Grammatical Meaning Research Articles

현대중국어 ‘X不到哪裡去’ 구문의 형성 원인과 기제 연구

In this paper, we use the theory of constructionalization to discuss the formation, motivation and mechanism of the the negative construction ‘X bu dao na li qu (不到哪里去)’.BR First of all, ‘X bu dao na li qu’comes from the rhetorical question “X dao na li qu”. The negative meaning comes from the speakers’ doubts of the behavior of ‘X bu dao na li qu’. In fact, he does not believe this kind of behavior is possible. Then, ‘X bu dao na li qu’ absorbs the negative information conveyed by the rhetorical context and highlights the negative information with a negative mark to form the negative structure of ‘X bu dao na li qu’. It makes negation from the pragmatic meaning of ‘X dao na li qu’ to the grammatical meaning of ‘X bu dao na li qu’ which results in the phenomenon of pragmatic grammaticalization. In the process of the evolution from “X dao na li qu” to “X bu dao na li qu”, the structural correspondence principle of form-meaning relationship is the motivation, the absorption of context is an important way and the neoanalysis is the mechanism to promote the change of the basic structure of language form.

Indirect evidentiality and the expression of the speaker’s stance in Romanian

The study aims to emphasize how lexical particles and grammatical constructions express indirect evidentiality and the speaker’s stance in Romanian. As with the other Romance languages, Romanian contains the grammatical means to express the speaker’s knowledge source, such as the Conditional Mood, a prototypical quotative/reportative evidential marking, or the Subjunctive and the Future, which, together with the Presumptive, a modal form specific to this linguistic system alone, function as markers of indirect evidentiality of the inferential type. Additionally, each of these forms can be augmented by a rich lexicalized system of adverbs and particles. For example, pesemne [‘probably’, literally on + signs], poate [‘may be’; a regressive form from the third person singular of the verb a se putea < Late Latin *potere (Classical Latin posse)], probabil [‘probably’, < a borrowing from the Fr. probable and the Lat. probabilis] are lexical particles of inferential evidentiality, and cică [‘supposedly’; a lexicalized form from the expression [se zi]ce că – literally it said that], pasămite [‘apparently’ whose etymology is controversial] and chipurile [‘supposedly’; a borrowing from Hungarian, literally ‘faces’] are means of quotative/reportative evidentiality. This lexical and grammatical system marking indirect evidentiality will be analyzed with respect to their grammaticalization processes, but also addressing the discursive behaviour.

BADIIY MATNNING LINGVOPOETIK TAHLILI: TARIXI, METODOLOGIYA VA TADQIQOT METODLARI

This article will talk about the linguistic analysis of the artistic text: history, methodology and research methods. In Uzbek linguistics, the study of the language and style of works of art, as in World linguistics, is the central problem of many studies. Linguistic analysis, which applies to any text, takes two stages (levels) into its composition, namely semantic and metasemiotic. In the semantic stage, Language units (word, vocabu-lary, syntactic construction) are studied in their own sense of atash, that is, semantic. And in the metasemiotic stage, the stages of the transition from the meaning of language units to the study of their functions in an artistic text are studied. In this second stage, it is precisely the role of grammati-cal means that becomes very significant, and the thoughts that the author wants to express are made real by garmmatic means. Now, in addition to the lexical meaning of the word, the grammatical meaning is also the main weapon in the expression of thought. The article also comments on the methods of linguopoetic research, analysis of several Russian scientists have been made and reacted to them. The mutual integration of language and literature is the basis for the emergence of this field, and many exam-ples in it have been drawn into analysis.

O‘ZBEK TILINI XORIJIY TIL SIFATIDA O‘QITISHDA LOYIHA TEXNOLOGIYASI

In teaching the Uzbek language as a foreign language, organizing lessons based on project technology increases the responsibility of the teacher and the student. The main goal of the Uzbek language classes or-ganized on the basis of project technology is the result and effectiveness of the lesson. The basis of this is to increase the students’ vocabulary, to make them speak independently using grammatical means, to be able to exchange and express opinions independently, to perceive the heard mate-rial, as well as to receive information, to express their reaction to events. is to acquire the skill of communication.This article discusses the theoretical and practical foundations of the methodology for using project technology in teaching Uzbek as a foreign language, the use of project activities when students study Uzbek as a foreign language, and the project in teaching Uzbek as a foreign language. Practical aspects of using the technology of the Uzbek language as a foreign language, lexical or grammatical material, recommendations for teaching oral speech based on project-based learning technology are described.

Constructing desirable professional identities: Linguistic analysis of student teachers’ reflection on project-based learning

Under the framework of linguistic discourse analysis, the study sets to explore the specific lexicogrammatical choices through which student teachers construct their role and the challenges they faced during their teaching in their written reflections. The study draws on 40 graduate student teachers’ reflective texts on project-based learning implementation during their practicum. By examining the grammatical means through which student teachers framed processes and participants and the semantic relations among them, the analysis foregrounds aspects of self-representation and the tensions faced in the construction of student teachers’ desired professional identities within their assessed reflective writing.

Sejarah dan Metoda Syarah Hadis

Syarah is a scholar’s attempt to find the meaning of hadith texts. So it can be concluded that sharh hadith is for an explanation of the meaning of the text, pronunciation or sentences related to the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This research is a library research and is included in the category of qualitative research. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the science of sharh al-hadith, as well as the history of its development. The results of this study indicate that the syarah of hadith includes: 1) Explaining the quantity and quality of hadith, both from the sanad side and from the matan side, and both global and detailed. This includes an explanation of the paths of transmission, an explanation of the identities and characteristics of the narrators, as well as an analysis of matan in terms of linguistic rules. 2) Describe the meaning and intent of the hadith. This includes explaining how to read certain pronunciations, explaining sentence structure, explaining lexical and grammatical meanings and the intended meaning. 3) Describe the meaning and intent of the hadith. This includes explaining how to read certain pronunciations, explaining sentence structure, explaining lexical and grammatical meanings and the intended meaning.
 Keywords: Sharia Hadith, History, method

ANALISIS AFIKSASI VERBA PADA TEKS BACAAN DALAM BUKU BAHASA INDONESIA KELAS VIII

Analysis Of Affixation Verb In Reading Text Indonesia Book Clas VIII. The study aims to: (1) Describe the form of verb affixation in the reading text of Indonesian language books for clas VIII, (2) Describe meaning of verb affixation in the reading texts of Indonesian books for class VIII. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive method. The data sources in this study were obtained from reading texts in the revised 2017 edition of the Indonesian language book class VIII by Suherli et al. The techniques used in data collection are reading, identification, and classification techniques. The results of this study found that verb affixation consist of: 1) prefixes: men-, ke-, di-, meng-, ter-, se-, and ber-; 2) the suffixes –an, -kan, and –i; and 3) confixes of ber-an, ber-kan, ke-an, pe-an, and se-nya. The meaning of verb affixation found is grammatical meaning because the process of word formation can result in changes in meaning. The grammatical meaning is formed because of the grammaticalization process such as giving affixes (affixes), reduplication (repetition), or compounding words so that the basic word become compound words.

MORPHOSEMANTIC FEATURES OF MEMBUAT ‘MAKE’ IN THE LIGHT VERB CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDONESIAN

Light verb constructions (LVCs) are combinations of a verb and a noun that operate as a referee for a distinctive idiomatic-like meaning in which the noun is the central focus of meaning deduction. This study aimed to identify and describe Indonesian LVCs as morphosemantic phenomena. The dataset comprises Indonesian sentences containing featured LVCs. Three corpora were utilized as data sources: Leipzig Corpora Collection – Indonesian (LCCI), SEAlang Library Indonesian Text Corpus (SEAlang), and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI). In this study, a framework from Morphosemantics has been employed to provide the deep analysis technique. The results revealed the following two folds. First, at the morphological level, the Indonesian verb membuat 'make' is a clear indicator of the existence of LVCs. Second, on a semantic level, the verb membuat ‘make’ in Indonesian LVCs tends to produce ACTION type verbs, AGENT paired argument of verbs and RESULTATIVE grammatical meaning. This study suggested that further research be done on the morphosyntactic features of the Indonesian LVCs verb membuat 'make.'

Epistemic feelings and the making of the statement as a meaningful linguistic structure. Revisiting Heinrich Gomperz’s psychoaffective model of semantics and semiotics and its significance today

ABSTRACT In the present article, I revisit the feeling-based model of semantics and semiotics proposed in 1908 by the Austrian philosopher Heinrich Gomperz (1873–1942) within the framework of his “semasiology” (Semasiologie). I discuss how Gomperz regarded epistemic (“intellectual”) feelings as the foundations of both conceptual and grammatical meanings, but also of the “semiotization” of the statement (Aussage). Special emphasis is placed on how, for him, affective states help make the statement a global meaningful structure. An analysis of Gomperz’s psychoaffective model leads me to wonder about the soundness of the provocative view that epistemic feelings may be the core psychological components of linguistic meaning.

Lexical and grammatical means of expression of dominant assessment in media speech of virtual language personality in blogs: gender aspect

The aim of the study is to present an analysis of the lexical and grammatical means of expression of dominant assessment in the speech behavior of the Russian-speaking and English-speaking virtual language personality in blogs, depending on belonging to a particular gender. The research material is a card index of more than 200 posts of beauty bloggers on the social network in 2021. There were used 15 accounts of the Russian-speaking and 15 accounts of the English-speaking addressers. All blogger’s virtual language personalities position themselves on the Internet as men, transgender people (mtf – male-to-female) and women. In total more than 3,800 small syntactic groups have been analyzed. The following research methods were used in the work: the lexico-semantic, lexico-grammatical, and stylistic analyses, method of objective pragmalinguistic analysis combining modified content analysis and the comparison method. When studying the differences in the media speeches among the English- and Russian-speaking virtual communicative personalities, several lexical differences in the speeches of the women, men and transgender people were identified. Thus, among the Russian-speaking bloggers the highest percentage of negative attitudes and in general the brightest emotional coloring of lexis and grammar constructions was observed in the men’s media speech despite the widespread stereotype about the greater emotional intensity of women’s media speech. The women in their media speech tend to prevail in the formation of positive assessment. For the transgender people in blogs, all three indicators of the formation of assessment using lexical and grammatical means occupy a middle position between the media speech of the women and the men, which indicates the presence of female and male traits in the media speech of the transgender people. For the English-speaking virtual communicative personalities in the media speeches of the women and the men, all three indicators are approximately equal, while for the transgender people the index of the formation of a negative attitude using lexical and grammatical means is twice exceeded, and the indicator of the formation of a positive attitude through vocabulary is twice reduced. In general, the media speech of the English-speaking transgender people in blogs is characterized by a more open and more emotionally colored lexical and grammatical constructions in media speech. The transgender bloggers share all the events from their lives, regardless of whether they are positive or negative, which indicates maximum self-presentation and maximum attention of Internet users to their language personality and lifestyle among Internet users. It seems promising to consider the linguopragmatic aspect of gender self-presentation of virtual language personalities in blogs, to identify the main tactics of their self-presentation in media space.

The meaning and functions of pragmatic markers in Russian oral speech

* Review: Pragmatic Markers of Russian Everyday Speech: dictionary-monograph. Bogdanova-Beglaryan N. V. (comp., ed., forew.). The reviewed dictionary-monograph Pragmatic Markers of Russian Everyday Speech (St Petersburg, 2021) is devoted to the lexicographic description of pragmatic markers, considered as a class of discursive words whose typical features (absence of denotation, lexical and grammatical meanings, multi-categorization, multi-functionality) are manifested to the highest degree. The dictionary-monograph is the first dictionary that provides a detailed description of over 60 Russian discursive units in various contexts and in the variety of their functions, which makes it a unique phenomenon in modern Russian linguistic studies. The genre of the publication is defined not as a dictionary but as a dictionary-monograph, since the dictionary entries are not traditional. They are more like linguistic essays which include both common lexicographic zones and rich illustrative material, as well as the functions of the markers in speech. In addition, the description is given not in the genre of a dictionary but rather in the genre of a scientific article. All this provides extensive material important for understanding the functioning of markers in speech; without such data the dictionary of discursive units would not make sense. The dictionary is based on the results of work of many linguists while creating the corpora One speech day and Balanced annotated text collection and processing the richest material from these sources. The structure of the dictionary-monograph includes the editor’s preface, the dictionary of pragmatic markers itself, and some final reflections. The editor’s preface is a theoretical introduction that explains to the reader the point of view of the authors’ team on the units of the dictionary, and the results of the studies on how they function in speech. The most important part of the theoretical introduction is the typology of pragmatic markers based on the functions they perform in speech. The dictionary entry includes the headword, all the functions of the pragmatic marker, rich illustrative material from everyday speech for each of the marker’s functions and, in some cases, statistics on the use of the marker in a particular function. The dictionary clearly demonstrates multi-functionality of pragmatic markers. In conclusion, the author-compiler notes that the work on the dictionary is still in progress, and it is open for additions. A multimedia version of the dictionary is already available.

FRАZЕОLОGIK MАʼNО: KАTЕGОRIАL VА GRАMMАTIK MАʼNО MUАMMОLАRI

FRАZЕОLОGIK MАʼNО: KАTЕGОRIАL VА GRАMMАTIK MАʼNО MUАMMОLАRI

EVALUATIVE (DE)INTENSIFIERS IN THE SERVICE OF POLITE ACADEMIC EXPERT COMMUNICATION: LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL SPECIFICS

The article actualises the connection between the category of politeness and the category of expert evaluation seen as a special discursive evaluation variety in the scientific and expert socio-communicative practice. (De)intensifiers of evaluation — lexical and grammatical means used for strengthening or softening of categorical character of evaluative statements in the academic reviews — are considered as elements of politeness strategies, aimed at maintaining of the reviewer’s and author’s image. The necessity of polite scientific expert communication is explained by the parameters of socio-communicative situation, in which academic journal reviews are embedded, first of all, by the fact that the new scientific knowledge presented in reviews has not yet been verified and is therefore particularly vulnerable to criticism. Due to image risks, reviewers are expected to perform cooperative communicative behavior in order to mitigate the effects of criticism. The study of evaluation (de)intensifiers as politeness markers is embedded in the modern discourse-linguistic and socio-communicative research paradigm. The research relevance is also explained by the insufficient comparative study of (de)intensification in the evaluative language. The qualitative-quantitative content analysis of 50 German- and Russian-language academic reviews in linguistics allows to highlight the means of (de)intensification of expert evaluation and to present them as center-periphery models (depending on the frequency of lexical and grammatical units in the data). In addition, the inclusion of these means into certain strategies of positive and negative politeness is considered. The hypothesis of linguistic and cultural specificity in the use of contextual (de)intensifiers of evaluation is confirmed.

STRATEGY OF SELF-PRESENTATION OF THE MODERN UKRAINIAN POLITICIAN: THE PRAGMALINGUISTIC DIMENSION

The article analyzes one of the speech strategies - the strategy of self-presentation, which is actively used in modern Ukrainian political discourse. It has been established that the question of the role of political discourse, in particular the influence of the linguistic personality of a Ukrainian politician on the formation of the country's internal and external political image, is becoming particularly relevant today, given the conditions of the multinational and multilingual situation that has developed in Ukraine, on the one hand, and the full-scale invasion of the russian federation to our land, on the other hand. In such conditions, the mechanisms of self-representation, the tactics of implementing the linguistic influence of government representatives on the citizens of the state are changing, which needs to be studied. The scientific investigation clarified the role of self-presentation in the formation of the linguistic personality of the Ukrainian politician, analyzed the main mechanisms of this communicative strategy and the pragmalinguistic specifics of its implementation in today's conditions. Emphasis is placed on the interdependence, mutual subordination of the content of the communicative strategy of self-presentation of a linguistic personality and a wide range of communication methods and communicative intentions of self-presenters. It was established that the tactics of identification, self-praise, demonstration of professional success and promises serve as means of actualizing the strategy of self-presentation, the application of which is outlined by certain linguistic means. The specificity of the mentioned tactics is clarified and a description of lexical and grammatical means is presented, which are important in the formation of the strategy of self-presentation of the linguistic personality, since they significantly emphasize not only the communicative and situational features of the speech of individual politicians, but also the authorial discourses of political figures within the limits of various tactics. We see the perspective of the research in studying the mechanisms of implementation of other communicative strategies in the linguistic activity of famous Ukrainian politicians, delineating the pragmalinguistic specificity of their statements, taking into account the intentions of the addressee and the peculiarities of the perception of information by the addressee.

СУЧАСНІ ЗМІНИ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ СТЕРЕОТИПНИХ ГРАМАТИЧНИХ СТРУКТУР АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ: ЛІНГВОДИДАКТИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The methods of teaching translation are an important part of the pedagogical basis for the formation of a special component of the translation competence of scientists. There is still no generally accepted classification of methodical principles of teaching the translation of special texts. The main goal of the article is to develop methodical recommendations for learning the translation of foreign texts for the purpose of writing scientific articles (annotations, etc.) on the material of stereotyped grammatical constructions of the English language. This is explained by the fact that, at the first stage of their professional scientific activity, searchers face the difficulties of translating the specified constructions into Ukrainian due to the lack of skills and abilities to analyse translation difficulties and find ways to solve them. This situation indicates a low level of formation of translation skills among non-linguistic (graduate) students in higher educational institutions. The article investigates the problems of studying modern changes in the paradigm of functioning and translation of typical grammatical structures of the English language, represented by impersonal forms of the verb (infinitive and participial constructions). The authors analyse the above-mentioned constructions to determine their grammatical meaning when translating original English texts and teaching translation. It is proved that the incorrect transformation of the grammatical meanings of these constructions leads to distortion of the meaning of the original literary and scientific texts. The article draws attention of the readers to the fact that during translation it is necessary to maintain an inseparable connection between the lexical meanings of words and grammatical forms. Moreover, the translation of an English text consists not only in adequate reproduction the meaning of each word included in the grammatical structure of the syntactic construction, but in many cases it is essential to change the structure of the sentence, the order of words, to break one sentence into two or, on the contrary, to combine two sentences in one. The authors state that the reason for such changes is the lack of appropriate grammatical phenomena in the foreign language, as well as the mismatch of features of grammatical constructions and semantic structures in English and corresponding word combinations. Scientific interest in methods of teaching text translation and the problem of functioning and translation of lexical-grammatical constructions is due to its relevance and the need to find new ways of forming the creative qualities of students in writing formal words, reports, articles, annotations, summaries in foreign languages. The models considered in the article can be used in the theory and practice of text translation, which will contribute to the creation of scientifically based teaching methods for the translation of literary and scientific texts. For instance, it would be useful for graduate students, scientists and those seeking scientific degrees.

CONJUNCTIONS IN GERMAN AND KARAKALPAK

This article deals with conjunctions in the German and Karakalpak languages, their general characteristics, their grammatical meaning and functions in the sentence of all service words of different languages.

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF CORPORATE CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR’S GREETINGS IN GERMAN AND RUSSIAN CULTURES

The article focuses on the text type greeting in German and Russian languages. It aims at identifying lexical and grammatical means of corporate greeting in German language culture. The study is novel in that it discusses contemporary corporate greetings in German and in Russian as a part of the language politeness. The methods used in the study include continuous sampling method, lexical and semantical analysis, and comparison. The greetings under discussion consist of three obligatory (address, wishes and signature) and two extra parts (introduction and gratitude). The introduction aims at establishing of festive mood and can have a quote in German greetings. In Russian congratulations, the introduction is rare, in certain cases it is replaced with congratulation on a holiday. The reason why in German texts there is no congratulation is the fact that the congratulation is written on a card which has pre-printed greeting. There are semantical differences between Russian and German wishes. The Russians tend to express wishes for the whole upcoming year. They are about job and private life of an addressee. The Germans focus their wishes on Christmas, and an addressee is supposed to spend it in a quiet company of relatives and friends. The wishes on New Year’s Day are similar to Russian ones. The difference in wishes partly would raise from the difference in calendars: While the Germans celebrate Christmas right after working days, the Russians have it at the end of a series of days-off at the beginning of January.

Аграмматическиетексты и их место среди продуктов речевой деятельности

Agrammatism in Russian language is understood as the production of an utterance with such violation of morphological and syntactic norms, by which the main means of expressing grammatical meanings are word order and (in oral speech) intonation. Government and coordination are supplanted by parataxis, the frequency of the use of the nominative case increases. This is a situation when there are no proper means of connection between words in an utterance (inflectional morphemes, prepositions, conjunctions, particles), and the utterance itself becomes “crumbly”. The factual material for the paper is extracted from three communication areas: colloquial speech, special texts (commercial and technical advertising) and fiction. It is shown that there are general linguistic grounds that explain the development of this phenomenon. These are: a) expectation on the lexical semantics of words and the combinatorial connections inherent in them; b) grammatical semantics, represented by the linear order of words (and in oral speech – by intonation also); c) support from social conditions, personal characteristics of those who communicate, everyday context, paralinguistic means. The special functional and stylistic role of names in the syntax of the phrase is noted – in their opposition to the verb. In the facts of agrammatism, the interaction of language means with each other is manifested. In this regard, particular prerequisites and conditions are systematized that contribute to the emergence of agrammatic constructions in the Russian language – such as lemmatization, compression, ellipsis, the use of loan-words, etc. A general conclusion is made that agrammatism is not so much a fact of text destruction, but situational (discursive) conditional use of the diverse functionality of the language.

STYLISTIC ORGANIZATION OF THE LEXICAL AND SYNTACTIC SPACEOF THE POETIC WORKS BY ANATOLIY PERERVA

The author of the proposed material emphasizes that the linguistic and stylistic organization of the artistic text has been of interest to linguists for a long time. However, the peculiarities of a poetic narrative expressive means functioning have not been deeply investigated so far. Therefore, the study of language units that testify to the stylistic potential in the poetic scope of Anatoliy Pererva is relevant since the writer’s linguistic world was not an object of a separate scientific analysis. The purpose of the investigation is to characterize the peculiarities of the representation of stylistic means of lexical and syntactic nature in the poetic works by Anatoliy Pererva based on the material of his collection “Nebesna yasnist”. The realization of the defined goal involves the analysis of lexical and grammatical means of organizing the writer’s poetic narrative, the consideration of syntactic methods of his poetic language expressiveness, and the clarification of the stylistic potential of the revealed artistic and expressive means in the formation of the linguistic fabric of the poetic text. Therefore, the object of research is the language of Anatoliy Pererva's poetic collection “Nebesna yasnist”. The subject of the study is linguistic and artistic expressive and pictorial means of organizing the language fabric of a poetic work, which have a lexical and syntactic origin. The researcher states that stylistic component of a lexical and grammatical and syntactic nature are an organic part of the writer's poetic language space. And in particular, those based on the repetition of components (polyptoton, adnomination, prosapodosis, antanaclasis, homeoteleuton, anaphora, epiphora,), opposition (antithesis, oxymoron), and accumulation (gradation). The scientist concludes that the mentioned figurative and expressive means have a powerful stylistic potential and contribute to the reproduction of the main motives of the considered collection (the rapidity of life, thoughts about the end of the earthly journey, love for mother and faith in God).

LICENСIA POETICA В ЛИРИКЕ Ф.И. ТЮТЧЕВА (ИЗ ОПЫТА АНАЛИЗА СТИХОТВОРЕНИЯ ТЮТЧЕВА "Я ПОМНЮ ВРЕМЯ ЗОЛОТОЕ...")

Analyzing Tyutchev’s poem “I remember the golden time...” as an example, the article aims at considering the features of its subjective organization in relation to the peculiar use of personal pronouns and other grammatical means of the artistic expression in the person category. The author uses the works of R.O. Yakobson, Yu.M. Lotman, B.A. Uspensky, who first paid attention to the functions of linguistic antigrammatism [R.O. Jacobson’s term] in the poetry of Pushkin, Tyutchev, Khlebnikov in order to raise a person’s category to the rank of a supra -language concept of personality. The article analyzes the composition of Tyutchev’s poem, which, on the one hand, is a way of expressing the author’s position and on the other a mysteriosity in perceiving the chronotope of the “golden time” of life by a lyrical subject.