Bread Grain Research Articles

Comparing the effect of continuous drying and drum drying on fungal contamination of bread grain (rye)

Using an organically cultivated batch of rye, drum drying (fixed constant maximum grain temperature 62 °C; retention time 10.5 minutes) and ordinary continuous drying were compared with regard to effect on baking quality and surviving propagules of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Both techniques dried the grain quickly and efficiently, and no differences in baking quality were found after drying. Drum drying was much more efficient than continuous drying in reducing surface dwelling yeasts and filamentous fungi. The results showed drum drying to be very efficient towards the deoxynivalenol, nivalenol and zearalenone producing Fusarium culmorum and more so than continuous drying.

Economic eficiency of cereal crops production by application of PAM

By applying policy analysis matrix we will determine how efficient the farmers in Croatia in this particular production are and how they deal with negative initiatives in production and marketing. In the Republic of Croatia cereal crops make up for more than two thirds of the total sowed area. Maize is the dominant cereal crop ; it covers 56% of total sowed area. Wheat has a share of 33% of total sowed area and has average production growth of 0, 89% per year (Loncaric et al. 2006). Achieved average yield between 1995 and 2004 for wheat has been 3, 95 t/ha (tons per hectare), for maize 5, 28 t/ha, barley 3 t/ha, oats 2.5 t/ha and rye 2.2 t/ha. The cereal production is characterized by cyclic decrease of growth and fall, which indicates insufficient exploitation of production potential and decrease of competitive ability. Till 1998 cereal crops production, especially wheat production, as the most important bread grain, was surplus thanks to significant customs protection and import ban, which made it possible to keep a high wheat price on the market. Due to greater integration of Croatian agriculture, i.e. entering the WTO and signing the Stabilization and Association Agreement and the Protocol 7, have caused decrease in wheat price and increase in grants.

Impact of <I>Eurygaster maura</I> (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) Feeding on Quality of Bread Wheat in Relation to Attack Period

Sunn pest (or cereal bug) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae and Scutelleridae) infestations of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., in the grain filling stage have the potential to adversely affect the quality of harvested grain for bread making. In the absence of resistant wheat cultivars, producers must rely on chemical control to protect their crop from sunn pest infestations. To implement an efficient environment friendly control strategy, there is a need to pinpoint the relationships between the timing of the bug attack and gluten degradation. Recent outbreaks of Eurygaster maura (L.) in northwestern Italy have increased the local concern toward this problem. A 3-yr study was carried out by caging plants of two bread wheat cultivars, characterized by different seed texture and bread-making quality, and introducing adults of E. maura in four periods corresponding to different grain filling stages: heading, early milk-ripe, milk-ripe, and late milk-ripe. The degree of bread-making quality depletion was assessed by analytical and biochemical methods and related to the attack period. Using analysis of variance, significant differences were found in the quality traits of kernels attacked by E. maura in different grain filling stages, the maximum damage occurring with bug feeding at the late milk-ripe stage. Biochemical investigations on gluten confirmed analytical results; in grain samples infested at the late milk-ripe stage, SDS gel electrophoresis revealed the degradation of some components of the high-molecular-weight glutenins, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses showed a breakdown of the first peak of the insoluble fraction, mainly containing polymeric proteins highly related to dough strength.

Unser täglich Brot

Bread is baked from the crushed (or ground) seeds of grain. Around 10,000 years ago people cooked porridge or gruel and at least 3000 years ago leavened the dough of bread. In Europe, north of the Alps, it was only from the 16th century that the consumption of bread (and porridge) spread widely. Urban population concentrations grew, while yields fell due to the climatic deterioration. Greater areas of land were ploughed for grain cultivation and, independently of the quality of flour improved as a result of technical innovations in milling. The main factors for the dominance of grain were given. In regions where little was produced due to the natural endowments, such as the Mediterranean, bread grain was imported from Antiquity (Panem et circenses!). In mediaeval Europe nutrition was still characterised by the consumption of meat and vegetables (mainly cabbage). The balance tilted in the towns where the predominance of cereals can be observed. North-western Europe imported grain from the Baltic region. Up...

Distributive leakages of agricultural support: some empirical evidence

AbstractThe paper evaluates the transfer efficiency of the Austrian bread grain policy taking into account distributive leakages, i.e. how much of the transfers officially intended to support farm income are finally realised in the upstream and downstream industries. Gardner's [Am. J. Agric. Econ. 65 (1983) 225] well‐known measure of average transfer efficiency (ATE) is augmented for the case of more than two social groups and computer‐intensive simulation procedures are utilised to deal with parameter uncertainty.

Distributive leakages of agricultural support: some empirical evidence

The paper evaluates the transfer efficiency of the Austrian bread grain policy taking into account distributive leakages, i.e. how much of the transfers officially intended to support farm income are finally realised in the upstream and downstream industries. Gardner’s [Am. J. Agric. Econ. 65 (1983) 225] well-known measure of average transfer efficiency (ATE) is augmented for the case of more than two social groups and computer-intensive simulation procedures are utilised to deal with parameter uncertainty.

Oysters and rye bread: Polarising living standards in Flanders, 1800-1860

This article presents the results of an extensive inquiry into urban consumption of foodstuffs in Flanders between 1800 and 1860. The octroi tax, an indirect tax levied on various consumer items, formed the principal source. During the initial phase of Belgian industrialisation the inhabitants of the eight cities under study (Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Courtrai, Ghent, Lokeren, Leuven and Mechelen) experienced a sharp decrease in the consumption of bread grains, meat, fish, beer, wine and gin. A number of other indicators suggest at the same time an accelerated widening of the gap between rich and poor. This process of impoverishment and pauperisation, which occurred in all cities (small or large, industrial or merchant centre), is explained as a result of Malthusian tensions. The rapid population growth, which started around 1750, generated the division of arable land and a sharp increase in land prices. The growing demand for food, stagnating agricultural output, and the trade and agricultural policy of the government led to a significant increase in the price level of foodstuffs. The capitalism hypothesis of Lis and Soly, elaborated for Antwerp, is rejected.

Strengths and limitations of localizing food production as a sustainability-building strategy — an analysis of bread production on the island of Gotland, Sweden

In this paper we analyze the environmental consequences of local small-scale versus centralized large-scale bread production and the potential for self-sufficiency in bread in a Swedish island community. Mills and bakeries located on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea were compared with large-scale production systems on the Swedish mainland. The results show that bread production in local bakeries requires more total energy input per kilogram of bread than the industrial bakery, mainly due to inefficient technology. On the other hand, the analysis shows that emissions of CO 2, SO 2 and NO x are smaller from bread produced in the small local bakeries than from big bakeries on the Swedish mainland. This is because the transportation routes are much shorter for bread from the small bakeries and because oil is more frequently used for heating the ovens in large and medium sized bakeries. The present local production of flour on Gotland does not satisfy the local demand, but there is a potential for increased self-sufficiency. Farms on the island produce large amounts of bread grain, but only a small fraction (2%) is used in local flour production, while the rest is exported or used as animal fodder. Thus the region has a large potential to produce enough flour for its local population and thus to become less dependent on imports. However, using more locally produced bread grain to produce flour in local mills, improving energy efficiency in small-scale mills and bakeries, changing consumer behavior and internalizing environmental costs of transportation are crucial measures in achieving this goal.

Increasing the efficiency of plant nutrient recycling within the agricultural system as a way of reducing the load to the environment — experience from Sweden and Finland

Annual loads of nitrogen and phosphorus from the Baltic drainage area to the Baltic Sea in 1995 are estimated at 761 000 and 37 500 Mg, respectively. In Sweden it has been estimated that human activities account for 54% of the annual input of nitrogen and 55% of the annual input of phosphorus to the Baltic Sea. Agreements to halve the quantity of nutrients reaching the marine environment by 1995 were made within the Helsinki Commission (base year 1987) and at the North Sea Conference/Paris Commission (base year 1985). This goal has not been achieved. Agriculture has contributed substantially to an increase in nutrient leaching. From 1950 to 1980, the inputs of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the form of inorganic fertilizer increased strongly in relation to their outputs in the form of agriculturally produced foodstuffs such as milk, meat and bread grain in Sweden and Finland. After 1980 the surplus of nitrogen remained at the same level. Based on the results of these studies it was concluded that the local and regional specialization of farms is one important reason for the high losses of plant nutrients: one type of farm specializes in crop production based on the use of artificial fertilizers, while the other specializes in animal production with high inputs of purchased fodder and a surplus of plant nutrients in the form of ineffectively utilized manure from the animals. To minimize the high surplus and losses of plant nutrients from the agricultural system the input of nutrients to the system needs to be reduced. This can be solved by increasing recycling within the system. In this paper, examples are presented showing that it is possible to conserve and minimize the losses of nitrogen and other plant nutrients through careful recycling within the agro-ecosystem trough integration of crop and animal production. However, to achieve high levels of production and recycling efficiency, there needs to be a good balance between the intensity of animal production and crop production hectarage at the local, regional, and national levels. Assuming that these principles are followed, animal production needs to be decreased in the southern regions in Sweden, while a corresponding increase is required in central Sweden. By applying these agricultural principles throughout the Baltic region it should be possible to halve nitrogen losses and minimize losses of phosphorus, thereby meeting the goals set by the states of the region.

The stress test based objectivization of the myocardial ischemia of different genesis

J.M. Corominas who studied the problem through the descriptive, cultural, paleoanthropological and partially paleopathologic point of view. Material: Moreover the temporary dating realized with CI4, it is important to consider the concept of paleonutrition, lifestyle of the habitants (Homo Sapiens Sapiens) from the excavations realized and attempt to establish the possible onset of the Mediterranean diet. We took nutritional reference points on the aboriginal people, and have been considered the studies performed by STINGER over the genetic basis protein polimorphisms, Mytocondrial and nuclear DNA. EATON in 1996 reported that our genetic inheritance (99%) proceed from 2 million years, and that a 99.9% was constituted before the development of agriculture, about 10.000 years ago. So that nowadays our genes are similar to those from the Neolitic habitants of the Mediterranean see with a different lifestyle, who did not complaint about the so called Civilization Diseases such as acute myocardial infarct, atherosclerosis, pancreatitis hypertension, diabetes mellitus !I, and some type of cancer. We could say that we have genes from yesterday and lifestyle from today (hunter-gatherer lifestyle vs sedentary consumercivility), in the area of Catalonia exists rests in Puig d'en Roca, Tautaou Coon de Mollet, Reclau-oiver. the mandible of Banyoles. Since this data, started in the whole Iberian Peninsula and the rest of the Mediterranean see the practice of the agriculture, cattle raising. It is essential for the onset o f the Mediterranean diet the appearance of ceramics, that represents the onset of the culinary practice. Palatal and sybaritic gastronomy are considered to be here introduced for the first time and we could also consider the appearance of the chronobiological phenomena and circadian rhythm of meals. Conclusions: We could consider the following requirements to accept the existence of the Mediterranean Diet: I) Established circadian rhythm, 2) 75% of vegetables in meals 3) Cereals with bread grains partially 4) Use of Olive oil, 5) Vine consumption A table: with the stages of the Mediterranean Diet is included.

Corn and Crisis: Malthus on the High Price of Provisions

In 1799 Malthus spent six months in Scandinavia. There he witnessed the extreme deprivation, misery, and mortality that were once the common accompaniments of a bad harvest. On his return to England he found that the topic of the day was the exceptionally high price of bread, which threatened both political turmoil and human suffering. In the event, suffering even among the very poor was far less than in Sweden, though the increase in the price of the chief bread grain was greater. Malthus was intrigued by this apparent paradox. In An investigation of the cause of the present high price of provisions, published in 1800, he resolved it using arguments similar to those developed recently by Amartya Sen in his exposition of the concept of “entitlements.” In spite of his principled opposition to the poor laws, Malthus conceded that their effectiveness in transfering purchasing power to those most in need was a major reason for the limited impact of the dearth.

Preharvest Sprouting of Hard Red and Hard White Wheats in Kansas (1999)

Wheat in Kansas usually ripens under warm, dry conditions that favor development of excellent grain for bread making. However, the ripe grain can sprout in the spike when moist conditions delay harvest and promote germination. Persistent rain, heavy dew, and high humidity that stimulate preharvest sprouting are most common in eastern Kansas and least common in western Kansas. In central Kansas, moist conditions caused sprouting in 1979, 1989, 1993, and 1999. Moisture swells wheat kernels and activates enzymes that break down proteins, starches, lipids, and other constituents in the endosperm. Flour milled from the endosperm of sprouted wheat produces bread that is porous and sticky and has a low loaf volume. The grain has little value to the milling and baking industries and is discounted heavily. More than 4% damaged kernels-including sprouted kernels-causes grain to be rated Grade 3 or lower and unacceptable for bread making. Grain that is slightly sprouted might be blended with sound grain for making flour, but grain that is severely sprouted usually is used for livestock feed. Ripe grain is dormant and must pass through a period of afterripening before it can germinate, even under favorable conditions. The length of the afterripening period is highly variable, ranging from a few days in some varieties to a month or longer in others. Differences in the length of the afterripening period, or dormancy, greatly affect susceptibility of wheat varieties to preharvest sprouting. Most hard red win-

Efficient income redistribution for a small country using optimal combined instruments

Abstract In this paper I improve Gardner's surplus transformation curve framework by assuming that governments are able to vary many policy instruments simultaneously instead of only one. I use my framework to find the combination of the currently used instruments which provides the most efficient income redistribution for the Austrian bread grains market. Comparing the most efficient policy with the actual policy reveals that 464 × 10 6 Austrian shillings were wasted. I theoretically compare for a small country the transfer efficiency of every possible pair of the four major agricultural policy instruments: floor price, (production) quota, co-responsibility levy, and deficiency payments. Without considering the marginal cost of public funds (MCF), deficiency payments cum quota (equal to a fully decoupled direct income support) is the most efficient policy, succeeded by floor price cum quota, and floor price cum deficiency payments. If the MCF is taken into account, the ranking crucially depends on the market parameters, the transfer level, and the value of the MCF. For the Austrian bread grains market, I empirically demonstrate that given the present support level, a fully decoupled direct income support redistributes income most efficiently as long as the MCF is lower than 1.17. Beyond this value a floor price cum quota policy becomes more efficient. A floor price cum deficiency payments policy is never superior to the floor price cum quota.

Efficient income redistribution for a small country using optimal combined instruments

AbstractIn this paper I improve Gardner's surplus transformation curve framework by assuming that governments are able to vary many policy instruments simultaneously instead of only one. I use my framework to find the combination of the currently used instruments which provides the most efficient income redistribution for the Austrian bread grains market. Comparing the most efficient policy with the actual policy reveals that 464 × 106 Austrian shillings were wasted. I theoretically compare for a small country the transfer efficiency of every possible pair of the four major agricultural policy instruments: floor price, (production) quota, co‐responsibility levy, and deficiency payments. Without considering the marginal cost of public funds (MCF), deficiency payments cum quota (equal to a fully decoupled direct income support) is the most efficient policy, succeeded by floor price cum quota, and floor price cum deficiency payments. If the MCF is taken into account, the ranking crucially depends on the market parameters, the transfer level, and the value of the MCF. For the Austrian bread grains market, I empirically demonstrate that given the present support level, a fully decoupled direct income support redistributes income most efficiently as long as the MCF is lower than 1.17. Beyond this value a floor price cum quota policy becomes more efficient. A floor price cum deficiency payments policy is never superior to the floor price cum quota.

The bread making quality of Finnish spring wheats - a proposal for classification

The purpose of the present study was to provide bread making quality criteria for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in Finland. The bread making quality of a total of 101 wheat samples was related to flour protein concentration and dough quality determined by the farinograph valorimeter value. Nine quality classes of wheat, similar to the German system of wheat classification, were used as a basis. Because Finnish wheat breeding and cultivation primarily aim at producing grain for bread making, it was not considered necessary to define the quality classes of wheat unsuitable for bread making. Therefore, the number of quality classes were restricted to five: (class 1) medium, (class 2) medium to high, (class 3) high, (class 4) high to very high, and (class 5) very high baking quality. The influence of the environment on the quality traits should be taken into account by comparing the cultivars with a representative control cultivar.

Levels of Meaning: Grains, Bread, and Bread Making as Informative Images in Berceo

This study examines Gonzalo de Berceo's use of the imagery of bread and grains in his works and defines the key cultural contexts from which it springs. This imagery, found in the Sac44cio delaMisa, the Martirio de San Lorenzo, the Milagros de Nuestra Seffora, and the Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos, derives not only from ecclesiastical (Eucharistic) concepts and practices but also from the daily life of the times. Operating in what might be called a hierarchy of bread grains (in which wheat is superior), Berceos imagery is consistent with a general Eu opean conceptualization. Manifestations of this hierarchy are evident in other medieval works such as the Libro deAlixandre, the PoemadeFerndn Gonzalez, and the LibrodeBuenAmor. Ultimately we see that wheat (as well as its flo and dough) is synonymous with goodness and perfection and the lesser grains, especially barley, with evil.

Black point in bread wheat: effects on quality and germination, and fungal associations

Quality measurements were made on subsamples of wheat grain with high, medium and low levels of black point prepared from 12 grain samples. Test weight, falling number, total flour yield, break flour yield and dough stability were slightly lower in subsamples with high levels of black point. In contrast, grain weight, pollard yield, flour colour grade and water absorption were slightly higher in subsamples with high black point. Baking quality was unaffected. As the changes in quality detected were very slight, the condition had little effect on the value of the grain for bread making. Alternaria alternata was the predominant fungal species isolated from surface sterilized grains, being present in 72% of grains with black point and in 39% of symptomless grains. Seed germination was not affected by black point but seedling emergence was reduced by 3.2% from black-pointed seed.

THE BAYKAL-AMUR MAINLINE AND THE INTEGRATED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE EASTERN REGIONS OF THE USSR

The construction of the BAM is viewed as serving two purposes: one, the development of new resource sites for export through Soviet Pacific ports, particularly to Japan; second, the accelerated development of new parts of East Siberia and the Far East, serving ultimately as a bridgehead for further advance toward the Northeast. Key resource areas to be given priority in development are the Neryungri coking-coal basin of South Yakutia, for export to Japan; the Udokan copper deposit, and the Molodezhnoye asbestos deposit. Because of the harsh environment, it is unlikely that any processing activities beyond mineral concentration and forest products industries will be located in the BAM zone, at least in the early stages of development. Food supply for the growing population will be largely dependent on hauls of bread and feed grains from southern portions of West Siberia and vegetables from as far away as Central Asia. Future territorial production complexes along the BAM are tentatively outlined.

Vanha maataloutemme: Maatalous ja maatalousväestö Suomessa perinnäisen maatalouden loppukaudella 1720-luvulta 1870-luvulle

The present study deals with the last continuous period of traditional farming in Finland, where old-type farming ended only in the 1870’s. Farm economy of the period in question was to a large degree based on self-sufficiency which involved many-sided and varied farm activities. At the same time crop husbandry was heavily predominant since the production of bread grain was of foremost importance. Characteristic of the crop husbandry was the use of varied and greatly differing farming methods. Technical development in this sector, as in all farm agriculture, was at the time minimal, and production could be increased only by extending the area under cultivation. The approximately six-fold population increase in Finland between the 1720’s and the 1870’s necessitated a rapid expansion in the area of cultivated land. In the 18th century the production of bread grain seems to have grown at about the same rate as the increase in population, but in the 19th century agricultural production began to lag behind to an increasing degree. The present study attempts to examine the factors that led to this development and to pay special attention to the structure of agricultural farming. Many different factors contributed to the slowing down grain production. The chief factor was the decline in the 19th century of the method of farming based on the bum-beating which had formed the basis of crop husbandry in eastern Finland in the previous century. As a joint result of various factors Finland became in the 19th century a country that had an underproduction of grain, the deficiency was covered by grain bought from Russia. The import of grain was made possible by the increased sales of livestock and forestry products. Independent fanners could cope with this changed state of affairs relatively well, but the landless population, in particular the casual farm workers, was faced with a difficult situation owing to the reduced possibilities of work. By the end of period the landless population already formed a large agricultural proletariat which developed into a heavy burden on the entire economic life of Finland for a long time to come and in fact right until the era of modern agriculture.

Specialization of Agriculture in Relatively Similar Natural Environments of the USSR and the United States

Four pairs of minor civil divisions in the United States and the USSR are compared to determine differences of agricultural land use in areas with similar soils and heat and moisture supplies. In the United States, crops exceed animal products as a source of farm income only in the driest area. In the Soviet Union, crops are the principal source of farm income in both dry and more humid areas. This is related to the fact that the United States produces forage grasses and forage root crops mainly in more humid areas, while the Soviet Union relegates forage crops to a secondary role after bread grains and industrial row crops. Grain yields in the United States rise markedly from drier to more humid areas. In the Soviet Union the highest yields are achieved in the moderately dry chernozem zone.