Grammatical Literature Research Articles

KONTRASTIVNA ANALIZA UPOTREBE ČLANOVA SA ANTROPONIMIMA U ALBANSKOM I ENGLESKOM JEZIKU

This paper undertakes a comparative examination of the usage of articles within the contexts of Albanian and English languages, focusing particularly on anthroponyms ‒ personal names, surnames, and nicknames. Employing a contrastive analysis methodology, the study presents a selection of examples to illustrate the syntactic nuances of article usage with anthroponyms in both languages. Through extracted instances from grammatical literature, the analysis not only delineates the degree of equivalence but also elucidates fundamental characteristics governing the use of articles. The study aims to elucidate the distinct roles and functions of articles in anthroponymic constructions, which exhibit notable disparities between Albanian, an isolate language within the indo-european language family and English, a Germanic language. While syntactic norms and the inherent functions of anthroponyms contribute to these disparities, there are discernible semantic similarities between the two languages in terms of the determinative values of anthroponomic phrases. This research sheds light on the intricate interplay between syntax, semantics, and pragmatics in shaping article usage within anthroponymic structures.

Historical Evidences from the illustration of Pāṇinian Aphorism: A study

Sanskrit literature have contributed immensely to the field of historical study, it is Pāṇini who in his Aṣṭādhyāyī, first set a linguistic model with historical datas for the description of language in 5th Century B.C. Kāśikā-Vṛtti of Jayāditya and Vāmana is a well-coded gloss on Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī. The present study discusses some historical evidences found in Kāśikā in the form of examples and counter examples which are supplied by its authors to illustrate the working of the aphorisms of Aṣṭādhyāyī. Throughout the world, the scholars have shown great interest in the field of language-analysis and in this respect Sanskrit grammatical literature have contributed immensely by studying language-behavior of Ancient India. Like any other ancient language of any part of the globe, Sanskrit has been the successful means of carrying reflections of the ancient Indian cultural heritage. Sanskrit grammarians too have not lagged behind in this mission. As objective recorders of facts, Indian grammarians have tried to reveal various aspects for the study of ancient Indian history. Knowledge of Panini’s grammar is essential for Sanskrit language. The name of Aṣṭādhyāyī comes before us by saying the grammar of Panini. Aṣṭādhyāyī is a composition of aphorisms. It is difficult to explain the meaning of aphorisms without the help of commentary text. The enormous commentaries are available on this. They deal with different perspectives of research and study. Kāśikā or Kāśikā-Vṛtti is a ‘gloss’ whose purpose is to precisely explain sūtras(aphorisms) without leaving any doubt in the minds of the readers. To illustrate the working of aphorisms of Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī, the author of Kāśikā supply historical data in the form of examples and counter examples. Examples of Sanskrit grammatical text constitute a livelily norms of language-use which may be considered as one of its primary aspects. The description of this aspect of language-use in society in relation to various facts of social life tends to be interesting and the legitimate goal of historical investigation. It is taken for granted that the trimuni vyākaraṇa samples and records facts of ancient India from the source of natural speech. Coming unto the time of Jayāditya and Vāmana, the natural speech might be progressing rapidly towards a theoretical possibility. Still the historical recording mainly of diachronic nature noticed in the Kāśikā Vṛtti (KV) makes it appropriate a text of historical investigation. It will not be out of place to prepare below a brief but relevant outline of the nature and necessity of historical investigation when Pāṇini is claimed to be a scholar of the science of ancient Indian history having the critical attitude of accurate recording of facts in his Aṣṭādhyāyī.

Feminist portrayal in the poems of Salma and Malati Maitri

Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his linguistic ability. By learning the language of counting and writing as the body and soul direct the human being, it is possible to know through the Tamil numerals that the numbers representing the measurements are also designed while the letters are being created. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the measurements that have taken place in human life, with descriptions of messages, numbers, and nouns. The importance of numbers has been highlighted in explaining the alphabetical order of the letters and the alphabetical alphabets created for the Tamil language under the heading of letters and numbers, as well as the design of the vowels formed with the primary letters. The use of numbers in the classification of letters by alphabetical order is illustrated by the use of numbers to distinguish vowel letters into vowel, melody, and interjection types, and to point and quote characters. The words created for measurements such as size and mass are the primary letters of the words and the reasons for giving a special place to measurements in Tamil are explained. In order to give Tamil a lofty place in the world languages ​​in the end, there are poems in which the Tamils ​​use their numbers to indicate the year of publication, the year of an action, the time of action, and the number of soldiers involved in the war. The conclusion of the study is outlined.

On the main metarule of the Sanskrit grammar of Pāṇini

The subject of this study is the most famous and most frequently used metarule of the Sanskrit grammar "Aṣṭādhyāyī" compiled by the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini. This metarule is called "bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā" and serves to determine the correct sequence of grammatical operations prescribed in the "Aṣṭādhyāyī". The material of the study are various interpretation of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā in Sanskrit commentaries on the "Aṣṭādhyāyī", as well as in the collections of metarules compiled by Sanskrit grammarians. The purpose of the work is to acquaint the Russian-speaking reader with the most important interpretative tool of the grammar of Panini — bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā, as well as with the history of the interpretation of this metarule in Sanskrit grammatical literature. The research method is a comparative analysis of Sanskrit primary sources containing interpretations of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā. For the first time in the Russian-language literature, a detailed analysis of the bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā has been made. The history of the origin of this metarule and its interpretation by Sanskrit grammarians has been studied. The signs of acquaintance of Panini with bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā are investigated. It is shown that, despite the widespread use of this metarule, the mechanism of its application was not explicitly described until the XVIII century AD, when this problem was completely solved by the grammarian Nāgojībhaṭṭa in his work "Paribhāṣenduśekhara". It is established that one of the main achievements of Nāgojībhaṭṭa was the strict definition of the concepts of antaraṅga and bahiraṅga — the most important elements of the statement of bahiraṅgaparibhāṣā.

Paiya, Paipaya Word Research in Ettuthogai

Tamil language flourished with Grammatical Literature. It originated along with the origination of the human race. It flourishes and cherishes through all the ages of the Tamil speaking communities with a pack of generational histories. The present paper is to highlight the words from the Tamil Classical Literature and the establishment of its functional usages of today. Also it is to underscore the alien words that hack the beauty of the ideal Tamil language. In Tamil language poetry, prose, essay, novel and short stories taking its reformed spirit according to the newness of the current scenario.There was a rejuvenated spirit among the Tamil language speakers to carry certain words for many generations. It was a gift of all lovers of Tamil speakers today. In one sense the researcher on Tamil language finds, there are alien words weeds to spoil the Tamil original word usages. Only the new innovations in Tamil literary genres and by naming the scientific and technical innovations alone safeguard the Tamil language vocabularies in rhetorical sense. Poetry from Classical Literature is not a comfortable one to read now. The poetic aesthetic sense from classic should be modified according to the present generation to read and feel what it was. The words from Classical Literature fail to give its functional message. For that one needs interpreters, so the need of the commentators and the usage of Dictionaries are preferable for our everyday communication. This paper spots the words like kadavul (God), arisi (rice), manjal (yellow) all from the tamil classical literature are still in function.

Numbers in Tholkappiyam Eluthathikaram

Tamil poets have created, named, categorized, summarized and preserved dialects based on dialects in order to preserve the language they speak. Before exploring the importance of numbers in language it is necessary to know the design of grammatical literature. It is possible that the Sanskrit poets called the text grammar of the words when they recorded the language, they created in the journals so that it would be known to the world, and the textual literature of the world empirical biographies based on his linguistic ability. By learning the language of counting and writing as the body and soul direct the human being, it is possible to know through the Tamil numerals that the numbers representing the measurements are also designed while the letters are being created. The purpose of the article is to give an overview of the measurements that have taken place in human life, with descriptions of messages, numbers, and nouns. The importance of numbers has been highlighted in explaining the alphabetical order of the letters and the alphabetical alphabets created for the Tamil language under the heading of letters and numbers, as well as the design of the vowels formed with the primary letters. The use of numbers in the classification of letters by alphabetical order is illustrated by the use of numbers to distinguish vowel letters into vowel, melody, and interjection types, and to point and quote characters. The words created for measurements such as size and mass are the primary letters of the words and the reasons for giving a special place to measurements in Tamil are explained. In order to give Tamil a lofty place in the world languages ​​in the end, there are poems in which the Tamils ​​use their numbers to indicate the year of publication, the year of an action, the time of action, and the number of soldiers involved in the war. The conclusion of the study is outlined.

Multifarious nature in Bharathy’s Lyrical Literature

This article, entitled as 'Multifarious nature in Bharathy’s Lyrical Literature', serves as a research paper for the seminar organized with the aim of exploring the diversity of Tamil grammar and literature and exposing the multifarious nature of Tamil. There are a lot of rich literatures in Tamil that express diversity in the field of Grammar and Literature. However, in the field of Tamil grammatical literature, Bharathiyar's poetic literature excel in simplicity, sweetness, novelty and revolution which are conceptual and multifarious. In that respect, this article is designed to examine the contribution of Bharathi's poetry for the richness of Tamil literature in certain contexts. In particular, Bharathi's Tamil poetry is characterized by simple language, attractive poetry, feminist songs, theological devotional songs, and poems that are in tune with the fine arts. The essence of this research study consists of the Multifaceted Specialties of Poetic Excellence from a linguistic point of view such as Pride of Tamil language, Mother Language Obsession and Poetic Specialization, the Diverse Ideas from a feminist point of view such as The Pride of Women, Women’s Rights, Female Liberation and the concept of ‘Puthumai Pen’, Religious and philosophical views from the Theological perspectives such as Theological Thoughts, Devotional Norms (Bhakthi Neri), Glory of power (Shakthi Mahimai) and Specialty Poetic Versus from an aesthetic point of view reflecting Theological Dance Bond, Poetic style suitable for dance and ‘Shakthi Koothu’.

Spoken Grammar: Meaning, Principles and Characteristics

Abstract
 The terms Spoken Grammar was coined by the two corpus grammarians, Ronald Carter and Mike McCarthy. In the 19th century, it came under the impact of a number of local dialects represented by the cockney dialect in London, and the Lothian dialect in Edinburgh. The discussions, debates and studies on Spoken grammar have led to the specification of three main viewpoints concerning the existence of this types of grammar. The viewpoints entail that (1) grammatical rules do not govern spoken language, which is disorderly and disordered; (2) Speaking English lacks a distinct grammar. It has the same syntax as written English grammar; and (3) spoken language is regulated by a separate grammar with its own set of rules and conventions; i.e. it has its own grammar represented by its own set of rules, regulations, and classifications compared to those of the written language. T validate or refute the implications of the preceding viewpoints, relevant literature concludes that spoken grammar is quite prevalent in everyday conversational spoken English. It is characterized by being more flexible and less strict compared to written grammar. This is so because the informal context of using spoken grammar makes it have a syntax that varies from the traditional written grammar in a number of aspects. This purely theoretical research aims at shedding light on the definition, meaning, principles and the main characteristics of spoken grammar. The emphasis on the distinctive features of spoken grammar has triggered the researchers to focus on a further point of discussion, namely the differences between spoken and written grammar. To substantiate such differences, examples from closely relevant grammatical literature have also been provided. The research ends with some concluding points drawn upon from the preceding discussed and presented points.

„Qualität hat seinen Preis“: Genus-insensitives sein im Gegenwartsdeutschen

The German possessive sein is usually classified as a pronoun of the 3rd person singular masculine and neuter. However, in the grammatical literature some descriptions of sein instead of an expected 3rd person singular feminine possessive pronoun ihr refe

Cursing the Beloved and Uglifying the Beautiful: Disguised Praise in Medieval Arabic Philology

Abstract This work explores the phenomenon of disguised praise through the prism of medieval Arabic philology, via the philologists’ accounts of cases in which a speaker chooses an apparently negative wording to refer to things perceived as positive, by him and/or by others. The main categories of cases that emerge from rhetorical and grammatical literature are the following three: compliments disguised as curses, taqbīḥ al-ḥasan ‘uglifying the beautiful’, and ta’kīd al-madḥ bi-mā yušbihu al-ḏamm ‘emphasizing the praise by what resembles derogation’. The reason behind such usages may be pragmatic (viz., the universal tendency to use negative expressions to convey strong emotions), anthropological (viz., a variety of human behaviours developed to avert envy and/or ‘evil eye’), or stylistic (viz., the authors’ attempt at originality).

The way of life that shows Nambiyaga Porul

The development of grammatical literature is constantly changing according to the context in which it appears. On that basis, each of the Tamil grammar books records the biographical elements of the people who lived in the respective period. Nambiyaga Porul is the book that expands the internal grammar after the Iraiyanar Kalaviyalurai who gives grammar to the internal subject in the line of grammar. In that sense, the autobiographical grammar of Tholkappiyar grammar and Chandor's literature, which adapts it, expands the internal grammar and sets it up as a story show, showing new developments. The description of the inner branch was first known in this book. Karuporul ettu. He was fourteen. He also mentions the events leading up to the marriage in the area of handwriting and drawing people. The description of the inner branch was first known in this book. The karpiyal nattrai thirteen people were found to have marked the day along with the learner. It is the only object of faith in grammar texts that standardize internal traditions and describe them as fields. Tholkappiyar refers to events only as claims. Theft classification has been categorized as possible up to chastity and has been divided into various claims in 32 fields. Theft and chastity have been categorized and elaborated, and charitable standing has been summarized into seven categories, which have been extensively discussed in two areas, internal and graphical. Beliefs such as the Tholkappiyam have five physical distinctions: introspection, theology, graphics, pedagogy, and annihilation. The grammatical definition of thirukkovaiyar is also interpreted as the concept of intuition. The text is based on the amount, type, and spread. Literary songs such as Thanjai Vanan Kovai songs, Sangam literary songs, Thinaimozhi Iympadhu, Thinaimaalai Nootruiympadhu, thirukkovaiyar have also been taken as evidence songs. It explores lifestyles that show a special optimism with a theatrical style and literary style that arose from the old and new tradition.

حُرُوفُ الرَّفْعِ فِیْ عْلِم العَرَبِیَّةِ دِرَاسَةٌ تَارِیخِیَّةٌ اسْتِقْرَائِیَّةٌ فِی المُصْطَلَحِ وَالعَمَلِ النَّحْوِیِّ

الملخص : (باب حروف الرفع) باب من النحو يرويه أهل الأخبار عن المتقدمين من النحويين، وقد اختفى المصطلح من کتب النحو، فلم يعد له ظهور، وهذا البحث يعنى بالکشف عن ذلک المصطلح، ودلالته عند المتقدمين، وتحديد النحويين الذين استخدموه، ثم هو يبحث في جدلية العامل النحوي في المرفوعات، ليدرس اتجاهاتها في الحقب الزمنية المتقدمة والمتأخرة، محاولا الوقوف على آثار المحاجات العلمية في التوجهات التنظيرية للقواعد النحوية، وتحديد العوامل النحوية، وقد تکون البحث من: المقدمة: وفيها ذکر إشکالات الدراسة وتساؤلاتها. والتمهيد: وفيه حديث عن وجود مصطلح حروف الرفع في المؤلفات النحوية الأولى. وأربعة محاور، وهي: المحور الأول: أول ظهور لمصطلح حروف الرفع في المصادر النحوية التي وصلتنا، وموضوعه، ومادته. والمحور الثاني: اختفاء المصطلح في کتاب سيبويه، وکتب البصريين المتقدمين من بعده، وبدائل المصطلح، والباب، عندهم. والمحور الثالث: عودة المصطلح للظهور، والتبويب، مع اختلاف المادة عن مادته الأولى. والمحور الرابع: جدلية العامل في المرفوعات، وموقف النحاة من مصطلح (حروف الرفع). ثم الخاتمة، وقد حوت أهم نتائج البحث، وتبعها ثبت المصادر والمراجع. Abstract (Chapter of Huruf al-Rifa`) Chapter of grammar narrated by news people about the advanced grammarians, and the term disappeared from the grammar books, so it no longer appears, and this research is concerned with revealing that term, and its connotation among the advanced, and identifying the grammarians who used it, then it searches in the dialectic The grammatical factor in the elevations, to study their trends in the advanced and late periods of time, trying to find out the effects of scientific arguments on theoretical approaches to the grammatical rules, and to identify the grammatical factors, and the research may be from: Introduction: In it, he mentioned the study's problems and questions. And the preface: And in it there is a hadith about the existence of the (Chapter of Huruf al-Rifa`) in early grammatical literature. And four axes, namely: The first axis: the first appearance of the term (Huruf al-Rif) in the grammatical sources that came to us, its topic, and its material. The second axis: the disappearance of the term in the book of Sibawayh, and the books of the advanced Basrians after it, and the alternatives of the term, and the chapter, they have. And the third axis: the return of the term to the emergence and classification, with the difference of the article from the first article. And the fourth axis: the dialectic of the worker in the words, and the position of grammarians regarding the term (articles of the riff) and its chapter. Then the conclusion, which contains the most important results of the research, followed by the proven sources and references.

Base formal en la polisemia del partitivo <em>mayoría</em>

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que las diversas acepciones del sustantivo mayoría en las que está presente la noción de ‘partitividad’ llevan asociadas una serie de marcas formales que permiten su discriminación. Por poner el foco en los aspectos morfosintácticos, el análisis aplicado nos lleva a advertir diferencias semánticas que han pasado desapercibidas a los lexicógrafos. Los datos expuestos, que mitigan en parte la falta de atención dedicada a este sustantivo en la tradición gramatical, también pueden resultar provechosos en la enseñanza del español y en el desarrollo de estudios de corte cuantitativo.

On Intensive Endophoric Devices in English

AbstractThis paper deals with the syntactic and semantic properties of a specific kind of anaphoric device (AD) in English, instantiated by Prn+SELF lexical items (himself/herself/itself…; ‘SELF’ henceforth), which do not behave like anaphors in the sense of Binding Theory either syntactically or semantically. These devices have received the name ofintensivesin the grammatical literature (Leskosky 1972; Siemund 2000, among many others). We will look at the syntactic behaviour of so-calledintensivesin different syntactic contexts, and refine the classification of these ADs taking into consideration (a) how each type of intensive is derived, (b) the kinds of syntactic rules that can affect them, and (c) their meaning.

Kształtowanie się terminologii fleksyjnej w polskim piśmiennictwie gramatycznym lat 1817–1939

Shaping of Inflection Terminology in Polish Grammatical Literature in Years 1817–1939The paper presents the process of shaping of the canon of morphological terminology in Polish grammatical literature published in years 1817–1939. The author shows the evolution of the conceptual system of inflection, while paying attention to gradual distinction between inflection and word formationterminology, and to those who created and popularized terms that function to this day. The final part of the paper reflects on the consequences of the overlap of tradition and contemporary terminological decisions, as the analysed examples show that, within Polish grammatical terminology, there co-exist separate subsystems connected with linguistic descriptions created in different methodologies and different times. The result is ambiguity of certain terms, existence of different terms for the same notion, and frequently also fuzziness of definitions. Contemporary researchers, seeking to make terminological systems more precise, must also remember about the rules of commonness and of consolidation of terms within the language, with respect to specific notions.

Óláfr Þórðarson and the ‘Norse alphabet’

The present study deals with those sections of the so-called Third Grammatical Treatise, written by the Icelandic scholar and poet Óláfr Þórðarson around the middle of the 13th century, in which the author describes a variety of the Scandinavian runic alphabet and compares it with the Latin alphabet. The investigation is part of a long-standing and comprehensive study on Old Icelandic grammatical literature, to which I have devoted the greater part of my scholarly work. The paper aims to define the type of runic alphabet used by Óláfr in the context of medieval Scandinavian runic writing. A proposal for interpretation of an obscure runic pangram, included by Óláfr in his discussion of runes, is also provided.

The Case of variae lectiones in Classical Islamic Jurisprudence: Grammar and the Interpretation of Law

The qirāʾāt or variae lectiones represent the vast corpus of Qurʾānic readings that were preserved through the historical processes associated with the textual codification and transmission of the Qurʾān. Despite the fact that differences among certain concomitant readings tend to be nominal, others betray semantic nuances that are brought into play within legal discourses. Both types of readings remain important sources for the history of the text of the Qur’ān and early Arabic grammatical thought. While some recent scholars have questioned the historical function and nature of the corpus of qirāʾāt, others have argued that specific types of variant readings were the resultant products of attempts to circumvent legal inconsistencies which were found in text of the Qurʾān or were generated through legal debates. Following a preliminary review of the historical framework of the genesis of qirāʾāt through reference to early grammatical literature, an attempt will be made to shed some light on the role that semantic variation among concomitant readings played in the synthesis and interpretation of law. The aim will be to draw attention to the subtle theoretical frameworks employed by jurists for their contextualization and analysis. This will also include a review of attitudes towards the forms of qirāʾāt that classical scholarship designated as being anomalous or shādhdha. Key words: qirāʾāt; variae lectiones; interpretation of law and the Qurʾān; grammar; classical Islamic legal discourses; shādhdha

Poet, Scholar, Trickster: Israel the Grammarian and his “Versus de arte metrica”

Israel the Grammarian was a tenth-century scholar and poet of presumably Breton origin, who played an influential role in King AEthelstan’s court before becoming tutor to Bruno, the future archbishop of Cologne. This article focuses on his hexameter poem “Versus Israhelis de arte metrica super nomen et uerbum,” a discussion of the prosody of final syllables, addressed to Bishop Robert of Trier, Israel’s patron. While on the surface the “Versus de arte metrica” appear to be a didactic poem, it has, in reality, probably been intended as an academic parlour game that tests the reader’s command of Latin grammar and grammatical literature. At the same time, it reflects the central role of inflectional paradigms and the emergence of inflection tables in medieval Latin instruction.

Āgamārthānusāribhiḥ. Helārāja’s Use of Quotations and Other Referential Devices in His Commentary on the Vākyapadīya

Examining the function and style of the references to grammatical literature found in a substantial section of Helārāja’s Prakīrṇaprakāśa on Bhartṛhari’s third book of the Vākyapadīya, the article argues that the likely ideological motive of this commentary was to establish its mūla work firmly within the Brahmanical canon and should therefore be seen in the context of the appropriation of Bhartṛhari’s ideas on the part of the roughly contemporary Pratyabhijnā philosophers of Kashmir. Incidentally, it also touches upon the making of the Pāṇinian tradition and the relation between Helārāja and Kaiyaṭa, the Kashmiri commentator of Mahābhāṣya.

Quotations in Grammatical Texts and the Tradition of Manuscript Transmission of the Kāśikāvṛtti

The Kāśikāvṛtti, the oldest available complete commentary on Pāṇini’s grammar, the Aṣṭādhyāyī, is found quoted often in the later Pāṇinian grammatical tradition. These quotations throw light on a number of aspects of the text of the Kāśikāvṛtti. This paper focuses on how this later Pāṇinian grammatical tradition views the modifications in the text of the Aṣṭādhyāyī (generally ascribed to the text of Kāśikāvṛtti by modern scholarship) and concludes that also the tradition ascribes these modifications to the Kāśikāvṛtti. Further, this paper also attempts to show that these quotations can be shown to have interacted with the manuscript tradition of the Kāśikāvṛtti and indeed with the help of these quotations it becomes easier to better understand the manuscript transmission of the Kāśikāvṛtti. Thus, this article focuses on one of the applications of the study of quotations: through an analysis of the content of the quoted passages of the Kāśikāvṛtti (hereafter KV) in later Grammatical literature, it discusses the history of the transmission of the KV and of the text it comments upon, i.e., Pāṇini’s Aṣṭādhyāyī. It also shows how a study of quotations is an unavoidable complement of the analysis of manuscripts for scholars aiming at the reconstruction of texts so remote in time.