicates, where the function of the correlative is marked by verbal nouns ending in -DIk / -(y)AcAk. Based on concrete (con)textual examples, this paper aims to analyze grammatical and semantic structures of causative adverbial phrases derived by adding the ablative case suffix to noun phrases formed during the process of nominalization by transforming the initial clauses with finite predicates. A contrastive analysis, which also analyzes semantically similar syntactic structures in the Bosnian language, is used to indicate similarities and differences within syntactic structures expressing causation in these two genetically and typologically different languages. The basic sources of the analysis are the following novels by Kemal Tahir: Esir Şehrin İnsanları, Esir Şehrin Mahpusu and Yol Ayrımı. Keywords: Turkish language, Bosnian language, causative adverbial phrases, ablative case suffix, initial noun clauses

Glottochronology and the Divergence of Common-Kartvelian

An alternative variant of the family tree of the Kartvelian languages, different from the G. Deeters’ one, has recently again appeared in the Kartvelian comparative-historical linguistics. According to the alternative genealogical tree, Svan-Zan language unity and Georgian (as an independent language) were formed at the first stage of the divergence of Common-Kartvelian. At the following stage Svan-Zan language unity differentiated into Svan and Zan languages. The Deeters’s scheme, the kartvelologists have actually become aware of due to T. Gamkrelidze and G. Machavariani, proposes formation of Georgian-Zan language unity and Svan (as an independent language) at the first stage of the divergence. In favor of the Deeters’ scheme, T. Gamkrelidze calls the fact that archaic characteristics of Common-Kartvelian have been preserved in Svan, and in addition, a significant number of innovations (both in lexis and in the grammatical structure) have been found to be common in Georgian and Laz-Megrelian, the latter being the daughter languages of Zan. The results of the glottochronological calculations (performed independently by G. Klimov and T. Gamkrelidze), based on M. Swadesh’s method of glottochronology, are in favor of the Deeters’ tree. As it is known, M. Swadesh’s method of glottochronology, which enables the calculation of the absolute chronology of the proto-language, was proposed in the early 1950s. Both supporters and critics of glottochronology immediately appeared, and soon, some refinements to M. Swadesh’s model were made. An important role in the refinement has been played by S. Starostin. Reinterpreting the old model of glottochronology, he has changed the calculating formula as well. The results of the preliminary analysis (based on Starostin’s model) of the data from the etymological dictionaries of the Kartvelian languages are presented in the paper, and they are clearly in favor of Deeters’ tree.