General Number Research Articles

Abstract 14702: Roles of Atrial Mass Reduction and Gaps on the Anti-Atrial Fibrillatory Effects of Pulmonary Vein Isolation: A Computational Modeling Study

Background: Although pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the basis of atrial fibrillation (AF) catheter ablation (AFCA), the conditional changes of an anti-AF effect and the wave-dynamic mechanism are poorly understood. Therefore, we compared the effects of PVI based on the ablation circumference, width, and number or locations of gaps with or without amiodarone at the same condition in realistic computational modeling of human AF. Hypothesis: An anatomical level of PVI and characteristics of the PVI gap would affect the anti-AF effects of the AFCA. Methods: We included 50 patients (76.0% persistent AF) who underwent AFCA. Realistic AF modeling reflecting the computed tomography (CT) and the electroanatomical map was performed on each patient. We compared the AF defragmentation rate (DeFR; change to atrial tachycardia (AT) or termination), termination rate (TnR), and changes in the dominant frequency (DF) and the number of phase singularities (PSs) based on the PVI level (antral vs. ostial), PVI width (single vs. 3х width), number and location of 2-mm PVI gaps with or without amiodarone (10mM). We randomly assigned the number and location of the PVI gaps to the AF models. Results: The antral PVI had a significantly higher DeFR (p for trend <0.001) and TnR (p for trend <0.001) than the ostial PVI, PVI gaps, or baseline AF. However, there was no difference depending on PVI width. Among the PVI gaps, the DeFR (p for trend<0.001) decreased as the gap number increased. Additional amiodarone increased DeFR (p=0.003) and TnR (p=0.034) and reduced DF (p<0.001) and the number of PSs (p<0.001) with PVI-gap, especially with a single PVI-gap. Conclusions: In this realistic computational modeling study with integrated patients’ atrial anatomy and electrophysiology, the atrial mass reduction depending on the anatomical PVI level, number of PVI gaps, and additional antiarrhythmic drug significantly affected the AF maintenance mechanisms.

The Plural is Unmarked: Evidence from Turkish, Hungarian and German

Quantity distinctions are morphologically indicated in the majority of languages.However, the marking of these distinctions exhibits a high degree of cross-linguistic variation with respect to the number of quantity categories, their agreement properties, and the morphemes themselves. Furthermore, number marking on numerically quantified nouns varies across languages: for instance, while German and English use plural number marking with numerals other than “one” (for example, “two books”), Turkish and Hungarian use singular number marking with all numerals. Recent work has discussed how to explain number marking with numerals. In particular, Bale and Khanjian (2014) propose that the quantity concepts of the two types of languages vary semantically. We present novel evidence from a cross-linguistic study of Hungarian, Turkish and German child language, and argue that the quantity concepts do not vary, and the variation between languages must have a morphosyntactic explanation. 

Synthesis of Robust Linear Stationary Dynamic Systems Based on Improvement of the Controllability and Observability of the Computational Model of the Object

An iterative method is developed for the synthesis of control systems of low parametric sensitivity with dynamic (polynomial) controllers, at each step of which singular numbers of controllability and observability gramians are intentionally changed, and a precontroller is formed that transforms the structure of the computational model of an object to increase its controllability and observability, taking into account the available opportunities and limitations. The method of polynomial modal control calculates the parameters of the main controller and evaluates the robust properties of the synthesized system in the given intervals of variation of the internal parameters.

A 1D Model for Nucleation of Ice From Aerosol Particles: An Application to a Mixed‐Phase Arctic Stratus Cloud Layer

AbstractMixed‐phase clouds (MPCs) have been identified as significant contributors to uncertainties in climate projections, attributable to model representation of processes controlling the formation and loss of supercooled water droplets and ice particles from the atmosphere. Arctic MPCs are commonly widespread and long‐lived, with sustained ice crystal formation processes that challenge current understanding. This study examines the ice‐nucleating particle (INP) reservoir dynamics governing immersion‐mode heterogeneous freezing in an observed case of Arctic MPCs using a simplified 1D aerosol‐cloud model. The model setup includes prescribed dynamical forcings and thermodynamic profiles, and represents INPs as multicomponent and polydisperse particle size distributions. Diagnostic and prognostic approaches to immersion freezing parameterization are compared, including time‐independent (singular) number‐ and surface area‐based descriptions and a time‐dependent description following classical nucleation theory (CNT). The choice of freezing parameterization defines the size of the INP reservoir. The CNT‐based description yields an orders of magnitude larger INP reservoir than the singular parameterizations, which is the dominant factor for sustained ice crystal formation. The efficiency of the freezing process and cloud cooling are of secondary importance. A diagnostic treatment neglecting INP loss is only accurate when the INP reservoir size is large and INP depletion weak. Since a larger INP reservoir sustains ice crystal formation substantially longer, and ice water path scales with ice crystal concentrations for the conditions considered, resolving the source of differences in INP reservoir dynamics due to model implementation is a high priority for advancing climate model physics.

Ultrafast vortex arrays generated from a mode-locked oscillator with dispersion management.

Herein, we demonstrate the generation of optical vortex arrays pulses using a Sagnac common-path interferometric vortex generator. Hermite-Gaussian (HG) modes with different orders are initially obtained from a SESAM mode-locked laser in the positive dispersion regime. Then, in the interferometric vortex generator, by controlling the phase difference and sheering displacement between two HG modes, optical vortex pulses with different numbers of phase singularities are generated through superposition. The generated HG10 mode has a pulse width of 2 ps and maximum energy of 0.75 nJ. One-dimensional vortex arrays and triangular vortex arrays are also generated, which are formed by HGm0 and HG0n modes, respectively. This work has potential applications in the massive manipulation of microparticles, optical communication, and so on.

Steady-state interfacial gravity waves with one-dimensional class-IV triad resonance

Steady-state interfacial waves under a one-dimensional (1-D) class-IV exact triad resonance are investigated in a two-layer fluid with a free surface upper boundary. Four groups (G1–G4) of convergent series solutions are obtained by the homotopy analysis method. Though the harmonic resonance conditions are contained in the class-IV resonance criteria, the influences of 1:2 harmonic resonances on the energy spectrum could be neglected. Unlike former steady-state resonant interfacial wave spectrum where all the components joining the resonance are significant, the energy of one primary component can be ignored for two groups (G2 and G4) of wave solutions obtained in this paper. It is found that a little energy induced from the external environment might greatly change the energy spectrum for G1. However, the energy introduced from the outside cannot vary the wave energy distribution for G2. The reason for the extremely high crests on the instantaneous profiles of free surfaces of G2 and G4 is that the peaks of the class-IV exactly resonant and some trivial components momentarily overlap at some special horizontal positions. The class-IV exact triad resonance curve could be divided into four pieces containing the existence ranges of G3 and G4 and two regions with no solution found. One of the regions without convergent solutions results from an infinite number of singularities or small divisors caused by infinite exact or near resonances. Our results indicate that steady-state interfacial waves with class-IV triad resonance interactions among one surface and two internal wave modes could exist.

The Access to Grammatical Number in Spanish Children and Adults

In Spanish, the plural form in plural dominant frequency pairs, like “diente/dientes” [tooth/teeth], occurs more frequently than the corresponding singular form. On the other hand, for the singular dominant frequency pairs such as “cometa/cometas” [kite/kites], the singular form is more common than the plural. The recognition of singular forms by adult readers is dependent on the dominance factor, while the identification of plural forms relies on the frequency of the stem. Given that age and reading experience may influence morphological processing of words, we investigate the representation of singulars and plurals in Spanish primary school children in Third Grade (8/9) and Sixth Grade (11/12) and adults through a lexical decision task. Though children’s lexical decisions were twice as slow as adults, the pattern of morphological processing was consistent across ages: dominant plural forms resulted in decision times that were comparable to those of non-dominant singular forms, while recognition of singular-dominant forms was quicker than recognition of plural non-dominant forms. It appears that singulars are accessed and stored in the lexical memory as separate entities, while plurals depend on their morphological closer relatives, in this case, the singular forms.

DECONSTRUCTING THE PERCEPTION OF GENDER IN LANGUAGE

The concept of gender was introduced in our early stage of learning English and Bengali prescriptive grammar. In the field of gender, the difference between English and Bengali is related to pronoun. As in case of English, the pronouns, which are used for 3rd person singular number (he, she, it), are assigned to sexual perception. But in Bengali there is no gendered pronouns. In both of these languages all the non-living things come under the category of Neuter Gender and among the living things some nouns (in case of English some pronouns too) assigned to masculine referents, come under the category Masculine Gender (boy, balaka etc.) and some assigned to feminine referents, come under Feminine Gender (girl, balika etc.). And the rest unrecognisable nouns are Common gender in general (baby, śiśu). This is the simple perception of Gender in language because these languages do not have any masculine or feminine perception for nouns, unless they refer to biological sex. But there are many languages who have gender for each and every noun. They are called the gendered languages. According to Wikipedia In linguistics, grammatical gender system is a specific form of noun class system, where nouns are assigned with gender categories that are often not related to their real-world qualities. In languages with grammatical gender, most or all nouns inherently carry one value of the grammatical category called gender the values present in a given language (of which there are usually two or three) are called the genders of that language. Such as, Sanskrit, Hindi, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian etc. According to Jemma Prior, gendered language is commonly understood as language that has a bias towards a particular sex or social gender. So most of the time it is said that language through its communicative functions biases the social gender representation. This paper aims to highlight that the idea of Gender in a language is assigned with two different linguistic aspects suggested by Gottlob Frege, i) Sense and ii) Reference. In this paper an attempt is made to establish the different perceptions of Gender between the gender of a word and the gender of the object which is referred by the word.

Синтез робастной системы управления транспортированием длинномерного материала на основе грамианного метода

Material transportation control systems are part of many automated technological complexes for continuous production in various industries. For the coordinated operation of the aggregated machines, it is required to ensure a given quality of control of the tension of material transportation under conditions of initial uncertainty and possible variations in the internal parameters of the ACS, primarily the inertia of rotation of the measuring roller and changes in the geometry of the deformation zone of the material, i.e., it is required to provide a significant increase in robust properties. A method for the synthesis of robust control systems with dynamic (polynomial) input-output regulators is proposed. It is based on an iterative approach, at each step of which the singular numbers of gramians of controllability and/or observability are purposefully changed, a preregulator is formed. It transforms the structure of the computational model of the object in the direction of increasing controllability and/or observability. The authors have proposed a method for the synthesis of a robust control system for the transportation of long-length material based on the Gramian method. The use of an improved model of the object makes it possible to form a basic polynomial input-output controller capable of providing and maintaining the desired quality and performance indicators within the specified limits of changing the parameters of the object and the controller, including when reducing the corrective pre-regulator. The results obtained allow us to demonstrate the high efficiency of a Gramian method for the synthesis of control systems with low sensitivity to variations in both the parameters of the control object and the controller own parameters.

Modulating and identifying an arbitrary curvilinear phased optical vortex array of high-order orbital angular momentum

Vortex beams can be used in optical communication, imaging, and processing applications. In this study, we generate a phased optical vortex array with high-order orbital angular momentum (OAM) based on a phased Gaussian optical array and high-order phase multiplication. We then analyze the OAM mode distribution using the OAM spectrum expansion, and the number of high-order phase singularities in the array verified in interference experiments. Our results substantiate the feasibility of generating a high-order optical vortex array using this method. At the same time, because the phase Gaussian optics array that forms the phased optical vortex array is discrete and separable, we can use the phase Gaussian optics array with different phase differences to generate the phased optical vortex array with different phase gradients. The shape of the generated optical vortex array can be arranged along any curve. The phase singularity and OAM distributions at high orders are also detailedly analyzed. The ability to control the high-order OAM and phase structure has possible applications in particle manipulation and free-space optical communication.

Spin Hall Effect in Paraxial Vectorial Light Beams with an Infinite Number of Polarization Singularities.

Elements of micromachines can be driven by light, including structured light with phase and/or polarization singularities. We investigate here a paraxial vector Gaussian beam with an infinite number of polarization singularities residing evenly on a straight line. The intensity distribution is derived analytically and the polarization singularities are shown to exist only in the initial plane and in the far field. The azimuthal angle of the polarization singularities is shown to increase in the far field by π/2. We obtain the longitudinal component of the spin angular momentum (SAM) density and show that it is independent of the azimuthal angle of the polarization singularities. Upon propagation in free space, an infinite number of C-points is generated, where polarization is circular. We show that the SAM density distribution has a shape of four spots, two with left and two with right elliptic polarization. The distance to the transverse plane with the maximal SAM density decreases with decreasing distance between the polarization singularities in the initial plane. Generating such alternating areas with positive and negative SAM density, despite linear polarization in the initial plane, manifests the optical spin Hall effect. Application areas of the obtained results include designing micromachines with optically driven elements.

The physics of desiccation cracks 2: Modeling and prediction of the crack patterns

This paper extends the experimental results of our companion paper by modeling and predicting the onset and pattern formation of desiccation cracks in geomaterials (Ruoyu et al., 2023). Thin-layer silt samples in controlled atmospheric conditions were tested to obtain the surface strain maps with the digital image correlation (DIC) method during dehydration. Support experiments, including consolidation and displacement-controlled triaxial tests, were conducted for the properties of geomaterials. These experimental results were used to validate a viscoplastic theoretical model by comparing cracks and singularities locations that distribute following the Cnoidal wave pattern. A critical value exists in the viscoplastic model that determines the number of singularities, which accurately predicts the number of cracks in the experiment. The critical values contain two crucial parameters: rate sensitivity and λ. Rate sensitivity describes the rate-dependent stress–strain relation, while λ shows the ability of pore pressure redistribution under the external mechanical loading rate. These results provide a new view to analyze the desiccation cracks considering the rate-dependent viscoplasticity.

Волновые пакеты в граничных задачах квантовой механики

System of two independent linear quantum equations with symbols representing polynoms of the \textit{n}-th order is considered. Boundary conditions are non-linear. They functionally connect amplitudes of the direct and inverse wave functions by mapping $\Phi :I \mapsto I$. It is demonstrated that 1) if mapping $ \Phi $ is linear, the amplitude of the falling wave at $ t\rightarrow\infty $ tends to zero or infinity; 2) if $ \Phi $ is nonlinear but single-valued, at $ t\rightarrow\infty $, the amplitude of the falling wave tends to a double-periodic – constant function with one singular point per a period; 3) if $ \Phi $ is multi-valued, asymptotically periodic --- constant distributions of square amplitude of the wavefunction with finite or infinite number of singularities per a period are possible. The limiting solutions of this type we shall call distributions of pre-turbulent or turbulent type. Applications to the study of the emergence of spatial-temporal bright and dark asymptotic solitons in a limited resonator with non-linear feedback between the amplitudes of two optical beams on the resonator surface are presented.

Teaching vocabulary in the course of legalese and legal translation

The article analyzes and describes special characteristics of vocabulary of legal English and translation courses and ways to teach such lexis. It examines methods of vocabulary selection on the basis of contrastive analysis of the profession-oriented lexical units, terms and other frequent vocabulary of the language of commercial and corporate law. The vocabulary is limited to the lexical units that pose difficulties to Russian speaking students. The paper describes and analyzes the vocabulary which reflects such phenomena as polysemy, homonymy, and paronymy and other lexical phenomena frequent in the language of law and causing learners’ errors. Moreover, the author considers lexical and grammatical problems such as the compatibility of words, the change of the meaning of a noun with a change in the grammatical number, special aspects of word formation etc. The paper describes pedagogical and linguodidactic aspects of teaching applying methods of contrastive and comparative lexicology. They include early prevention techniques, regular monitoring, as well as introduction and drilling of learners` independent analysis and self-control skills. It concludes with the recommendations related to the type of exercises designed for processing and practicing this layer of vocabulary within the framework of the introductory course of legal English.

WiMeasure

In the past few years, a large range of wireless signals such as WiFi, RFID, UWB and Millimeter Wave were utilized for sensing purposes. Among these wireless sensing modalities, WiFi sensing attracts a lot of attention owing to the pervasiveness of WiFi infrastructure in our surrounding environments. While WiFi sensing has achieved a great success in capturing the target's motion information ranging from coarse-grained activities and gestures to fine-grained vital signs, it still has difficulties in precisely obtaining the target size owing to the low frequency and small bandwidth of WiFi signals. Even Millimeter Wave radar can only achieve a very coarse-grained size measurement. High precision object size sensing requires using RF signals in the extremely high-frequency band (e.g., Terahertz band). In this paper, we utilize low-frequency WiFi signals to achieve accurate object size measurement without requiring any learning or training. The key insight is that when an object moves between a pair of WiFi transceivers, the WiFi CSI variations contain singular points (i.e., singularities) and we observe an exciting opportunity of employing the number of singularities to measure the object size. In this work, we model the relationship between the object size and the number of singularities when an object moves near the LoS path, which lays the theoretical foundation for the proposed system to work. By addressing multiple challenges, for the first time, we make WiFi-based object size measurement work on commodity WiFi cards and achieve a surprisingly low median error of 2.6 mm. We believe this work is an important missing piece of WiFi sensing and opens the door to size measurement using low-cost low-frequency RF signals.

Conceptual Number in Bilingual Agreement Computation: Evidence from German Pseudo-Partitives

During subject–verb agreement (SVA) computation, the conceptual or notional number of the subject can affect whether speakers choose a singular or a plural verb, potentially overriding the grammatical number of the subject’s head. The influence of notional number has hardly been investigated in bilinguals, however. Most previous research on bilingual agreement computation has focused on agreement errors, and less is known about agreement computation in cases where multiple licit options exist. One such phenomenon is pseudo-partitives (German: eine Tüte Nüsse ‘one bag of nuts’), for which a verb may agree with either the first or the second noun phrase. We present data from 150 L1 speakers of German and Turkish–German early bilinguals who performed a sentence-completion task. While both groups showed awareness of the optionality in agreement, both preferred the first noun phrase as the agreement controller. Interestingly, notional plurality affected bilinguals’ verb choices more than those of L1 speakers, whose responses were influenced by notional plurality only in the most challenging number conflict condition. We suggest that increased cognitive demands during bilingual SVA computation may render bilinguals more susceptible to conceptual effects.

One or many? The grammatical number of suffixed nouns as a text-critical problem

One of the most frequent cases of textual variance in the Hebrew Bible concerns the grammatical number of nouns with suffixes (e.g. ידך‎ ‘your hand’ versus ידיך‎ ‘your hands’). First, this article demonstrates the significant textual instability of the letter yod in the plural or dual morphemes of suffixed nouns and traces some reasons for that. Then, it presents exemplary cases of this variance and discusses some interpretive conclusions drawn from conspicuous grammatical numbers in the research literature. For instance, a widespread theory that distinguishes two kinds of hand imposition rites according to the number of hands used by the performing subject proves to be problematic for text-critical and philological reasons. Finally, the article discusses the appropriate text-critical handling of the problem in general, suggests some guidelines, promotes awareness of ambiguity, and pleads for restraint in drawing far-reaching interpretive conclusions from a specific grammatical number of suffixed nouns.

Existential Truth in Dialectical-symbolic Understanding

The subject of research in this article is the phenomenon of existential truth. The author relies on the distinction between epistemic and existential truth proposed by D.V. Pivovarov. The latter is the correspondence of knowledge (or being in the case of ontological truth) to the subject-object unity, human being, which is the basis of cognitive activity. The ideas related to the existential understanding of truth in the works of B. Pascal, S. Kierkegaard, M. Unamuno, H. Ortega y Gasset, L. Shestov, N.A. Berdyaev, K. Jaspers, G. Marcel, A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre and M. Heidegger are presented. "Cordiality", subjectivity, vitality, perspectivism, irrationality, creative nature, communication, personality, "rebellion", freedom, "non-concealment" of existential truth are highlighted. With the help of A.F. Losev's dialectical methodology, an attempt is made to comprehend these signs as moments of symbolism of existential truth. The mainstay is the works of A.F. Losev, in which the symbol is understood as a communicative and interpretive expression of a transcendent essence ("the very self"). This expression is a "directly-intuitively" given generality, naturally decomposed into a number of separate singularities, which can be realized in reality and thereby become a "myth" in Losev's understanding. The myth, immanent to personal existence, is intensively experienced by a person, manifests itself in an irrational "miracle". The symbol and myth reveal the considered signs of existential truth and at the same time take into account the objective, functional sides of the truth. From the point of view of the dialectical-symbolic approach, existential truth is the correspondence of knowledge (or being) to a dialectically concrete symbolic reflection of reality, subject-object unity, which is a "directly intuitive" given in immanent personal being. The novelty of the work lies in the application of A.F. Losev's dialectical theory of the symbol to the study of the existential understanding of truth.

(282) Proposal to amend Article 60 Note 4 by specifying possible options of the grammatical gender and number of epithets honouring certain non‐binary persons

Article 60.8 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) explains the terminations of specific and infraspecific epithets derived from personal names; in particular, the grammatical gender-determined terminations applied depending on the gender of a person. However, the epithets mentioned in this Article refer only to persons of either the male or female gender. I consider such an approach as not covering all currently recognized gender identities. In particular, it does not take into account non-binary people whose gender identities are beyond the binary gender system (e.g. Matsuno & Budge in Curr. Sex. Health Rep. 9: 116–120. 2017; see also https://nonbinary.wiki/wiki/Main_Page, accessed 22 Mar 2023). Non-binary (also nonbinary) is an umbrella term encompassing several categories of social gender identities falling outside the traditional sociobiological binary gender framework, including persons whose gender identity falls between or outside the basic biological male and female identities, persons who experience being male or female at separate times, and persons who do not experience having a gender identity or reject having a gender identity. It is advisable to use people's preferred pronouns and grammatical gender identifiers (in addition to names and terms for gender). For example, some non-binary people use they/their/them/themselves in singular or have explicitly developed neutral pronouns (also sometimes termed neopronouns), such as xe/xyr/xem/xyrself or ze/zir/zem/zirs, rather than he/his/him/himself or she/her/her/herself (Richards & al. in Int. Rev. Psychiatry 28: 95–102. 2016; Hekanaho in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen 121: 498–509. 2020). The first person in Australia in 2003 and the first person in the United States in 2016 obtained legal recognition of their non-binary gender. Therefore, I propose to amend Art. 60 Note 4. “Note 4. If the gender and/or number of a substantival epithet derived from a personal name is/are inappropriate for the gender and/or number of the person(s) whom the name commemorates, the termination is to be corrected in conformity with Art. 60.8. However, the grammatical gender used for a person whom the epithet commemorates may be determined by the preferred gender identity of that person. Also, an epithet honouring a non-binary person in some cases may be created by adding -iorum, -iarum, or another indicator of grammatical plurality.” The proposed amendment will not affect the stability of existing nomenclature but will provide for the future an option of forming epithets of scientific names of organisms with due consideration of the gender identities and rights of non-binary people. I am grateful to Nicholas J. Turland (Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany) and John H. Wiersema (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.) for their useful comments and editing. Sergei L. Mosyakin (M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine) also provided his comments and advice.

FPGA Implementation of Integer Loop Delay Estimation with Low Complexity in Undersampling Digital Predistortion System

In a digital predistortion (DPD) system, accurate loop delay estimation is one of the prerequisites for precise calculation of the DPD coefficient. Multiplications of plural numbers are needed in most of the conventional loop delay estimation algorithms. Based on the Euclidean loop delay estimation (ELDE) method, this paper proposes a simplified Euclidean loop delay estimation (SELDE) method that can avoid the operation of the multiplication of plural numbers. The ELDE and SELDE method are implemented in actual undersampling systems, separately. The results of the experiments prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the methods. Compared with the ELDE method, the hardware resource consumption of SELDE is decreased, mainly reflected in the reduction of registers and look-up tables by 41.26% and 42.84%, respectively.