Grammatical Morphemes Research Articles

Languages Sharing A Sentence—Code-Switching

Bilingualism and multilingualism are norms worldwide. People often use two languages within one conversation, often switching between the two within sentences. This does not occur in a random fashion but according to traffic rules. The rules are determined by the difference between concrete and grammatical morphemes as well as social factors. This phenomenon is called code-switching.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING

The paper investigated common grammatical errors produced by Indonesian university students of English as a foreign language when writing their undergraduate research proposals. Accordingly, an urgent research question to resolve was what common grammatical errors are made by the seventh semester students of the English Language Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University in writing Chapter One of their research proposals? To answer the research question, the researchers conducted a content analysis. The researchers analysed students’ research proposals, focusing on grammatical issues identified in the first chapter. Results showed that the errors were omission (content and grammatical morpheme), addition (double marking, regularization, and simple addition), misinformation (regularization errors, archi-forms, and alternating forms), misordering, parallelism and diction. The top three errors were successively omission (38.15 per cent), addition (21.97 per cent) and parallelism (18.5 per cent).

A Comparison of Visual- and Movement-Based Grammar Interventions for School-Age Children With Language Impairment

Purpose The impact of visual- and movement-specific intervention techniques for developing grammatical morphemes in the spoken language of two 6-year-old female children with language impairment was measured. Method An adapted alternating treatment single-subject study examined the grammar outcomes from the use of Shape Coding (i.e., using shapes, colors, and arrows to teach grammatical rules; Ebbels, van der Lely, & Dockrell, 2007 ) and an equivalent researcher-designed kinesthetic-/movement-based set of cues. Results Interventions were successfully provided by novice clinicians with limited training. Results indicated improvement across both students and were differentiated between students and intervention techniques. Conclusion These positive findings support the use of Shape Coding and movement-based interventions targeting language improvement. School-based clinicians should consider multiple modalities for therapeutic instruction with children with language impairment. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9454127

Phonosemantic biases found in Leipzig-Jakarta lists of 66 languages

AbstractBased on the vocabulary of 66 genealogically distinct languages, this study reveals the biased association between phonological features and the 100 lexical meanings of the Leipzig-Jakarta List. Morphemes whose meanings are related to round shapes (‘egg’, ‘navel’, ‘neck’, and ‘knee’) tend to contain phonemes that bear the [+round] feature. Also observable is the positive association between buccal actions and the phonological features they resemble (‘to blow’ with [+labial] and ‘to suck’ with [+delayed release]). Grammatical morphemes related to proximity (‘this’, ‘in’,1sgand2sgpronoun) are positively associated with [+nasal]. The phonosemantic patterns found in the most basic vocabulary of spoken languages further confirm that the sound-meaning association in natural languages is not completely arbitrary but may be motivated by human cognitive biases.

The moderating effects of perceptual salience and language aptitude on the effectiveness of L2 recasts

Abstract Although extensive research in SLA has focused on the facilitative effects of L2 recasts, few studies have investigated the moderating effect of a priori perceptual salience of the linguistic target. The present study addresses this issue, along with the role that language aptitude plays. Forty-eight native speakers of English carried out oral tasks during which they received recasts of two Korean morphemes differing in their degree of perceptual salience. Results of the study revealed a significant interaction between salience and language aptitude in terms of the ability to infer grammar rules of an artificial language. In conclusion, this study sheds new light on factors that moderate the effectiveness of recasts in the learning of L2 grammatical morphemes.

한국어 담화표지에 대한 고찰 : 담화표지의 정체 및 형성의 문제와 관련하여

In this paper, I examined the problem of the identity of discourse markers and the formation of discourse markers. As for the identity of discourse markers, I defined discourse markers as elements that perform textual functions and interactive functions on the pragmatic layer, and are elements that do not affect the semantic meaning to be conveyed by the speaker. I considered discourse markers and exclamation·conjunction are distinct from each other. On the other hand, regarding the formation of the discourse markers, the process of acquiring the pragmatic meaning is divided into two. In other words, grammatical morphemes may be formed even if they acquire pragmatic meanings, or discourse markers may be formed. Based on the fact that the discourse markers work on the pragmatic layer without affecting the meaning of the sentence, this paper distinguishes the discourse markers from the other elements that experienced the grammaticalization, and I proposed to explain the phenomenon as pragmaticization.

Morphological Accuracy in the Speech of Bimodal Bilingual Children with CIs.

Sign language use in the (re)habilitation of children with cochlear implants (CIs) remains a controversial issue. Concerns that signing impedes spoken language development are based on research comparing children exposed to spoken and signed language (bilinguals) to children exposed only to speech (monolinguals), although abundant research demonstrates that bilinguals and monolinguals differ in language development. We control for bilingualism effects by comparing bimodal bilingual (signing-speaking) children with CIs (BB-CI) to those with typical hearing (BB-TH). Each child had at least one Deaf parent and was exposed to ASL from birth. The BB-THs were exposed to English from birth by hearing family members, while the BB-CIs began English exposure after cochlear implantation around 22-months-of-age. Elicited speech samples were analyzed for accuracy of English grammatical morpheme production. Although there was a trend toward lower overall accuracy in the BB-CIs, this seemed driven by increased omission of the plural -s, suggesting an exaggerated role of perceptual salience in this group. Errors of commission were rare in both groups. Because both groups were bimodal bilinguals, trends toward group differences were likely caused by delayed exposure to spoken language or hearing through a CI, rather than sign language exposure.

English Grammatical Morphemes ({-s pl.}, {-s ps}, and {-s 3d}) by Iraqi EFL Learners: A Case Study

Acquiring grammatical morphemes is the main part in language acquisition. Brown (1973), de Villiers and de Villiers (1973) and Larsen-Freeman (1975) mentioned that there is a natural order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes in English. This study investigates the development of acquisition of {-s pl.}, {-s ps}, and {-s 3d} by Iraqi EFL learners and to find out if Iraqi EFL learners follow the same order of acquisition. It is also to differentiate between male and female learners in their acquisition. The study was based on a grammaticality judgment test that was administered for 30 participants each academic year specifically in May 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The results of analysis present the average of the percentage of identification of grammatical morphemes concerned. The average displays that the acquisition of {-s 3d} more fulfilled, with an average (66.583%), than {-s pl.}, {-s ps} which are (58.083%) and (50.25%) respectively. Also the results show that Iraqi male and female learners have the same order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes but there is a difference in the averages obtained which reveals that Iraqi female EFL learners acquire these grammatical morphemes better than male.

영동 송병필가 한글편지에 나타난 19세기 충북방언 - 모음 음운론을 중심으로 -

This paper is to examine Chungbuk dialects of the 19th to 20th century shown in Korean old vernacular letters of Song Byeong-Pil Families, especially focusing on the phonology of vowels. Its purpose is to investigate the process of changes in the vowel phonology shown in Chungbuk dialects of this period. The total number of Korean old vernacular letters of Song Byeong-pil Families addresses in this study is 91, written by the generation of Song Byeong-pil and previous(-1) and next(+1) generations. They could be roughly divided into three generations, roughly by a sender, and letters from Song Ji-soo, of the first generation, Song Byeong-pil, of the second generation, and Eunjin Songssi of the third generation are precious records showing changes made to a language. The most significant phonemic phenomenon shown in these letters is vowel raising, especially vowel raising of ‘어>으(ə>ɨ)’. It was incurred in the late 19th , the generation of Song Byeong-pil and it is assumed that at the early stage of this transition, this vowel rising was also made on a word-internal position even for non-anlauts, not just on a long vowel of an anlaut. In addition, vowel raising of o>u seems to started in the generation of Song Byeong-pil and it was shown on a few lexical morphemes, but not grammatical morphemes. On the other hand, vowel raising of e>i was shown in very limited cases and also in Korean old vernacular letters of Eunjin Songssi. Therefore, it could assume that this type of vowel raising was incurred the latest. In these records, the transition of ‘ㆍ>ㅓ’(ʌ>ə) was confirmed in only a few letters. However, these types of transition were not more frequently used in following generations. Instead, they were more shown in letters of Song Ji-soo and Song Byeong-pil than of Eunjin Songssi. These trends could be interpreted as that the transition of ‘ㆍ’ on non-anlauts was started before and confusion was continued during the period and then, started to be stabilized as ㅡ’ or ‘ㅓ’. Naegative vowelization among vowel harmony of ʌ/ə was also confirmed and ‘몰너(molleo), 바더(badeo), 안져(anjyeo), 아러(areo), 차져(chajyeo)’ and others could be examples of naegative vowelization. These examples are shown in letters of other family, such as of Lee Young-yeon, of the first generation. This fact could be an evidence of that transition to negative vowelization was started in other regions and then, expanded to this area.

Characteristics of Manchu Particle sere as a Hearsay Marker

This study aims to prove that Manchu sere is a particle representing hearsay. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, this study examined the morphological and distributional characteristics of sere and confirmed that the characteristics of sere are consistent with the characteristics of the grammatical word classes that function as hearsay. Morphologically, sere was formed in the say verb se-, and -ra was used as an atypical usage. That is, sere shows the characteristics of the grammatical morpheme. Distributively, the sere phrase has different characteristics from the quotation phrase. First, in the sere phrase, there is no accusative subject sentence. Second, there is no realization of a speaker in the sere phrase. Third, the speaker of the sere phrase is a third person speaker that is not specified, and the speaker is always different from the subject of the phrase that expresses the information. In conclusion, the morphological and distributional characteristics of sere are consistent with the characteristics of the typical hearsay phrase. Therefore, sere is a grammatical morpheme that represents hearsay.

문법 형태 ‘-ᄂᆞ-’의 통시적 변화

문법 형태 ‘-ᄂᆞ-’의 통시적 변화

Accuracy Order of English Grammatical Morphemes of Saudi EFL Learners

Purpose: This paper investigates the accuracy order of grammatical morphemes followed by Saudi EFL learners. The major aim of the research was to reveal the pattern of grammatical morpheme acquisition of the participants, and to compare it against the Natural Order Hypothesis (NOH) as stated by Krashen (1977). The different factors that affected the generated order were also discussed. Research Methods: The present research adopted a descriptive quantitative design. Three groups of male and female students ( n= 258) participated in the study. The participants were selected randomly from public schools and university colleges. They responded to a grammar elicitation task designed to test their accuracy of using grammatical morphemes. Pica's (1983) TLU method was used to assess the participants' performance. Findings: It was found that Saudi EFL learners developed the accuracy of using grammatical morphemes in a similar sequence regardless of their educational stages. Although this sequence was fixed, there seemed to be a clear effect of the educational stage upon the quality of their usage. The generated accuracy order was found to be different from the NOH. This result suggested that the participants' first language (L1) affected the accuracy order of grammatical morphemes. Implications for research and practice: The findings of the study suggested that course book lesson plans should be designed according to the generated order to facilitate grammatical morpheme acquisition. Further research that will utilize a bigger size of samples is also required to confirm the generated order.

Children’s Production of Interlanguage in Speaking English As The Foreign Language

Acquiring English as a foreign language and using it as a second language (L2) in early years (children up to six years old) at immersion education happen to some process. In that process, the children tend to use L2 spontaneously and produce interlanguage as stated by Selinker (1977). This study aimed to describe children’s production of interlanguage through the features, startegies used by the children in anticipating the influence of native and target language, and the causes. It was a qualitative research of SLA in English-speaking environment. The research subjects were two non-native teachers and fifteen Kindergarten I Integrity students of Bina Bangsa School Semarang. The data were obtained by recording their daily conversation at school for about three months and having interview with the class teachers. The audio and video recordings were transcribed then analyzed based on SLA frameworks proposed by Brown (1973) and Ellis (1985) and interlanguage frameworks drawn on Selinker (1972), Adjemian (1976) and Faerch & Kasper (1983). The interview result were used to get more opinions regarding the interlanguage phenomenon. The results indicated that the students produced interlanguage systematically, permeably, and dynamically. They used strategies of L2 learning and L2 communication to anticipate the influence of their native and target language. Moreover, the students produced interlanguage for some reasons. It was because of language transfer, overgeneralization, and their development of grammatical morphemes, negation, interrogation, and reflexive pronoun in the process of SLA. Language transfer was the main cause of interlanguage happened among the students.

Realisation of grammatical morphemes by children with phonological impairment

ABSTRACT The aim of this research was to explore how preschool-aged children with phonological impairment (PI) realise grammatical morphemes across different phonological contexts (i.e. singleton consonant, consonant cluster, syllable), conditions of finiteness and individual morpheme types. Factors accounting for children’s realisation of grammatical morphemes were also examined. Eighty-seven Australian English-speaking preschoolers (aged 4–5 years) with PI completed the Children’s Assessment of Morphophonology (CHAMP)—an elicited response task—in addition to standardised tests of speech and receptive language. The most challenging grammatical morphemes were finite morphemes (particularly past tense) and grammatical morphemes realised in consonant clusters. The ability to produce consonant clusters in single words significantly accounted for children’s ability to realise grammatical morphemes, regardless of whether grammatical morphemes were realised in singleton, consonant cluster or syllable contexts. Realisation of grammatical morphemes by preschoolers with PI is influenced by phonological and morphological factors. The findings have implications regarding the assessment and differential diagnosis of preschoolers with concomitant phonological and language difficulties.

Biblical Hebrew Bal and Privative Negation

Abstract The Biblical Hebrew lexeme bal has been described as a poetic and prophetic synonym with lō’ in previous research. However, cognate morphemes in the Semitic languages outside Northwest Semitic, as well as other Biblical Hebrew lexemes derived from the relevant root morpheme, e.g. bǝlî and lǝḇiltî, may be identified with privative grammatical morphemes, i.e. grammatical morphemes that cancel an association. It is argued that, most of the time, bal too should be identified with privative negation, and that it is a poetic and prophetic synonym with lǝḇiltî (with different co-occurrence restrictions). Other times, the uses of bal can be explained as typical for the grammaticalization of privative expressions. The use of bal as a negator, for example, can be explained in terms of the grammaticalization of a conventional implicature, by which a salient feature, privation, became bleached semantically in favour of its implicature, negation.1

Production of Spanish Grammatical Forms in U.S. Bilingual Children.

The purpose of this analysis was to understand how grammatical morpheme production in Spanish for typically developing Spanish-English bilingual children relates to mean length of utterance in words (MLUw) and the extent to which different bilingual profiles influence order of grammatical morpheme acquisition. Participants included 228 Spanish-English bilingual children ages 4;0-7;6 (years;months). Grammatical morpheme accuracy was evaluated using an experimental version of the Bilingual English-Spanish Assessment (Peña, Gutiérrez-Clellen, Iglesias, Goldstein, & Bedore, 2014). MLUw data were calculated from children's narrative samples. Production accuracy of plural nouns, singular and plural definite articles, preterite tense, imperfect aspect, direct object clitics, prepositions, subjunctive, and conjunctions was calculated and analyzed as a function of MLUw in Spanish. Level of accuracy on these forms was compared for Spanish-dominant and English-dominant groups. Accuracy was significantly associated with MLUw. The relative difficulty of Spanish grammatical morphemes is highly similar across different bilingual profiles. There are common elements of Spanish that are easy (imperfect, plural nouns, singular articles, conjunctions), medium (plural articles, preterite), or hard (prepositions, direct object clitics, subjunctive), regardless of whether a child is a Spanish-dominant or English-dominant bilingual.

The historical phonology of Paunaka (Arawakan)

Abstract This paper applies the comparative method to unravel the historical development of the segmental phonology of Paunaka, an Arawakan language of Bolivia. Although the Paunaka vowel system features a single back rounded vowel, it is rather simple to show that it derives from a system with two back rounded qualities *u and *o, but that the former segment shifted to a high central unrounded vowel ɨ. The language has lost *r unconditionally, implying that Paunaka items with r are probable loanwords. Paunaka underewent a spirantization of *ts, thus merging this affricate with the fricative *s. Although Paunaka shares a coronalization of *k > s with Proto-Mojeño, most of the phonological developments that affected Paunaka are either recurrent in the Arawakan language family or only superficially similar to developments in related languages, and thus provide little weight as evidence for subgrouping. An Appendix is also included, with 105 etymologies matching Paunaka lexical and grammatical morphemes with their cognates in Proto-Mojeño, the two extant Mojeño dialects (Ignaciano and Trinitario) and Terena.

Morpheme in Arabic Morphology

The study aimed to identify the definition and several types of morpheme, and examine its usage in Arabic language, also its role and value in Arabic morphology. The study used qualitative methodology by analyzing the concept and definition of morpheme. The findings revealed that Language specialist's identified morpheme as a concept of morphology analysis and the smallest concept that carries a meaning, also, the construct of the word is very essential to understand the meaning of the word, and ancient Arabs pointed to morpheme concept and its important role in the language construct. Moreover, the Arabic language is considered flexible and it includes derivatives in its vocabulary, also, sometimes morphological and grammatical morpheme can give the same meaning in the language and both could be inseparable. The usage of the morpheme could be limited to certain places in the language or unlimited, this depends on its form and the purpose it serves, as it used for count, time and type.

Study of accuracy and grammatical complexity in EFL writing

The present study seeks to compare the writing products of EFL undergraduates using as measures accuracy and grammatical complexity. It also intends to describe the evolution of the morphological and syntactic errors as English is used by learners. A total of 100 learners of English as a foreign language participated in the study. They were divided into two groups according to their Oxford Placement Test score: group A was formed by 36 advanced students; and group B was made up of 64 upper intermediate students. Compositions were collected as the basis of this study. Results show that upper intermediate students exhibited a higher error mean in each of the error categories, namely, grammatical morphemes, lexical choice and syntax, as well as punctuation and spelling. However, an analysis of variance shows the differences between groups to be significant only in spelling errors and in punctuation errors.

Omisión del proclítico de tiempo, aspecto, modo y persona en mazahua

En mazahua, lengua Otomangue, el proclítico que codifica tiempo, aspecto, modo (TAM) y persona se realiza como morfema cero. Este morfema cero se indexa en la palabra verbal de diferentes oraciones gramaticales. Los contextos gramaticales en donde el proclítico TAM y de persona se realiza como morfema cero son: básicamente en tercera persona, tiempo-aspecto perfecto; este sentido tempo-aspectual está enfatizado por clíticos de aspecto puntual. Igualmente, el morfema cero coaparece con verbos en los que se prenasaliza o se palataliza el primer segmento del radical verbal. Desde una perspectiva pragmática, la referencia del sujeto gramatical y de los rasgos TAM se recupera en el contexto discursivo; la relación gramatical sujeto está expresada en diferentes recursos lingüísticos, esto es, frases nominales y clíticos (pronominales, demostrativos y plurales). La realización del proclítico TAM y de persona como morfema cero está relacionada con la estructura de la información. La referencia corresponde al estatus informativo tópico.