Grammatical Semantics Research Articles

The prospective in Spanish: Forms, semantics, pragmatics (part 2)

Based on corpus data, the paper discusses three Spanish infinitive constructions with prospective meaning: two constructions with the verb of location estar and one with the verb of movement ir: , and . A new approach is applied that views these constructions as a means of expressing the grammeme of the prospective in Spanish. The first part of the article contains an overview of the results of a corpus study of all three constructions, which aims to clarify both diachronic and synchronic issues of the simultaneous functioning of three different means of expressing prospective semantics, their frequency, as well as the distribution of each construction in the Spanish-speaking area. The first part also offers a detailed comparative analysis of the semantics of two infinitive constructions with estar. It begins with the establishment of a characteristic restriction for both constructions on filling the infinitive slot with atelic lexemes (which makes them different from the construction with the motion verb) and ends with the proposed interpretations of the semantics of both constructions with the verb of location. The second part of the paper, based on a review of descriptive grammars, theories, and corpus research, discusses the prospective construction with the verb of movement ir, and (based on results of a corpus study of all three constructions) proposes a description of the prospective zone in Spanish from the position of General, i. e. typologically oriented, Morphology, and Grammatical Semantics.

Ассоциативная грамматика и смысл (на примере имени существительного)

Using the associative-verbal profiles of several abstract nouns, the author examines the interpenetration of lexical and grammatical semantics, the contribution of inflectional paradigms to the semantic accentuations in the structure of the psycholinguistic meanings of these lexemes. The work was carried out on the materials of associative-verbal databases covering the period from 1988 till 2021. The structural features of the Russian language determine the specifics of lexical and grammatical semantics clustering in the formation of accentuation vectors in the Russian language personality’s (RLP) image of the world. The semantic richness of case meanings of the nouns in the Russian language, the absence of any restrictions on the associative behavior of this part of speech, the variety of word-formation patterns in different groups of abstract nouns make them particularly attractive objects for research. Semantic shades of psychological meanings are activated in a specific way with the network grammatical paradigmatics under the pressure of the culture-bound experience and intentionality of the studied speech community. The construction of the associative-verbal profiles of the lexico-morphological paradigms allows us to evaluate not only the productivity of particular lexical and grammatical units with reference to the entire lexical system or individual classes of words but also their psychological relevance with reference to the motivation of the language personality (the general structure of its sociocommunicative attitudes). A further profound study of associative grammar, given its dynamics, may contribute to overcoming the difficulties in formalizing associative links to optimize the computer technologies supporting human work with verbal materials.

IDEOLOGY IN ADVERTISING DISCOURSE: A MULTIMODAL ANALYSIS APPROACH

The multimodal analysis tries to analyze the practice of semiotic discursive or non-discursive discourse such as language, visual images, materials, and architecture. The tool for analyzing semiotic objects is one of the analytical tools in systemic functional linguistics (SFL). The formulation of the problem in this study is the form of representation of ideas in advertising discourse based on the meaning and function of grammatical semantics. Specifically, the research question is the ideology in advertising discourse in ideational, interpersonal, and textual aspects. This study tries to analyze the multimodal element to explain the choice of linguistics and the object of discourse. This research is descriptive qualitative where takes the inductive paradigm. This research approach is critical multimodal discourse analysis with systemic functional linguistic analysis. The research data is in the form of beauty product advertisements in 2017. The results show that the meaning of beauty product advertisements in terms of physical characteristics is white skin colour, sharp nose, slender body, long hair, and white teeth. The concept of ethnically beautiful identity from the two advertisements is different. The local product advertisements emphasize ethnic captivating identity. Foreign beauty product advertisements representations emphasize fair Caucasian beauty.

Usages grammaticaux du verbe -guma ‘rester’ en kirundi (JD62) : Une étude linguistique basée sur un corpus

In Bantu languages, verbs that have a general meaning can become grammaticalized. The purpose of this study is to show that in Kirundi (JD62), the variant spoken in Burundi, the stative verb -guma ‘to stay’ can appear in given morphosyntactic structures to contribute to the production of various grammatical semantics. This article, examines the different grammatical uses of -guma based on one corpus of Kirundi texts from BantUgent. According to corpus data three grammatical uses of the verb could be identified: continuity, regularity and gradual process. First of all, the verb -guma (used as an auxiliary) marks continuity depending on its conjugation and that of the main verb. Secondly, it marks a regularity of the action described by the main verb. Finally, it is used to mark a gradual process. These grammatical functions as well as the different forms of conjugation of -guma and the main verb do not have the same frequency in the written corpus and in the oral language. The statistical distribution shows that the use of -guma as a continuity marker is more frequent both in the written corpus and in oral language compared to regularity and gradual process.

Features of Poetic Ecphrasis in A. Pushkin’s Poem “The Commander” (1835): from Draft to Clean Copy

The urgency of the matter is associated with the need to clarify the features of Pushkin's pictorial ecphrasis. For the first time it is indicated that the originality of the ecphrasis in the poem “The Commander” is determined by its odic genre content, characterized by plasticity, kaleidoscopicity, and spatial dimensionality. The role of lexical and grammatical semantics, semantics of syntactic constructions in the visualization of the verbal image and the verbalization of the pictorial artifact was determined by comparing the drafts and the clean copy of the poem “The Commander”. Particular attention is paid to verbs with visual and mental meaning, creating the effect of presence, the effect of visual allusions, the effect of a revived picture, creating a psychological portrait of the hero. The role of adverbs and demonstrative pronouns with deictic semantics, contributing to the creation of the effect of presence and serving as a means of designating spatial coordinates, is indicated. The role of reception of movement and reception of contrast in creating the illusion of a visually perceived image is emphasized. Through an analytical analysis of the ecphrasis of the poem "The Commander", Pushkin's concept of the image of General M. B. Barclay de Tolly, who appears as a rejected and unappreciated heroic figure by the crowd. The hypothesis is put forward that by verbalizing the portrait of the work of J. Dow, Pushkin canonizes in the mind of the reader the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, poetically transforming his portrait into an icon.

The рrospective in Spanish: Forms, semantics, pragmatics (part 1)

Based on corpus data, the article discusses three Spanish infinitive constructions with a prospective meaning: two constructions with the verb of location estar and one with the verb of movement ir: </estar a punto de + inf.>, </estar por + inf.> and </ir a + inf.>. A new approach is applied that views these constructions as a means of expressing the grammeme of the prospective in Spanish. The first part of the article contains an overview of the results of a corpus study of all three constructions which aims to clarify both diachronic and synchronic issues of the simultaneous functioning of three different means of expressing prospective semantics, their frequency, as well as the distribution of each construction in the Spanishspeaking area. The first part also offers a detailed comparative analysis of the semantics of two infinitive constructions with estar. It begins with the establishment of a characteristic restriction for both constructions on filling the infinitive slot with atelic lexemes (which makes them different from the construction with the motion verb) and ends with proposed interpretations of the semantics of both constructions with the verb of location. In the second part of the work, based on a review of descriptive grammars, theories, and corpus research, the prospective construction with the verb of movement ir is discussed, and (based on the results of a corpus study of all three constructions) a description of the prospective zone in Spanish is proposed from the position of general, i. e., typologically oriented, morphology and grammatical semantics.

О функционально-семантической корреляции членов пар типа внимательно – с вниманием

О функционально-семантической корреляции членов пар типа внимательно – с вниманием The article is devoted to the functional-semantic correlation between the qualitative adverbs and the forms of the substantive built by the model of “the preposition c (with) + a noun in the instrumental case”, which have denotative similarity and root (derivational) affinity. It is established that explanato­ry dictionaries don’t give an answer to the question of how these linguistic means differ. It is revealed that members of such lexical pairs can have specific lexical and grammatical semantics, differ in their syntactic compatibility and as a result express the same attribute with varying degrees of detail.

CONSTANTS OF ACADEMICIAN V.M. RUSANIVSKYI’S SCIENTIFIC STYLE

Rusanivskyi’s scientific works on grammar, lexicology, lexicography, spelling, history of Ukrainian literary language, sociolinguistics, as well as philosophy of language, theoretical and practical issues of Slavic studies represent the level of development of Ukrainian linguistics of the second half of XX – early XXI century. The overarching idea of the author’s research is the search for new aspects of language cognition due to the ontological and epistemological nature of this object. The first studies are devoted to the history of the Ukrainian language, namely the study of grammatical categories of type and time in the Ukrainian language of the XVI – XVII centuries. In the landmark work “Structure of the Ukrainian verb” on a large factual material, the researcher traced the structural changes (variance of the morpheme composition) of verbs in different time sections of the Ukrainian language. The most expressive among the constants of the linguist’s scientific style is attention and constant reference to lexical semantics, to the meaning of a word in a dictionary and in specific texts. The author traces and theoretically substantiates the tendencies of movement in the immanent semantic structure of the vocabulary of each natural language. It is this tendency that explains V.M. Rusanivskyi’s constant appeal to the structural-semantic analysis of T. Shevchenko’s dictionary of language, to the disclosure of the semantic depth of the word in his texts. Without claiming a comprehensive analysis of the constants of Rusanivskyi’s scientific style, we emphasize the heuristic value of the following authorial concepts: a) representation of grammatical categories of verbs as the unity of form and meaning of a language unit; b) the interaction of lexical and grammatical semantics at all levels of language structure; c) constructive interaction of functional and expressive styles in the history of literary language; d) the history of the formation of the literary norm of the Ukrainian language; e) development of the Ukrainian literary language in the context of system-structural, functional-communicative and extralingual factors.

Взаимодействие непроизводной лексики смоленских говоров и белорусского языка (неполные лексические соответствия)

The work is focused on specific underived nouns that are functioning in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language at the present stage of the existence of these language systems and are quite close, but not identical formations in semantic and structural terms. The subject of the study is the volume of lexical meaning and potential derivational connections of nouns recorded in two synchronous language formations. The relevance of the study is determined by the complex history of the Russian and Belarusian borderland, which is reflected both in the Smolensk patois and in the Belarusian language, which had been created on the dialect basis. The vocabulary of the Russian and Belarusian borderland belongs to a single cultural and historical continuum de-termined by the history of the region, it reflects the diverse material and spiritual ties of the two language idioms’ speakers. The complexity of the historical relations between the two language systems, one of which is codified and has the status of an official language (Belarusian language), and the second exists only in an oral form and has a norm due to internal language laws of devel-opment (Smolensk patois), has led to the fact that when studying two language formations at the present stage, it is possible to speak not only about unambiguous types of relations between words, but also about peripheral types, about zones of various transitions, changes in lexical and grammatical semantics, which can potentially be points of development of two idioms in the future and are therefore valuable for study.

Поэтические редупликации Александра Вве­денского

The article is devoted to the study of the poetics of reduplication in Alexander Vveden­sky's fiction texts. The aim of this research is to analyse the functional range of reduplications at different textual levels, from the lexical to the thematic. Reduplication is understood as one of the most important tools of Vvedensky's linguopoetic experiment, aimed at the 'revision' of the ability of language to signify and represent the world and its basic semiotic principles. For Vvedensky, the non-normative punctuation of contact lexical reduplications creates prerequi­sites for perceiving repeated word forms as occasional homonyms, distinguishes the signified behind the signifier, and also problematizes the nature of poetic communication. On the grammatical level, reduplication creates tension between repeated grammar patterns and their lexical realisations, which allows Vvedensky to demonstrate the potential extensibility of syn­tactic models and make grammatical semantics a compensatory mechanism that fills the se­mantic void of the poetic utterance. Vvedensky's thematization of reduplication as the "dou­bling of the world" is a mirror, which deforms and transforms reality. Mirror semiosis illus­tra­tes the loss of iconicity by reduplication and, as a consequence, the impossibility to repre­sent the object by its reflection. The authors conclude that on the level of vocabulary and gram­mar, reduplication creates dynamism in the verbal space of the text, activates its inter­pre­tation and thus creates the situation of gnoseological doubt in the adequacy of language as a means of representing the world. In the thematic field, it deprives the world of its self-iden­tity since objects constantly multiply, lose their distinctiveness or, on the contrary, find mea­ning where it does not exist.

О ПРОЕКЦИЯХ МЕНТАЛЬНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ НА ЯЗЫК И РЕЧЬ (на примере концепта-пропозиции)

The author examines, using the example of a concept-proposition, multiple manifestations of the connection between a mental unit and units of a language system, argues that the principle of structuring knowledge, characteristic of a proposition, is found in the semantic structure of a sentence, a word-formation nest, in the logic of lexical metonymy, in the logic of transferring definitions, as well as in the ability of a noun to represent knowledge of a propositional nature in speech, concludes that there is a deep commonality of mental and linguistic activity. The semantic structure of the sentence and the structure of the syntactic proposition are isomorphic to the structure of the mental proposition. The vectors of the transfer of the definition from one term of the sentence to another, as well as to the designation of the entire situation, often have propositional logic and are closed by the framework of one sentence. Propositional logic is observed in many word-building nests, especially consistent with the structure of nests organized by a polyactant verb. Among the verbal derivatives in the nest, the percentage of lexemes that name the components of the corresponding situation is significant, in some cases - all the main components of the situation. At the lexico-semantic level, the projection of a proposition on the phenomenon of metonymy is described. Among the models of transference, a variety is highlighted, called propositional metonymy. It includes transfers of the name, the vectors of which (shift of the focus of attention) reflect the structure of the proposition. Another manifestation of the connection between a proposition and linguistic units, considered in the article, is the facts of using a single noun in speech of any lexical and grammatical semantics to represent all situations of any structural complexity. The realized perspective of the research (from the mental unit to linguistic units and processes that reveal with it a certain isomorphism in the logic of categorization and conceptualization of knowledge) allows us to reveal an important line of interaction between the mental and linguistic levels.

Functional Parts of Speech in Dialects and Auxiliary Words of the Azerbaijani Language and Their Mutual Integration into Common Turkic Languages

The article is devoted to the Azerbaijani language dialects, which were the source of the formation of the Azerbaijani language and played a significant role in the development of some Turkic literary languages. The article deals with the issues of historical morphology of the Turkic languages. In these dialects, the lexico-grammatical class of words (parts of speech) is analyzed, particularly the functional parts of speech as semantic words that do not have lexical meanings. However, their meanings are still manifested in the grammatical semantics of the sentence. This pattern has found continuity in the development of literary Turkic languages both in diachrony and synchrony, which confirms the integration of the functional parts of speech of dialects and literary languages. The comparative analysis of phonetic changes of service words in the Azerbaijani language’s dialects is also important in the article.

Grammatical Semantics of a Complex Sentence with an Immediate Succession Conjunction “yedva” [hardly

The question of qualifying the meaning of allied means, which in traditional grammar are defined as syntactic markers of “immediate” or “fast” succession, and in the part of corpus studies are considered as connectors of “immediate succession”, is studied. Complex sentences with a conjunction “yedva” [hardly] is the object of the study. The types of taxis relations that are expressed in such sentences are analyzed. The research has shown that the grammatical semantics of sentences with the conjunction of “immediate succession” is determined by a whole complex of categorical features, the most important of which is the linguistic representation of time in events. This feature is an indicator of the category of the time order. It was found that the sentences under consideration signal “disturbance of the natural course of events”, and the marker of such a “failure” is a conjunction “yedva” [hardly] . The authors believe that its semantic function, is complicated by the meta-meaning “exaggeration”, which indicates a special communicative attitude of the speaker. The relevance of the research lies in the consistent functional and semantic interpretation of grammatical phenomena. Such interpretation takes into account the established grammatical tradition of considering syntactic units. In the context of modern linguistic research, the scientific continuity of research paradigms is extremely important.

SPEAKING VERBS AND THEIR DIFFERENT STUDY APPROACHES IN MODERN ENGLISH

In linguistics, the study of speaking verbs, such as verbs of speech, communicative verbs is researched in different directions, both domestic and foreign scientists set themselves different tasks. They were studied from the point of view of their lexical and grammatical semantics, from the point of view of the syntactic properties of these verbs, at the functional level, in the aspect of the relationship between thinking and speech, the logical and semantic properties of speech verbs. However, there are still no works in linguistics that consider the functional categorization of speaking verbs with a mechanism description for varying their categorical status from the standpoint of functional, semiological and prototypical approaches to the formation of the categorical meaning of predicative units. The verbs say, tell, speak and talk carry one integral symptom “speaking”, while the linguistic units have differential signs in their semantic meaning. In this regard, the verbs say, tell, speak and talk are attributed to the nuclear zone, and their synonyms are in the peripheral zones. The concept of “speaking” in modern English can be objectified at the linguistic level in the most generalized form, stylistically neutralized by the verbs say, tell, speak and talk, which we define as prototypes of the concept study.

Basic Principles of Analysis of the Inner Determinant in Linguistic Systemology

The paper discusses the concept of the inner determinant of a language proposed by the founder of systemic linguistics G.P. Mel’nikov in continuation of W. von Humboldt’s idea of the inner form of language. The purpose of the research is to actualize one of the methods of systemic linguistics in the light of modern scientific paradigms. We examine the method of determinantal analysis of language systems and the notions which are closely related to it: morphological type of language, nominative and communicative angles of presenting a situation in a typical utterance, ways of organizing grammatical semantics in languages of various types. The research shows that G.P. Mel’nikov’s concept of inner determinants of languages allows to interpret the traditional morphological classification of languages as a system of types opposed according to their inner determinants in historically formed specific communicative conditions acting as external determinants of languages

ВИДО-ЧАСОВІ ВІДНОШЕННЯ ЯК КОМПОЗИЦІЙНИЙ ЗАСІБ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЛІРИЧНОГО ТВОРУ

У статті втілено задум з’ясувати роль послідовності й співвідношення видо-часових форм дієслова для організації поетичного тексту, оскільки ці форми моделюють хронотоп, що лежить в основі твору. Доведено, що композиційні можливості видо-часових форм залежать від їхніх типових й оригінальних функцій, з’ясовано поширеність тих чи тих форм у ліричних текстах, їхню кореляцію для вираження авторського задуму та участь у низці стилістичних прийомів і фігур. Дослідження граматичної, системної згрупованості видо-часових форм уможливлює виявлення мовних засобів організації текстів різного типу, зокрема й поетичних. Ключові слова: видо-часові форми дієслова, граматична семантика, хронотоп, ретроспективна й проспективна темпоральні композиції твору, стилістичні прийоми.

REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT "RUSSIA" IN POLITICAL DISCOURSE (ON THE MATERIAL OF 2018 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION PROGRAMS)

The article studies the means of representation of the concept “Russia” in the texts of political discourse. The aim of the article is to systematize and describe these verbal means. The article employs the method of conceptual analysis that involves complex consideration of the concept name - the lexeme “Russia”. The paper analyzes its etymological, historical, semantical, contextual, grammatical, paradigmatical and derivational aspects. The research material includes texts of the 2018 presidential election programs in which the real nature and the specificity of political discourse are revealed to their best. The etymology of the word “Russia” testifies to the stability of its use since the 18th century despite the changing official names of the country. The study of the lexical and grammatical semantics of the word and the contexts of its use shows that top priority in politics is given to Russia: Russia is the center of all political events and actions, the main place of politics, the object of policy, and the number one in political actions (assuming different metaphorical roles). The paradigmatic relations of the lexeme “Russia” demonstrate its pragmatic potential aimed at emotional and hidden psychological impact on the addressee. The derivational relations display the active use of the word “Russia” in speech, acknowledging the key nature of the concept. The analysis conducted by the author allows her: 1) to determine the place of the concept among other concepts; 2) to determine the structure of the concept (the core, the near and the far periphery) correlating with the structure of the lexical and semantic field of its representatives. In this regard, the following conclusions have been made. The concept “Russia”, being a key national concept, takes the main place in the system of concepts of the Russian political discourse. The concept “Russia” is represented in linguistic consciousness by a diversity of conceptual features and is, to a large extent, complicated by the pragmatic constituent of its representatives (their emotional impact and suggestive potential). The results of the study can be used in compiling dictionaries of concepts, in practical analysis and structuring of other concepts and means of their representation, and in working out classifications of concepts.

Messages must be tuned to the target language: Some implications of crosslinguistic semantic diversity for neurolinguistic research on speech production

Abstract There are nearly 6,500 languages in the world, and they vary greatly with regard to both lexical and grammatical semantics. Hence, an early stage of utterance planning involves thinking for speaking—i.e., shaping the thoughts to be expressed so they fit the idiosyncratic meanings of the symbolic units that happen to be available in the target language. This paper has three main sections that cover three distinct types of crosslinguistic semantic diversity. Each type is initially elaborated with examples, and then its implications for the neurobiology of speech production are considered. Type 1: Semantic field partitions. These are exemplified by huge crosslinguistic differences in many domains of meaning, including colors, body parts, household containers, events of cutting and breaking, and topological spatial relations. When such differences are viewed from the perspective of contemporary neurocognitive theories which assume that most concrete concepts are subserved by both modal (i.e., sensory, motor, and affective) and transmodal (i.e., integrative) cortical systems, they imply that speakers must access language-specific semantic structures at multiple levels of representation in the brain. Type 2: Semantic conflation classes. Some languages have whole sets of words that systematically encode two or more components of meaning. For instance, in the roughly 53 Athabaskan languages there are no generic verbs like give, carry, or throw; instead, there are entire sets of 9–13 verbs for these kinds of actions, with each set making the same distinctions between the types of objects that are given, carried, or thrown, such as animate objects, round objects, stick-like objects, flat objects, etc. This regular conflation of [action + object] in Athabaskan verb meanings predicts that speakers frequently co-activate both action-related and object-related cortical regions in a functionally integrated fashion. Type 3: Grammatically obligatory semantic categories. This kind of crosslinguistic variation involves not only the particular dimensions of experience that speakers are forced to track for grammatical purposes, but also the precise contrasts that they must make along those dimensions, with examples including systems of nominal classification, tense, and evidentiality. It is still not known exactly where or how the meanings of grammatically necessary closed-class morphemes are implemented in the brain, but it is quite clear that whatever the neural substrates of these meanings turn out to be, they are strongly influenced by crosslinguistic differences. In all, by focusing on three separate forms of crosslinguistic semantic diversity, this paper reinforces Levelt's (1989) point that messages must be tuned to the target language, and it also shows that this point continues to have significant consequences for neurolinguistic research on speech production.

حرف اللام وأثره على الجملة اللغویة والنحویة الدلالات والتطبیقات

تناول هذا البحث الدراسة الکاملة حول حرف اللام کحرف من أهم حروف المعاني المؤثرة على الجملة. وشملت الدراسة التعريف بالحرف وتأصيل الاهتمام بدراسته. کما تناولت حقيقة البنية الأساس لحرف اللام، وأشکاله، واستخداماته، ورسمه. ثم تناولت الدراسة بيان الأحکام الواردة على اللام سواء کانت مهملة أو عاملة في أحوال الجر، أو النصب، أو الجزم وانتهت إلى بيان ما يحيط بهذا الحرف من المعاني الواردة عليه باعتباراته المختلفة. وخلصت هذه الدراسة إلا أن حرف اللام من أهم الحروف المؤثرة على الجملة شکلا، وحکما، ومعنى. وکان منهجي في هذه الدراسة هي جمع شتاتها المتفرق في مصادرها المتعددة عند علماء النحو والتفسير والمعاني ووضعها في خطة بحث منظم يواکب الدراسات المعاصرة، ويفيد الباحثين، ويغنيهم عناء التنقيب عنها، والاهتمام بالالتفات إلى دراسة غيره من حروف المعاني المؤثرة. الکلمات المفتاحية:حرف اللام- الجملة اللغوية – إعراب - حروف مباني -حروف معاني-الاختصاص- الاستعلاء – التبيين – الظرفية. Lam character and its effect on the syntax and grammatical semantics and applications Preparation by the doctor: Abdel Latif Motia Abdel Kader Mohamed Assistant Professor, Department of Arabic Language Faculty of Arts and Sciences International Islamic Science University Amman – Jordan Motia.A@YAHOO.COM Abstract This study deals with the full study of the letter non as one of the most important meanings of the sentence. The study included the definition of the letter and focus attention on his study. It also dealt with the reality of the basic structure of the word no, its forms, uses and drawing. The study then dealt with the statement of the provisions on the no whether neglected or working in traction, monument, or assertion, and ended with a statement about the meaning of this letter. The study concluded that the letter non is one of the most important characters affecting the sentence form, sentence, and meaning. The systematic method in this study is to collect scattered scattered in its multiple sources in the scholars of grammar, interpretation and meanings and put them in an organized research plan that keeps pace with contemporary studies, and benefit researchers, and enrich them the trouble of prospecting, and attention to attention to study other characters of meanings influential. Keywords: lam letter - linguistic sentence - express - building letters - letters meanings - jurisdiction - superiority - identification - situational

NOMINALIZED NOUNS IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES: SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONING

The article is dedicated to the analysis of semantics of verbal nouns as a consequence of nominalization processes in language. The notion of nominalization leads to the reduction of traditional verbal semantics – verbal features, functions or elements related to implementation of process and points to development and flow of phenomena, facts and events localized in time and space. Nominalized unit acquires signs of static semantics, the main function of which is naming and fixing of certain phenomena, facts and events, as well as identification of these facts, phenomena and events without taking into account their possible development in time and space.
 The difference between the phenomena of substantivation and nominalization is established. Nominalized verbal nouns replace the predicate and take the position of the subject of the subordinate clause, acting as a means of secondary nomination, performing an anaphorical function.
 Verbal nouns in the sentence structure act as a means of condensation and are semantic equivalents of sentences. They form a specific stratum of vocabulary both in Ukrainian and English languages which is characterized, on the one hand, by a close connection with the original verbs and, as a consequence, the preservation of lexical and even grammatical semantics of original verbs – semantics of action, process or dynamic state, and, on the other hand, belongs to the lexical-grammatical class of nouns, which causes not only significant semantic modifications of the original semantics, but also the emergence of various semantic components and connotations.
 Both English and Ukrainian verbal nouns can transmit the meaning of state, process, the result of action, although their interpretation is modified by the context. The peculiarities of the transformation of sentences or similar units with predicative nature in English and Ukrainian languages are revealed.