Grafting Seedlings Research Articles

Performance of Cocoa Graft Seedlings as a Result of Different Number of Lower Stem Leaves and Entry Defoliation Time

This research aims to see the effect of the number of leaves left on the rootstock and the best defoliation time to improve the performance of cacao shoot connection seedlings. The research was conducted in the experimental garden of Politeknik Pertanian Negeri Payakumbuh from March to July 2023. Cocoa clone ICS was used as rootstock and clone TSH as scion. The experimental design was 4x4 factorial with 3 replications, the environmental design was completely randomized design. Data were analyzed statistically using F test and DNMRT further test at 5% level. From the research and data processing, it was found that there is an interaction between the treatment of different number of rootstock leaves and different defoliation times on the performance of cocoa shoot grafting seedlings based on the variables of percentage of grafted seedlings, number of shoots, number of leaves, leaf area and weight of seedling scion. It can be concluded that defoliation of the rootstock six days before splicing with rootstock having four leaves produces the best performance of cacao shoot grafting seedlings

Physiological and Endophytic Fungi Changes in Grafting Seedlings of Qi-Nan Clones (Aquilaria sinensis)

In recent years, some new Qi-Nan clones of Aquilaria sinensis, which have the characteristics of easily induced and high-quality agarwood, have been selected and propagated by grafting seedlings. To date, research on the grafting of Qi-Nan seedlings is limited. In this study, the effects of grafting on physiological characteristics and endophytic fungi of seedlings within a short period after grafting were studied by means of histochemical observations, physiological index determinations and Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the grafting healing time of ordinary A. sinensis was at least 10 days shorter than that of Qi-Nan, according to the degree of lignification of callus, and the tissue basis for the healing was the interxylary phloem. The MDA content of Qi-Nan peaked earlier than that of ordinary A. sinensis. The contents of JA and ABA peaked earlier in ordinary A. sinensis, and the SA content was significantly higher than that of Qi-Nan at 20–40 days; on average, it was 17.33% higher than that of Qi-Nan. A total of 5 phyla, 28 classes, 84 orders, 197 families, 489 genera and 842 species of endophytic fungi were identified before and after grafting. After grafting, the abundance and diversity of endophytic fungi in ordinary A. sinensis and Qi-Nan decreased, and the endophytic fungi were significantly different before and after grafting. In ordinary A. sinensis, before grafting, Dothideomycetes was the dominant class, and after grafting, Sordariomycetes was the dominant class. The dominant class of Qi-Nan before and after grafting was Dothideomycetes. The dominant genus of ordinary A. sinensis before grafting was Devriesia, and after grafting, it was Fusarium; that of Qi-Nan before grafting was Hyweljonesia and after grafting was Arthopyrenia. Functional genes of the endophytic fungi were mostly related to carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism, which may be the reason why endophytic fungi promote agarwood formation in Aquilaria trees. The findings suggest that the healing of the grafting interface in A. sinensis seedlings was the result of multiple factors, and endophytic fungi of Qi-Nan scion changed after grafting.

A Comparative Analysis of the Grafting Efficiency of Watermelon with a Grafting Machine

The rising age of the population in rural China and the labor intensity of grafting have resulted in a decrease in the number of grafters and a subsequent increase in their wages. Manual grafting can no longer satisfy the increasing demand for watermelon-grafted transplanting; thus, machine grafting will be an effective alternative. In order to accelerate the implementation of machine grafting in China, a comparative analysis between the automatic grafting machine (model 2TJGQ-800) and traditional hand grafting was conducted. The reliability and feasibility of machine grafting were evaluated through a comprehensive evaluation of the production capacity and grafting seedling quality. This study focuses on the grafting application of watermelon plug-tray seedlings. The scion and rootstock seeds were sown on 9 November 2022. Grafting experiments using an automatic grafting machine, skilled workers, and ordinary workers were conducted with the root-pruned one-cotyledon grafting method on 24 November 2022. The results showed that the machine grafting had a high uniformity and grafting speed. The grafting speed of the grafting machine was 774 plant·h−1 and 1.65–2.55-fold higher than the hand grafting. With training, workers can improve their grafting speed, but it will still be slower than machine grafting. In addition, there was no significant difference in the grafting survival rate between the machine grafting and hand grafting. However, using machine grafting, the success rate decreased from 100% to 90.07% and the rootstock regrowth rate increased from 18.44% to 72.69%. Incomplete rootstock cutting, clip supply failure, and grafting drop failure are the three main factors that result in machine grafting failure. In conclusion, the grafting machine has advantages in terms of grafting speed and uniformity. Upon improving the accuracy of the cutting mechanism and grafting success rate, it will be adopted by commercial nurseries.

Regenerative ability of grafted cuttings in the callusing room by using solutions of physiologically active substances

Relevance. Currently, growth regulators are gaining increasing popularity and are in great demand both among amateur gardeners and among scientists and researchers; this is due to the ir ability to stimulate and regulate the growth and development of various crops. Currently, the use of cultivar stimulants in nursery practice has been studied variants with non-root treatments in the callusing room at nursery garden and when soaking the basal part of the cuttings immediately before planting. There is no study of the use of growth stimulants on the components of grafting immediately before its implementation in the literature, which makes our research desirable and relevant. The aim of the study is to improve the elements of the technology of production of grafted grape seedlings by soaking the components of grafting in growth-stimulating preparations to improve the quality and yield of grafted grape seedlings from the callusing room. Methods and results. Methods of research – generally accepted in the practice of grape nursery (Kolesnik L. V., Melnik S. A., Shchiglovskaya V. I.). It was found that the greatest regenerative activity for the Tsimlyansky Cherniy variety was shown in the variant with soaking of the rootstock component of the grafting in the “NanoCremniy” preparation, in which 96.7% of plants had budding on the 15th day of callusing and 95.9 % of grafting seedlings had a circular callus. On the Cabernet Sauvignon variety, a variant with soaking of the graft part in the “NanoCremniy” preparation was distinguished (93.3 % and 92.5 % respectively). The most complete stimulation of growth processes after planting is reflected in the variants with the use on the Tsimlyansky Cherniy variety preparations “NanoCremniy” (80.0 %) and “Cultimar” (88.3 %).

Application of Organic Coal Fertilizer and Rabbit Farm Waste on Pumelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) Seed Growth

The pumelo population in Bali is declining one is caused of a lack of good-quality seeds. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of organic coal fertilizer and rabbit farm waste as organic fertilizers for the growth of pomelo grafting seedlings. The research design used a nested pattern randomized block design with 3 replications. There are two factors, the first factor is the type of fertilizer, which are Coal fertilizers, Rabbit Farm Waste fertilizers, and Cow Manure fertilizers. The second factor is the dose of each type of fertilizer which consists of 3 levels, namely: 10 tons/ha; 20 tons/ha; and 30 tons/ha. The results showed that the effectiveness of the treatment of the type of organic fertilizer and the dose of the type of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on all observed variables. This shows that both coal fertilizer and rabbit manure have almost the same quality as cow manure in influencing the growth of pomelo seedlings. The effectiveness of fertilizers tested on the average shoot length of grafting tends to show the highest yields obtained at the highest dose (30 tons/ha), namely Coal fertilizer which is 28.80 cm, rabbit manure is 31.87 cm, and cow manure obtained is 28.13 cm.

Untargeted metabolism approach reveals difference of varieties of bud and relation among characteristics of grafting seedlings in Camellia oleifera.

Camellia oleifera is one of the essential wood oil trees in the world. C.oleifera was propagated by nurse seedling grafting. Since the scion of C.oleifera had a significant regulated effect on the properties of rootstock after grafting and impacted on the growth of the grafted seedlings, it was necessary to understand the characteristics of buds among varieties to cultivate high-quality grafted seedlings. The metabolome was thought to be a powerful tool for understanding connecting phenotype-genotype interactions, which has an important impact on plant growth and development. In this study, UPLC-MS was used to determine the metabolites of the apical buds of CL3, CL4, CL40, and CL53 spring shoots after 30 days of sprout and to measure the growth characteristics of roots and stems after grafting. Metabolomics analysis revealed 554 kinds of metabolites were significant differences among four varieties, and 29 metabolic pathways were identified to have significant changes (p< 0.05), including carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty Acyls, organooxygen compounds, and prenol lipids metabolites. The metabolites appeared in all varieties, including phenethyl rutinoside in glycosyl compounds and hovenidulcioside A1 in terpene glycosides. Metabolite-metabolite correlations in varieties revealed more complex patterns in relation to bud and enabled the recognition of key metabolites (e.g., Glutamate, (±)Catechin, GA52, ABA, and cs-Zeatin) affecting grafting and growth ability. Each variety has a unique metabolite type and correlation network relationship. Differentiated metabolites showed different growth trends for development after grafting. Many metabolites regulate the growth of scions in buds before grafting, which plays a crucial role in the growth of seedlings after grafting. It not only regulates the growth of roots but also affects the development of this stem. Finally, those results were associated with the genetic background of each cultivar, showing that metabolites could be potentially used as indicators for the genetic background, indicating that metabolites could potentially be used as indicators for seedling growth characteristics. Together, this study will enrich the theoretical basis of seedling growth and lay a foundation for further research on the molecular regulation mechanism interaction between rootstock and scion, rootstock growth, and the development of grafted seedlings after grafting.

Comparison of Application Effects of Capillary Radiation Heat Pump and Electric Heating Wire in Greenhouse Seedling Cultivation

Heat pumps with water as heat exchange medium applied in greenhouse heating have not been used for vegetable seedling cultivation. In this work, a multi-connected direct expansion capillary radiation heat pump (MDCRHP) was designed for vegetable seedling cultivation, and a closed local temperature control (CLTC) method was proposed to accurately control air and substrate temperatures in seedling beds, enhance the heating effect and reduce the equipment cost. The results show that the CLTC method can achieve good heating effect and quickly raise air/substrate temperature at a speed of 1 °C/min from 8 °C to about 20 °C within 12 min. The air and substrate temperature fields in the seedling beds were evenly distributed. The temperature differences at different horizontal positions and different heights were less than 1 °C, and the relative humidity was 100%, which is conducive to vegetable grafting seedling. It can be concluded from test results that the MDCRHP had strong adaptability for greenhouse heating and was obviously superior to the electric heating wire (EWH). The output capacity of the compressor can be controlled by adjusting the operation frequency to meet the temperature requirements at different stages of seedling cultivation. Under the conditions of similar external ambient temperature and heating effect in the seedling beds, the energy saving rate of the MDCRHP was 47–50.7% compared with the EWH. The cost of the MDCRHP is about 7.2% lower than that of the conventional heat pump. It takes 3–3.5 years to recover the equipment investment.

Study on the Method of Matched Splice Grafting for Melon Seedlings Based on Visual Image

Due to the cutting mechanism of the existing grafting machine, it cannot adjust the cutting angle in real time, resulting in low fitting precision on the cutting surfaces between the rootstocks and scion seedlings and, thus, seriously affecting the survival rate and quality of the grafting seedlings. In this paper, a kind of splice grafting method based on visual image is proposed, aiming at maximizing the joint rate between cutting surfaces of rootstocks and scion seedlings and realizing precise cutting and grafting of grafting machine. After analysis, we determined that melon rootstock seedlings have a structure of pith cavity inside, and the solid structure from the top of the pith cavity to the left and right base points of a growing point forms the important area of a cutting surface. In order to obtain the geometric model of the cutting surfaces of the seedlings, a visual image analysis system was established to identify, analyze, and model the pith cavity structure inside the rootstock seedling, as well as the external morphological characteristics, and the ultimate cutting angle of the rootstock seedling and cutting surface parameters were determined. By measuring the length of minor axis of scion seedlings in order to achieve the maximum joint rate, the optimal cutting angle of the rootstocks and scion seedlings was determined. Then grafting and seedling cultivation tests were carried out. The test results showed that the range of ultimate cutting angle on rootstock seedlings (Cucurbita moschata) was 18.21 ± 1.92°; the cutting angles of the rootstock (Cucurbita moschata) and scion seedlings (watermelon) were 22° and 19.68°, respectively; the cutting surface length of the two was 4.96 mm; and the cutting surface thickness of the rootstock was 0.13 mm, all of which could satisfy the technological requirements of the matched splice grafting of melons. The research results can serve as a reference for the design in vision-guided precision cutting and real-time grafting operation on grafting robots.

De novo transcriptome assembly of the cotyledon of Camellia oleifera for discovery of genes regulating seed germination

BackgroundCamellia oleifera (C.oleifera) is one of the most important wood oil species in the world. C.oleifera was propagated by nurse seedling grafting. Since the morphology of rootstocks has a significant impact on grafting efficiency and seedling quality, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanism of morphogenesis for cultivating high-quality and controllable rootstocks. However, the genomic resource for this species is relatively limited, which hinders us from fully understanding the molecular mechanisms of seed germination in C.oleifera.ResultsIn this paper, using transcriptome sequencing, we measured the gene expression in the C.oleifera cotyledon in different stages of development and the global gene expression profiles. Approximately 45.4 gigabases (GB) of paired-end clean reads were assembled into 113,582 unigenes with an average length of 396 bp. Six public protein databases annotate 61.5% (68,217) of unigenes. We identified 11,391 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) throughout different stages of germination. Enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs were mainly involved in hormone signal transduction and starch sucrose metabolism pathways. The gravitropism regulator UNE10, the meristem regulators STM, KNAT1, PLT2, and root-specific transcription factor WOX11 all have higher gene expression levels in the CAM2 stage (seed soaking), which indicates that the cotyledon-regulated program for germination had initiated when the seeds were imbibition. Our data showed differentially reprogrammed to multiple hormone-related genes in cotyledons during C.oleifera seed germination.ConclusionCotyledons play vital roles, both as the main nutrient provider and as one primary instructor for seed germination and seedling growth. Together, our study will significantly enrich the genomic resources of Camellia and help us understand the molecular mechanisms of the development in the seed germination and seedling growth of C.oleifera. It is helpful to culture standard and superior quality rootstock for C.oleifera breeding.

Anticipating the formation of guava seedlings using mini-grafting onto smaller-diameter clonal rootstocks

Abstract The production of grafted seedlings requires longer periods of time. The technique of mini-grafting onto rootstocks previously obtained from herbaceous cuttings can guarantee the genetic fidelity of scion and rootstock and allows grafting onto smaller-diameter stems, accelerating the time required to obtain seedlings. The aim of this study was to anticipate the formation of ‘Paluma’ guava seedlings grafted onto clonal rootstocks with smaller-diameter stems. Treatments consisted of grafting onto rootstocks with five stem diameter classes. The experimental design was randomised blocks with three replicates and five seedlings per plot. Rootstocks were produced from cuttings of herbaceous branches of mother plants originating from crossing between P. guineense and P. cattleianum. Mini-grafts were obtained from a clonal ‘Paluma’ guava mini-garden . Seedlings grafted onto rootstocks with stem diameters from 3.7 to 10.3 mm presented the same success rate however the greatest seedling vigour was observed when grafted onto larger-diameter rootstocks. Grafting success and seedling height show that mini-grafting onto clonal rootstocks with diameters from 3.7 to 5.5 mm allows producing seedlings suitable for transplanting 300 days after cutting.

Interspecific grafting between Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense and G. herbaceum lines

Seedling grafting could provide additional crop improvement strategies for cotton. However, there existed limited studies on interspecific grafting and approaches. Four different grafting approaches were developed and compared between lines representing three of the four cultivated cotton species G. hirsutum, G. barbadense and G. herbaceum. Grafting approaches of this study focused on the cotyledon node and cotyledon leaves retained on scions, rootstocks, without cotyledon node and cotyledon leaves on scions and rootstocks or halved cotyledon node and single cotyledon leaf on scions and rootstocks. Evaluations of the grafting approaches were made by comparing survival and growth rate during the second and fifth weeks after transplantation, respectively. The formation of any lateral shoots at the grafted sites were studied in two of four grafting approaches in the first and the second year during flowering stage. DNA alterations due to grafting were investigated using microsatellite markers. There were no statistically significant differences between grafts and their control in survival rate and locus specific DNA alteration. Growth rate and lateral shoot formation, on the other hand, were different among grafting types and grafts. We concluded that grafting without cotyledon node and cotyledon leaves on rootstocks, and with cotyledon node but without cotyledon leaves on scions were easy to perform and suitable for interspecific cotton grafting. Results suggested that grafting seedlings and allowing time to heal graft wounds prior to spring transplanting or double cropping is suitable for wheat–cotton intercropping to prevent late or early chilling damage associated with seed sowing or conventional transplanting of susceptible seedlings. Furthermore, the rapid and consistent wound healing in seedling grafts along with lateral shoot formation occurring in two of four grafting approaches make them a suitable approach to investigate possible genetic and epigenetic movement between scions and rootstocks, especially across species.

Bazı hibrit kestane genotiplerinin anaçlık potansiyelleri

In Turkey chestnut cultivation is threaten by chestnut blight, chestnut root rot and Asian chestnut gall wasp. In order to obtain tolerant cultivars to the pests and diseases hybridization studies were performed. As a result, A14, A25, A41 and A100 hybrid chestnut genotypes were selected as superior. Some of these genotypes were registered by ‘Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Variety Registration and Seed Certification Center’. A14 genotype named as ‘Akyüz’ and A100 named as ‘Macit 55’. Grafting studies were performed with these genotypes and cultivars. However, due to graft incompatibility survival ratio was found low. To avoid graft incompatibility, own seedlings may be better candidate as rootstocks because of the degree of compatibility. In this study seedling rootstock potential of ‘Akyüz’, ‘Macit 55’ cultivars and A25, A41 genotypes were examined. ‘Marigoule’ cultivar used as control. The study was conducted between 2013 and 2015 at Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey. In the study healthy seed ratio (%), seed emerging ratio (%), suitable for grafting seedling ratio (%), seedling diameter (cm), coefficient of variation (CV) of seedling diameter and seedling productivity (%) were investigated. As a result of the study, all genotype and cultivars were found superior in terms of their generative rootstock characteristics. However, a great variation was observed among the rootstocks over the years. Therefore, studies should be conducted to determine the effect of xenia on rootstock candidates in nut species where generative rootstock use is necessary. Also, to find out the graft compatibility of these genotype and cultivars grafting studies should be done and they should be evaluated for long-term.

Genetic basis of selection of stone fruit and other agricultural plants

Methods of creation, identification on marker signs and maintenance of the valuable genotypes used at creation of new grades, pure lines, interlinear hybrids of stone fruit plants are considered. The maintenance of valuable genotypes used in the creation of new cultivars, clean lines, interline hybrids of stone fruit plants. The laying of plantations of nectarine and peach by sowing seeds directly into the garden with subsequent budding in the form of reducing the cycle of cultivation of eyepieces, the entry into the period of full fruiting of trees, as well as accelerating the introduction into production of new breeding cultivars grown by non-transplanting method. This makes it possible to create for two years of vegetation productive mother-cuttings gardens up to 500 trees of each new cultivar. Significant importance is given to modem molecular genetic and biotechnological methods, as well as classical-hybridization, individual selection, acceleration of the breeding process (use of greenhouses for growing hybrid seedlings, as well as grafting seedlings of fruit plants). In nectarine, as well as endemic to China the peach of David and the peach of the world when self-pollinating interspecific hybrids F1 in inbred offspring sometimes there are sterile individuals of plants.

Design and optimization on rootstock cutting mechanism of grafting robot for cucurbit

Cutting mechanisms in existing grafting machines are unable to completely cut through the rootstock growth point and can easily damage seedlings. During the mechanical operation of splice grafting, the cutting angle of the rootstock is an essential factor for ensuring the quality and survival rate of grafting seedlings and a stable process for grafting robots. Therefore, in this study, commonly used grafting rootstocks, e.g., cucurbita moschata, and calabash gourd were used as research objects for studying and analyzing the cutting angle of a splice grafting method. The morphological and structural parameters of the rootstock and scion were measured, and a structural model of the internal cavity of the rootstock was constructed using an image analysis method. The critical cutting angles for the cucurbita moschata and calabash gourd seedlings were obtained. According to the analysis, the grafting cutting angles for cucumber seedlings matching with cucurbita moschata seedlings were 20° and 25°, respectively, and the fitting rate of the cutting surface of the rootstock and scion was 99.04%. A cutting mechanism for the rootstock growth point and geometric model of the cutting operation were established, and the structural parameters of the mechanism and cutting angle adjustment were optimized. A cutting performance test showed that the success rate of the pressing the cotyledons of cucurbita moschata seedlings was 96.67%, and the success rate of cutting was 98%. The cutting accuracy was 96.8%, and the cutting surface fitting rate of the rootstock and scion was 98.61%. The latter differed by 0.43% from the theoretical rate but met the requirements for the splice grafting method. Thus, this study can provide a reference for the design of a cutting mechanism for a grafting robot. Keywords: grafting robot, rootstock cavity, cutting angle, matched grafting, parameter optimization, cucurbit DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20201305.5803 Citation: Jiang K, Zhang Q, Chen L P, Guo W Z, Zheng W G. Design and optimization on rootstock cutting mechanism of grafting robot for cucurbit. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2020; 13(5): 117–124.

Effects of self-rooted grafting on growth and cadmium accumulation in post-grafting generations of soybean (Glycine max).

A study was performed to determine whether self-rooted grafting decreases cadmium (Cd) accumulation in post-grafting soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merrill) generations. Pot experiments were performed using ungrafted (UG) seedlings, self-rooted grafting from the same soybean seedling (SG), self-rooted grafting from two soybean seedlings at the same growth stage (TG), and self-rooted grafting from two soybean seedlings at different developmental stages (DG). Growth and Cd accumulation in three post-grafting soybean generations were assessed. In the SG treatment, only the second post-grafting generation had increased shoot biomass and only the first post-grafting generation shoots had decreased Cd contents. The seed Cd content, soluble protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activity were not significantly affected in three post-grafting generations. In the TG and DG treatments, shoot biomass, soluble protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activities were increased, and the shoot and seed Cd contents were decreased in three post-grafting generations. The seed Cd contents in the first, second, and third post-grafting generations were 15.00%, 9.46%, and 12.44%, respectively, lower in the TG than UG treatments. The seed Cd contents in the first, second, and third post-grafting generations were 32.73%, 27.03%, and 32.22%, respectively, lower in the DG than UG treatments. Different grafting methods promoted growth and decreased Cd accumulation to different degrees in three post-grafting generations. Grafting seedlings at different developmental stages had the strongest effects.

PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF BIBIT JERUK GERGA PASCA OKULASI PADA KONSENTRASI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR YANG BERBEDA

[VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF GRAFTING SEEDLINGS OF GERGA ORANGE IN DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER]. This study aims to examine explain the effect of gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer dosage, the way of application of gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer, and the interaction between treatments on the growth of citrus plants. This research was conducted from August to December 2017 at the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu. This research was carried out using a Randomized Complete Block Design using 2 factors. The first factor is the way the application of gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves and watered onto the ground. The second factor is the concentration of gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer which consists of control, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The results showed that application of liquid organic fertilizer only gave effect to the number of branches. The 50% gamal leaf liquid organic fertilizer concentration was able to increase the number of branches of gerga orange seedlings by an average of 1.04 branches.

USAHATANI PEPAYA CALIFORNIA: ANALISIS KELAYAKAN FINANASIAL SUATU STUDI KASUS DI DESA BENDANG RAYA KECAMATAN TENGGARONG KABUPATEN KUTAI KERTANEGARA

The aims of this experiment was to determine the effect of the application of Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer to the growth of bud grafting seedling of Lai (Durio kutejensis HASSK. BECC) var. Mahakam. The experiment used a Randominzed Block Design (RCBD) with Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer treatment (P) 8 level and 3 tests made up of p0 = without treatment (control), p1 = (2 ml L-1 water), p2 = (4 ml L-1 water), p3 = (6 ml L-1 water), p4 = (8 ml L-1 water), p5 = (10 ml L-1 water), p6 = (12 ml L-1 water), p7 = (14 ml L-1 water). The result of the experiment indicated that the treatment of Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer, it had a very significant effect to the age of broken buds but had no significant effect to the length of bud parameters, the number of leaves and the diameter of the stem. The treatment of Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer 14 ml L-1 water, providing better growth in age parameters of broken buds, bud length, and the number of leaves.

STUDI PERTUMBUHAN OKULASI BIBIT LAI (Durio kutejensis HASSK. BECC) VARIETAS MAHAKAM

The aims of this experiment was to determine the effect of the application of Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer to the growth of bud grafting seedling of Lai (Durio kutejensis HASSK. BECC) var. Mahakam. The experiment used a Randominzed Block Design (RCBD) with Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer treatment (P) 8 level and 3 tests made up of p0 = without treatment (control), p1 = (2 ml L-1 water), p2 = (4 ml L-1 water), p3 = (6 ml L-1 water), p4 = (8 ml L-1 water), p5 = (10 ml L-1 water), p6 = (12 ml L-1 water), p7 = (14 ml L-1 water). The result of the experiment indicated that the treatment of Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer, it had a very significant effect to the age of broken buds but had no significant effect to the length of bud parameters, the number of leaves and the diameter of the stem. The treatment of Agrib Compost liquid organic fertilizer 14 ml L-1 water, providing better growth in age parameters of broken buds, bud length, and the number of leaves.

Development of an automatic visual grading system for grafting seedlings

In this study, a visual grading system of vegetable grafting machine was developed. The study described key technology of visual grading system of vegetable grafting machine. First, the contrasting experiment was conducted between acquired images under blue background light and natural light conditions, with the blue background light chosen as lighting source. The Visual C++ platform with open-source computer vision library (Open CV) was used for the image processing. Subsequently, maximum frequency of total number of 0-valued pixels was predicted and used to extract the measurements of scion and rootstock stem diameters. Finally, the developed integrated visual grading system was experimented with 100 scions and rootstock seedlings. The results showed that success rate of grading reached up to 98%. This shows that selection and grading of scion and rootstock could be fully automated with this developed visual grading system. Hence, this technology would be greatly helpful for improving the grading accuracy and efficiency.

MACHINE VISION TO INSPECT TOMATO SEEDLINGS FOR GRAFTING ROBOT

Nearly 60% tomato seedlings are grafted in Japan. However, almost all of them are being done manually, which is labor-intensive, tedious and expensive. In order to develop a fully-automatic grafting robot for tomato seedlings, the machine vision system for sorting grafting seedling and inspecting grafted seedlings was studied. In this paper, the images acquired with selected devices and different lighting (Front lighting, Backlight, and Front lighting & Backlight) were processed based on the theory of machine vision. The experimental result shows that a blue backlight without a filter device is the best to inspect the seedlings. The images of inspecting seedlings were captured using the selected machine vision system. The algorithm developed using the machine vision system was found functional in inspecting the grafted seedlings; it can even detect a very small gap (≤0.2 mm) between the scion and rootstock after they have been grafted.