Grammatical Markers Research Articles

Comparison of Linguistic Error Production in Conversational Language Among Boys With Fragile X Syndrome + Autism Spectrum Disorder and Autistic Boys.

Expressive language impairments are common among school-age boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autistic boys. Given the high co-occurrence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among individuals with FXS, cross-condition comparisons can elucidate the specificity of such impairments as they relate to ASD. Language samples can provide fruitful information regarding individuals' grammatical skills in less structured formats relative to standardized measures. This study examined grammatical errors produced during a conversational language sample among 20 boys with FXS and co-occurring ASD (FXS + ASD) and 19 autistic boys matched on ASD severity. Language samples were coded for omissions and errors at the word and utterance levels. Participants' grammatical errors were also compared to separate mental age-matched and mean length of utterance-matched boys from a reference database. Boys with FXS + ASD and autistic boys produced similar rates of errors across all categories. Relative to their matched comparison groups, boys with FXS + ASD and autistic boys produced significantly more omissions during conversation. These findings suggest that omissions may be a unique grammatical marker associated with the ASD phenotype. Further examination of omissions across diagnostic groups would aid in clarifying the specificity of omissions in the language phenotype of ASD.

Способы выражения сравнения в ульчском языке

The paper summarizes the mechanisms used in the Ulch language to denote comparison as a broad cognitive category. Referring to numerous studies of various languages, the author examines a variety of possible comparative relations between objects and events and divides them into four types: comparative and superlative (inequality group), equative and simulative (equality group). Each type features a set of linguistic means used to verbalize a specific degree of similarity or superiority, including syntactic constructions, grammatical markers, and lexical units. The analysis has revealed that all four types can be found in the Ulch folklore texts. A conclusion is drawn that the Ulch language lacks a holistic grammatical category of comparison of adjectives or adverbs, resulting in a diverse but economic set of means of expressing comparison. Overall, the comparative mechanisms in Ulch cover the syntactic (two-noun constructions in nominative and instrumental cases in comparative structures or the conjunction umutu/omoto in simulative ones), grammatical (suffixes -achi/machi and mat/mot/meti), and lexical (adverbs of degree: chӯ, tes, badi, ӡin-ӡin, and others) levels. Considerable overlap between equative and similative subtypes has been identified. In addition, the adverbs of degree typically describing superlative relations can also be used in comparative constructions and, in some cases, in constructions describing equality relations. Consideration is also given to the basic components of various comparative structures (objects of comparison, standards, parameters, etc.) for each subtype, highlighting the elements essential for modeling a comparative situation and those that may be included or omitted depending on the context.

The effects of prior knowledge on explicit rule formation among L2 Spanish learners receiving structured input through guided-inductive instruction

Based on qualitative analyses, recent research hypothesizes that the information structure of an explicitly declared grammatical rule is related to an L2 learner's processing and accurate interpretation of the respective target structure Malovrh and Lee (2022). The present study tests that hypothesis by quantitatively analyzing a more robust data set. It examines L2 Spanish learners' (N = 63) formulation of explicit grammar rules regarding the Spanish true passive after exposure to input containing eight exemplars of the target structure, each followed by a picture-matching interpretation task, and then followed by corrective feedback. Using structured guided-inductive prompts, participants were instructed to write a rule explaining the appropriate assignment of semantic to grammatical roles in true-passive sentences, and first were prompted to consider the grammatical marker ‘por’, and then the gender marking of the verb participle. Logistic regression analyses revealed that participants' prior knowledge of the target structure predicted the information structure of their grammatical rules in terms of rule completeness and the order in which linguistic structure was mentioned (p = .001); as prior knowledge increased, so did the number of features included in a rule. Results are discussed in terms of the effect of prior knowledge on variable information structure and its relationship with subsequent learning outcomes.

What Has Changed Za Eti Paru Desyatkov Let (‘Over These Two Couples of Decades’) in the Agreement

The research conducted on Russian written texts studies the phenomenon of the mass use of the plural form of attributes in the case of their agreement with the word form para as part of a quantitative-nominal turn with the meaning of an indefinite quantity. This meaning of the word para is realized when combined with dependent words denoting time periods. The author notes the most frequent constructions with various prepositional-nominals forms of the noun para, in which there are fluctuations in the choice of the grammatical number of the attribute. The research material is media and literary texts in Russian. The sources of the research are the National Corpus of the Russian Language and the electronic media bank Integrum (Media Archive service). The reasons for the speaker's preferential choice of the plural form (za eti paru let) instead of the normative singular are primarily linguistic. The effect of the tendency to semantic agreement and the analogy with the type of agreement implemented in the case of semantically similar turns neskol’ko dney, dva-tri dnya that require an attribute in a plural form belong to them. Extralinguistic factors are also important, and one of them is the reproduction of an error in a text repeatedly reprinted in various media. The study also examines the choice of the numerical form of the predicate with the subject para dney (let, etc.), which, as in the case of the attributes, varies. The author interprets the detected anomalies in the form of unexpressed grammatical markers of gender and case, which are clearly not of a singular nature, as a process of lexicalization of a turn with the word para ‘a few’.

MAṢDAR ṢINĀIY DALAM KITAB AL BARZANJI KARYA SYAIKH JA’FAR AL BARZANJI (ANALISIS MORFOSINTAKSIS)

Maṣdar ṣināiy is an ism that includes ya' nisbat along with ta' taknits to show the nature in it. Sometimes it is formed from ism fail, ism maf'ūl, ism tafḍil, ism jāmid, ism alam, and ism maṣdar. The purpose of this study was to determine the origin of the type of maṣdar ṣināiy in the book of Al Barzanji. This research is a qualitative research with library research design. The data is in the form of maṣdar ṣināiy in the book of Al Barzanji. Data collection techniques using documentation techniques. In this study, it was found as many as 33 maṣdar ṣināiy data in the Al Barzanji book, based on the origin of the maṣdar ṣināiy type, there were 7 data from ism fāil, 2 data from ism maf'ūl, 3 data from ism alam, 19 data from ism jāmid , and 2 data came from ism maṣdar. Based on cases and grammatical markers, the researchers found 5 nominative case data with dhummah grammatical markers (vocal u), 1 accusative case data with fathah grammatical markers (vocal a), and 27 genetic case data with kasroh grammatical markers (vocal i). Based on the syntatic function, the researcher found 2 data had a syntatic function as fā’il, 4 data had a syntatic function as khobar, 5 data had a syntatic function as majrur, 11 data had a syntatic function as muḍaf ilaih, 8 data had a syntatic function as tābi’, 1 data had a syntatic function as mustatsna, 1 data had a syntatic function as maḍruf, and 1 data had a syntatic function as inna’s ism.

A quantitative global test of the complexity trade-off hypothesis: the case of nominal and verbal grammatical marking

AbstractNouns and verbs are known to differ in the types of grammatical information they encode. What is less well known is the relationship between verbal and nominal coding within and across languages. The equi-complexity hypothesis holds that all languages are equally complex overall, which entails trade-offs between coding in different domains. From a diachronic point of view, this hypothesis implies that the loss and gain of coding in different domains can be expected to balance each other out. In this study, we test to what extent such inverse coevolution can be observed in a sample of 244 languages, using data from a comprehensive cross-linguistic database (Grambank) and applying computational phylogenetic modelling to control for genealogical relatedness. We find evidence for coevolutionary relationships between specific features within nominal and verbal domains on a global scale, but not for overall degrees of grammatical coding between languages. Instead, these amounts of nominal and verbal coding are positively correlated in Sino-Tibetan languages and inversely correlated in Indo-European languages. Our findings indicate that accretion and loss of grammatical information in nominal words and verbs are lineage-specific.

From space to time and beyond: A corpus inquiry into the grammaticalization patterns of a/one step away from

ABSTRACT Cross-linguistically, spatial expressions display a propensity to undergo semantic extensions, thus frequently giving rise to grammatical markers. Drawing on diachronic material derived from the Corpus of Historical American English and synchronic data extracted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this study reports on a hitherto unexplored, incipient change of this kind, namely that affecting the multiword string a/one step away from. It is shown that with the conventionalization of the invited inference of closeness, the construction at issue was reanalyzed as a complex preposition, functioning initially as an exponent of prospective aspect, then additionally as a similitude marker, and finally also as an approximator. This chronology further finds reflection in the current functional gradience of a/one step away from, in that among its grammatical instances, which amount to slightly more than half the tokens in the sample, aspectual uses constitute the largest proportion, followed by similative occurrences and degree modifier attestations. At the distributional level, the investigated case of grammaticalization manifests itself in the highly confined determination and modification patterns of the form step, counterbalanced by the entire expression’s compatibility with inanimate subjects as well as host-class expansion to abstract NPs, verbal gerunds, and adjectives.

Precis of Conjoining Meanings

Precis of Conjoining Meanings

The ambiguity with pa-nominalization in Lhasa Tibetan

Abstract A tensed clause that undergoes nominalization marked with pa (pa-phrase) in Lhasa Tibetan can give either an event reading or a participant reading. A syntactic analysis of the pa-phrase is conducted by proposing the Differential Nominalizer Hypothesis (DNH). Specifically, pa selects an AspP as its complement and projects an NP; pa enters the derivation either as a grammatical item that shifts an AspP to an NP or as a lexical item that binds an empty category in the theme position within the AspP. This categorial difference of pa and the consequent derivational difference of the pa-phrase provide a plausible account of the semantic ambiguity of pa-nominalization. The idea that the nominalizer pa has a double category is supported with an assumption of grammaticalization, as is evidenced by the functional multiplicity of pa in Lhasa Tibetan: it is a productive grammatical marker but still bears lexical content of a lexical formative. The assumption of grammaticalization lends support to the DNH.

Kindergarteners Use Cross-Situational Statistics to Infer the Meaning of Grammatical Elements

Many studies demonstrate that detecting statistical regularities in linguistic input plays a key role in language acquisition. Yet, it is unclear to what extent statistical learning is involved in more naturalistic settings, when young children have to acquire meaningful grammatical elements. In the present study, we address these points, by investigating whether statistical learning is involved in acquiring a morpho-syntactic structure from input that resembles natural languages more closely. We exposed 50 kindergarteners (M = 5 years, 5 months) to a miniature language in which they had to learn a grammatical marker that expressed number, and which could only be acquired on the basis of the distributional properties in the input. Half of the children performed an attention check during the experiment. Results show that young children are able to learn this meaning. We found no clear evidence that facilitating attention to the input increases learning performance.

Grammaticalization, Language Contact, and the Emergence of a Hortative in Guaraché, a New Mixed Language in Paraguay

This paper discusses the emergence of a hortative marker in Guaraché, a new mixed language in Paraguay, the result of language mixing of the Indigenous Aché language and Paraguayan Guaraní. After settlement on reservations, the formerly nomadic Aché hunter-gatherers began shifting to the national language Guaraní, resulting in Guaraché, which is currently learned by children as their first language. Guaraché speakers have incorporated parts of the lexicon and morphology from Aché and Guaraní into their verbal repertoires, including parts of the Guaraní inflectional morphology. Thereby, they are modeling their use of the Guaraní 1pl.in marker ja-/ña- on a specific function that it has in Guaraní, hortative mood. Neither Aché nor Guaraní have grammatical hortative markers. Such a reanalysis and transfer of only one function of ja-/ña- suggests that a novel grammatical distinction is emerging between ja-/ña- for the hortative and the free pronoun ñande/nande for all other cases of 1pl.in. This paper analyzes hortative constructions in a corpus of recordings of naturally occurring interactions from children and adults. This case of grammaticalization is a strong indicator of a gradual transformation of Guaraché from language-mixing practices into a new mixed language.

상고·중고 한어에 나타난 *N-계 지시사의 기원 고찰 - 트랜스-동아시아 언어 연구의 일례로

In Archaic Chinese, there existed demonstratives with an *N- initial such as 爾 *njiai, 乃 *nə, 若 *njiak, and 而 *njiə. The origin of the *N- demonstratives has long been controversial. They were frequently used as second-person pronouns in Archaic Chinese. Their occurrences as second-person pronouns predate those as demonstratives. Therefore, it is commonly assumed that the *N- demonstratives were derived from the second-person pronouns.BR This paper objects to this idea based on the directionality of grammaticalization. A second-person pronoun frequently derives from a demonstrative, but not vice versa. Demonstratives are considered as so-called “primitives of grammaticalization,” i.e., they may give rise to various kinds of grammatical markers, while they cannot be historically derived from other lexemes(Plank 1979, Diessel 1999, Kuteva et. al. 2019).BR The origin of the *N- demonstratives is as follows. They were borrowed from the neighboring Proto-Austroasiatic language(PAA). As pointed out by Norman & Mei(1976: 274), the Austroasiatics inhabited the shores of the middle Yangtze and parts of the southeast coast from 1000 B.C. to 500 B.C. and gave an influenced to Old Chinese. In PAA, the word meaning ‘this’ is reconstructed as *niɁ; *nih or *nɔɁ; *nɔh. Therefore, it is not surprising that the *N- demonstratives are borrowings from the PAA word meaning ‘this.’BR *N- demonstratives must have been broadly spread in southern China in Archaic and Medieval times. For instance, 爾 appears frequently in Six dynasty texts, such as in Shishuo xinyu 『世说新语』. It may well be because, after the Rebellion in the yǒngjiā era(永嘉之乱), the center of koine moved from the north to Nanjing, which was the capital of Eastern Jin 晋 and the following southern dynasties. 爾 is still broadly used as a near or far demonstrative in modern central and southern dialects, such as Wu, Hui, Southern Xiang, Northern Gan, and Min dialects(Zheng 2017).

Bezosobowość języka a bezstronność prawa w tekście prawnym. Analiza porównawcza markerów kategorii osoby i liczby czasownika w angielskojęzycznej wersji Powszechnej Deklaracji Praw Człowieka oraz jej przekładach na języki niemiecki, niderlandzki i polski

In her article, Patrycja Montusiewicz present the results of research on the phenomenon of correlation between the grammatical structure of a legal text and the linguistic message of its communicative intention. The study describe the grammatical categories of the verb: person and number. Montusiewicz, based on the examples excerpted from the source English version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its translations into target languages German, Dutch and Polish target languages identifies the selection of an appropriate equivalent encoding the impersonality and impartiality of the analyzed declarative text. The results of the contrastive analysis has shown that the selection of specific grammatical markers depends on the internal specificity of a given language system and not on the formal, often matrix, similarity of the source and target language units.

ISM AL-MA’RIFAH (NOMINA DEFINIT) BERKASUS NASBH (AKUSATIF) DALAM AL-QUR’AN SURAT AL-BAQARAH

This study aims to determine the types, functions, and grammatical markers of ism ma'rifah in the accusative case in Surah al-Baqarah. This research is a qualitative research with library research design. The data of this research are the ism ma'rifah in the accusative case that comes from surah al-Baqarah. The data collection technique used the watch-note technique and the instruments used were the researchers themselves, data cards, and recapitulation sheet. The data analysis technique used the distributional method with the technique for direct elemental. Of the 100 data samples analyzed by the researcher based on their type, it was found 7 data type of ism 'alam, 34 data type of ism dhamir, 15 data type of ism maushul, 1 data type of ism isyarah, 19 data type of ism al-ma'rifah with the particle Alif lam (ال), 19 data type of ism al-ma'rifah with idhafah construction, and 5 data are of the type of ism al-ma'rifah with nida particles. Based on the syntactic function, it is found that 1 data functions as khabar Kana, 18 data functions as isim inna, 62 data functions as maf'ul bih, 1 data functions as maf'ul muthlaq, 1 data functions as maf'ul li ajlih, 1 data functions as mustastna, 5 data functions as munada, 1 data functions as chal, 5 data functions as na’at, 3 data functions as ma'thuf, 1 data functions as badal. Based on the grammatical markers, it was found that 38 data had the grammatical marker fathah, 1 data had the grammatical marker kasrah, 3 data had the grammatical marker ya', 5 data had the grammatical marker fathah muqoddarah and 53 data had the grammatical marker mabniy fii machal an-nasbiy.

Türkmence ve Uygurcada Yaklaşma: Bazı özellikleri üzerine

The following paper aims to draw attention to grammatical markers and lexical units that shape the avertive meaning ‘action narrowly averted’ in two Turkic languages: Turkmen as an East Oghuz Turkic language, and Uyghur as a Kipchak East Turkic language. It is attested that in both languages the speakers, expressing this meaning use the marker {tas}. In Turkmen {tas} occurs autonomously and is not bound to the verb form, while in Uyghur it appears as an integral constituent of the analytical verbal form {tas Kal-} ‘to be near/little left’. As far as for the verbal forms, Uyghur offers a weight-bearing verbal structure, while the verbal form in Turkmen is rather simple. Describing and contrasting these formal and semantic properties, the paper discusses that: a) the functions of the marker {tas} differ in both languages, b) {tas} in Turkmen has become a grammaticalized marker and its conceivable lexical origin are likely the Turkmen motion verbs with the roots {tas-/taz-/tis-}.

Lexical expressions and grammatical markers for source of information: A contrast between German and Korean

Specification of information sources in human speech – evidentiality – prevents misunderstandings and allows listeners to assess the validity of the information communicated. Some of the same linguistic forms used for evidentiality, including grammatical markers and lexical items, are also reported to have a ‘mirative’ function, and can be used by speakers to express their surprise. Importantly, languages differ in the type of forms they typically use for evidentiality. For instance, corpus analyses suggest that German uses lexical items, while Korean typically encodes evidentiality via grammaticalized sentence-ending (SE) markers. Little is known, however, about the extent to which such linguistic differences are reflected in speakers' use of these forms in verbal interaction. To fill this gap, we carried out an experimental study in which Korean and German speakers were presented with events in audio and/or visual modalities and asked to describe them verbally as well as to rate their degree of surprise about the events. The results revealed several major differences between the two languages. Korean speakers used a high frequency of evidential SE markers, particularly the hearsay marker -tay, while German speakers, who relied on lexical items, encoded evidentiality much less frequently. In Korean, grammatical markers of evidentiality showed pragmatic extensions: The hearsay marker -tay carried an overtone of mirativity. Korean speakers seldom used markers having to do with perception, -te(la) and -ney; instead, it was the neutral marker -e that correlated with the salience of the visual evidence. In contrast, German speakers encoded hearsay and visual perception with lexical verbs in comparable frequencies, slightly prioritizing visual evidence. In German, lexical expressions (sagen/hören ‘say/hear’, sehen ‘see’) did not show pragmatic extension, and unmarked sentences did not imply a visual information source. These and other findings offer important insight into the lexical-grammatical continuum in evidentiality and the relationship between language and cognition in general.

Early grammatical marking development in Mandarin-speaking toddlers.

The current study examined early grammatical marking in a relatively understudied language, Mandarin, by using the Mandarin version of MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory. Two waves of data collection included 338 monolingual children (17-36 months; 143 female) at Time 1 and 308 children (32-55 months; 139 female) at Time 2 and their caregivers, whose education ranged from third grade (elementary school) or below to postgraduate with a median of high school. Our data showed a clear order of grammatical marking acquisition among these children and supported findings on the linguistic specificity of morphological development such that early- and late-acquired markers in Mandarin are not acquired in the same order as English or other languages. Negative "mei2," "bu4," possessive "-de," classifiers, and the aspect marker "le" were the earliest-acquired markers, followed by modals, negative "bie2," adverbs, sentence final particles, resultative verb compounds, and aspect markers "guo4" and "yao4." Complex clauses and the aspect marker "zheng4" were acquired the latest. Furthermore, consistent with previous cross-linguistic studies, the development patterns of a wide range of Mandarin grammatical markers indicate that markers that are more perceptually salient and obligatory, have clear form-meaning mappings, and often appear in isolation or utterance-final position were acquired earlier than others. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

LEXEMES SOME AND ANY AS MARKERS OF THE CATEGORY OF DETERMINATION IN MODERN ENGLISH

The article is aimed at establishing contextual and grammatical meaning of lexemes some and any as well as their grammatical characteristics. A hypothesis concerning the category of determination has been formulated. There was also made an attempt to define the possibility of the lexemes under analysis to function as markers of the above-mentioned category. The object of our scientific investigation is the category of determination and peculiarities of functioning of lexeme some and any in Modern English. The subject of our analysis is the character of the category of determination and the lexico-grammatical peculiarities of lexemes some and any which enable them to function as the markers of the category of determination. The results of our analysis show that according to their grammatical characteristics lexemes some and any belong to different parts of speech, but in the view of pragmatics they are united by the meaning of markers of indefiniteness, they are associated with unknown, indefinite, non-identified phenomenon which corresponds to semantics of the category of indefiniteness. Conclusions. Coming from the fact that the meaning of some and any completely corresponds to the semantics of the category of indefiniteness, they can be markers of this category. Their belonging to different discourse-cognitive groups of words makes it possible to suppose that grammatical markers of the category of determination are not limited by the frames of one part of speech.

Linguistic expertise assertion o f fact in controversial texts

There are cases of committing offenses in the course of the activity, use of the language in various spheres of society’s life. Problems in this regard are considered at the intersection of linguistics and law, and require theoretical and methodological research. In view of this, the article considers issues that arise in the course of linguistic expertise of the controversial text in a lawsuit for damage to the honor, dignity and business reputation of a person and ways to resolve them. The subjective assessment of the data statement and the possibility of expressing the objective data and the role of semantic analysis in their differentiation are presented to the attention of experts. Consequently, the role of grammatical markers of subjective modality and the possibilities of semantic analysis in determining information that can be verified for compliance with reality are analyzed. In the semantics of explicit and implicit language units, the nature of the content of information that can be checked for compliance with reality is indicated as one of the main features of the data statement. The possibility of identifying data that can be inspected for compliance with reality by mutually distinguishing data (fact) and factoids of a factual nature is analyzed on the basis of specific examples. It also indicates the significance in the forensic linguistic expertise of the scientific provisions of the proposition theory in the part in which the subject of the truth of a sentence, utterance, speech acts is determined. The article is devoted to specialists in the field of forensic linguistic expertise. Key words. Linguistic expertise of negative information, assertion of fact, propositions in a sentence, explicit and implicit language units, semantic analysis, the role of grammatical markers.

Instructional Design of Korean Grammar Education Centered on FonF and TBLT

This study meta-analyzed previous studies related to FonF (Focus on Form) of Korean grammar education. In addition, it investigated the perceptions and the grammar learning forms of the students. Finally, it presented a model that can be applied to actual classes. Studies related to FonF in the field of Korean education mainly dealt with grammatical markers and endings, focusing on output rather than input, as well as focusing on dictogloss and consciousness-raising tasks. Also, studies related to TBLT (Task-based Language Teaching) focused on functions or forms rather than grammar items. However, it is necessary for us to understand the tasks in FonF and TBLT methods that go by the same name by dividing them into ‘technique’ and ‘activity’. In addition, 91% of learners said that they did not have experience learning grammar with the TTT model, but that it was necessary to learn grammar by doing task activities while interacting with one another. Based on these findings, this study presented a class design that can improve fluency and accuracy through the use of practical tasks, while still focusing on form and meaning, by using SNS (which learners often encounter in real life). Through this class design, learners experience the communication process while self-recognizing and checking ‘-아/어지다’ and ‘-게 되다’, which have the same meaning as ‘change’.