Gradual Liberalization Research Articles

Chromosomal abnormalities detected by chromosomal microarray analysis and pregnancy outcomes of 4211 fetuses with high-risk prenatal indications

With the gradual liberalization of the three-child policy and the development of assisted reproductive technology in China, the number of women with high-risk pregnancies is gradually increasing. In this study, 4211 fetuses who underwent chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) with high-risk prenatal indications were analysed. The results showed that the overall prenatal detection rate of CMA was 11.4% (480/4211), with detection rates of 5.82% (245/4211) for abnormal chromosome numbers and 5.58% (235/4211) for copy number variants. Additionally, the detection rates of clinically significant copy number variants were 3.78% (159/4211) and 1.8% (76/4211) for variants of uncertain significance. The detection rates of fetal chromosomal abnormalities were 6.42% (30/467) for pregnant women with advanced maternal age (AMA), 6.01% (50/832) for high-risk maternal serum screening (MSS) results, 39.09% (224/573) with abnormal non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) results, 9.21% (127/1379) with abnormal ultrasound results, and 5.1% (49/960) for other indications. Follow-up results were available for 4211 patients, including 3677 (3677/4211, 87.32%) whose infants were normal after birth, 462 (462/4211, 10.97%) who terminated their pregnancy, 51 (51/4211, 1.21%) whose infants were abnormal after birth, and 21 (21/4211, 0.50%) who refused follow-up. The results of this study demonstrate significant variation in the diagnostic rate of chromosomal microarray analysis across different indications, providing valuable guidance for clinicians to assess the applicability of CMA technology in prenatal diagnosis.

Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN Airline Industry

The development of aviation market in Southeast Asia after the Covid-19 pandemic is promising. More aircraft are delivered to the Asia-Pacific region, including the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member States. The introduction of ASEAN Open Skies (also known as ASEAN Single Aviation Market) a decade earlier together with ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2025 goals for an integrated and cohesive regional economy highlight the importance of a seamless air connectivity. Liberalisation of the airline industry in ASEAN Member States is crucial to restart the airline industry pre-pandemic and to grasp the so-called Asian century momentum. However, ASEAN Member States are reluctant towards liberalisation efforts, maintaining protectionism on both freedoms of the air (traffic rights) as well as foreign direct investment (ownership and control). Existing legal framework at regional level, namely ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) and ASEAN Trade in Services Agreement (ATISA), only received lukewarm attention from ASEAN Member States. This article discusses the urgency to recall the commitment of a gradual liberalisation based on AFAS and ATISA among the ASEAN Member States, the implementation of which will lead to the establishment of a regional community carrier which benefits ASEAN citizens.

The Irish family, marital breakdown and the Josie Airey case, c. 1974-1981

Centring the role of women, particularly Josie Airey, this article outlines the activism and legal process that led to improvements in family law and the provision of civil legal aid for the first time by the Republic of Ireland. In tandem with the gradual liberalisation of Irish family law, the question of the provision of civil legal aid was set alight by the legal proceedings brought against the state by Josie Airey, which went all the way to the European Court of Human Rights in 1973; though a ruling was not issued until 1979. In a country where society, the polity, the Catholic hierarchy and the Constitution demonstrated a deep fealty to the heteronormative model of family within marriage, and where a constitutional ban on divorce remained intact until 1996, this article explores the contextual significance of these developments in Irish society. Part one provides a systematic analysis of the changing legal status of married women from 1964-1976, connecting these changes directly with feminist activism. Part two examines the formation of the Free Legal Advice Campaign (FLAC), the Josie Airey case and the resultant limited system of free legal aid provided by the state from 1980. It is argued that feminist activism and the additional statutory pressure of Ireland’s status as an EEC member state were key factors for reform. Crucially, this research places the outcome of the Josie Airey case in the historical chronology of the expansion of married women’s rights, underscoring its importance in terms of public awareness of the intransigence of the Irish state in this area.

The banking phenomenon of North Carolina: from origins to the present

Although not one of the largest states and ranking just ninth in the USA in terms of population, North Carolina has been a major banking hub for several decades, second only to New York. This article focuses on the early foundations of this success and the later evolution of the North Carolina banking cluster, tracing its development through statistics from the late 1970s to the present. It is shown that an important advantage in the 19th century was the lifting of the ban on bank branching, which was not typical in the USA at that time. As a result, by the early 1980s, when the gradual liberalization of the national banking system and the abolition of territorial restrictions began, quite large banking corporations already existed in North Carolina, ready for further business expansion and operations in other parts of the country. Following a long series of mergers and acquisitions in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, the state's leading bank holding companies (Bank of America Corporation and Wachovia Corporation) became among the largest and most powerful financial groups in the USA. However, it soon became clear that there was another side to this extremely rapid growth: due to its deep involvement in subprime mortgages, Wachovia collapsed during the 2008 crisis. Nevertheless, Bank of America and several other large companies overcame the crisis, ensuring North Carolina maintained a strong position in the industry. To date, North Carolina's phenomenal rise remains the most significant spatial change in the US banking system since its liberalization began more than 40 years ago.

Effects of trade and financial openness on inflationary pressure in Nigeria

The continuous rapid upsurge in inflationary pressure in Nigeria amidst the gradual liberalisation of the country’s trade and financial market calls for questioning of the role of trade and financial openness in the inflationary trend in Nigeria, which makes the research on this issue relevant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of trade and financial openness on inflation in Nigeria. In the estimation of the model built to capture the objective of the study, the fully modified ordinary least squares was employed based on the data collected from the World Development Indicators covering the period of 1981 to 2023. The results showed that trade openness and exchange rate exerted a significant negative effect on inflation in Nigeria while exchange rate showed a significant positive effect. The study concluded that financial openness had a positive significant effect on inflation while trade openness and exchange rate exerted a significant negative effect. The need for government to review their foreign trade policies in such a way that the importation of both finished and intermediate goods and services from the rest of the world can be significantly reduced by boosting local production was recommended. The study offers two-folds contributions. It provides new information on the factors that determine inflation and it specifically shows the nexus among trade and financial openness. The findings therefore revealed that higher trade and financial openness raises inflation implying openness-induced inflation. The findings from the study will be of practical value to policy makers such as those in the fiscal authorities and the Central Bank of Nigeria in devising policies to tame the current inflationary pressure in Nigeria

Financial Analysis on Yankershop Food Co., Ltd

With the gradual liberalization of China's epidemic policy, China's retail consumer industry is also recovering. Yankershop is a well-known company in China that specializes in snack manufacturing and sales. Yankershop's share price showed a rapid upward trend in both the second half of 2022 and the beginning of 2023, which means Yankershop perform well in this period and investors in the market show their confidence in this company. In FY2022Q3Yankershop's ROE reached 22.81%, which is an absolute leader in the snack industry. This article first analyzes the current situation of China's leisure snack industry and combines it with the situation of Yankershop. After that, this article analyzes Yankershop's business conditions through the company's overall introduction, accounting policy confirmation, and accounting analysis. At the same time, the results of Yankershop's sales channel reform and product strategy reform are mentioned in this article. These two reforms can partly explain Yankershop's good performance. Finally, analyze and reveal the future profitability of Yankershop and possible risks.

Dilemma and countermeasures of community sports center governance under the background of big data and Internet of Things

My country is currently in a new era of industrial revolution and technological development, among which the most representative is the rapid development of information technology. And the action plan has been formulated, and it is pointed out that it is necessary to deeply integrate the real economy and artificial intelligence, the Internet and digital China, as well as the smart society and big data. As the most critical part of community governance, the complexity and difficulty of community sports center governance is relatively high. Therefore, one of the key goals that all sectors of society are currently concerned about is how to build and develop community sports through more advanced technical means center. The innovative governance community sports center must effectively combine and integrate the current advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data, so that the level of community governance can be effectively improved. This paper draws on the academic background of “governance” in the field of public management. Different from social management, “governance” mainly reflects the administrative aspect, the cooperation between the government and all sectors of society, while the traditional social management mainly highlights the state’s administrative management. It reflects the concept that the government’s management power is inviolable and unshareable, which is also very different from the development direction of the gradual liberalization of the administrative power advocated by the Chinese government. Therefore, the effective way to solve various social problems at this stage is to change the concept of social management to community governance, and this approach has also been supported and valued by the government in recent years. The research shows that the management efficiency of community sports facilities can be effectively improved by optimizing the community sports governance system, making full use of the convenience brought by information resources, and using its own advanced technology.

„Jugoslavija je kuća koja se ruši”: Prikazivanje sukoba sa Informbiroom u jugoslovenskoj kinematografiji osamdesetih godina – istorijska analiza

In Yugoslavia, the 1980s were a period of economic and political crisis, but also a time of a gradual liberalisation of the society and the start of its movement towards a multiparty system and breakup. By easing impediments of censorship in culture, which was the domain of the ruling communist party, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (ZKJ), a space opened up for artists to raise some traumatic and problematic topics from the Yugoslav past, such as Goli Otok and the clash with the Cominform. The manner in which these topics were addressed in 1980s Yugoslav films suggests that the influence of ZKJ over cultural and social life was waning, but also that the Party still tried to promote its version of the past with propaganda films such as Visoki napon (High Voltage). Accordingly, this article represents a contribution to studying and understanding the social and political situation in the final decade of socialist Yugoslavia, as viewed through the lens of cultural history.

Pharmacists’ Opinions on the Legalization of Medical Cannabis in Ukraine

The gradual liberalization of international and Ukrainian legislation regarding the circulation of cannabis-based medical products requires a more detailed study of the degree of awareness and attitude of various stakeholders, in particular, health professionals (pharmacists), to this issue. For this purpose, a survey was conducted, in which 563 Ukrainian pharmacy workers took part. It was revealed that the respondents largely share the "myths" about the dangerous narcotic properties of medical cannabis; two-thirds of them believe that all cannabinoids have psychotropic properties. Pharmacists are poorly aware of medicinal products containing herbal and synthetic cannabinoids, as well as medical indications for their use. Only 14.4% of surveyed pharmacists fully support the manufacture of cannabis preparations on the basis of pharmacies, following the example of the European Union countries. At the same time, almost half of the respondents approve of the legalization of medical cannabis in Ukraine, although they fear the risks of illegal turnover. The great majority of pharmacists consider it important to conduct scientific research, educational and awareness-raising activities on medical cannabis to improve the health and quality of life of Ukrainian patients.

A Steady Course Towards the Effects-Based Approach: Case C-377/20 Servizio Elettrico Nazionale

In response to abstract preliminary reference questions, the Court grapples with foundational issues of Article 102 TFEU, especially the meaning of abuse and how it is established. This is a preliminary reference from Italy’s Supreme Administrative Court, the Consiglio di Stato. During the course of the gradual liberalisation of the energy market, the former state monopoly—Enel—was structurally separated into Enel Energia (EE), supplier for the deregulated market, and Servizio Elettrico Nazionale (SEN), supplier of the temporarily protected market, made up of private individuals and small businesses, in view of the further liberalisation that would follow soon. The Italian Competition Authority (ICA) opened proceedings against the Enel Group for using commercially sensitive information in advance of the further liberalisation in order to transfer customers from SEN to EE. In particular, SEN obtained the consent of users to receive commercial proposals in a discriminatory manner, involving a request for initial authorisation for the processing of personal data by companies within the Enel Group and a second request in favour of third-party operators. The customers usually gave the initial consent, believing that this was necessary for managing their existing relationship, while 70 per cent refused the second consent intended for other operators. The ICA considered this as a ‘sui generis abuse’ and imposed fines on EE, SEN, and the parent undertaking. After the appellate court upheld the decision, the parties appealed to the Consiglio di Stato, which submitted a number of preliminary reference questions to the Court of Justice.

Research and Analysis on the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 Patients After the Full Opening of Epidemic Prevention and Control - A Population Based Study

<i>Research background</i>: Since the gradual liberalization of the epidemic in China in November 2022, economic activities have gradually resumed, the incidence of COVID-19 admitted to our hospital has gradually decreased, the symptoms and the toxicity have gradually decreased. <i>Objective</i>: By analyzing the research and analysis of the treatment of patients infected with COVID-19 infection in the Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province from December 2022 to February 2023, can help to understand the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 virus infection after the opening of the epidemic in China, and guide patients to standardize medical treatment. The follow-up research and treatment of COVID-19 after the epidemic is released for reference. <i>Research method</i>: inclusion standard: patients with COVID-19 pharyngeal swab test positive. We used the "Case Information System and Prevention and Control System" to carry out statistical analysis and retrospectively study of theCOVID-19 infection since the opening of the epidemic. <i>Research results</i>: In this study, the total number of outpatient visits to respiratory medicine in the Third People's Hospital of Sichuan Province from December 1, 2022 to February 28, 2023 was 4,582 people/90 days. The total hospitalization rate was 7.88% (361/4582), due to the COVID-19 infection is 1.55% (71/4582); men account for 0.94%, women account for 0.61%, and the total mortality rate after hospitalization is 1.10% (4/361), and the total mortality rate of patients after the novel COVID-19 infection is 0. 55% (2/361), as shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3. After national vaccination, the main symptoms of patients infected with COVID-19 are fever, soreness all over the body, mainly lung invasion changes, the number of severe patients and respiratory failure is small, indicating that its toxicity is reduced. With the largest number of cases in the 50-75-year-old group, accounting for 36.61% (26/71) and a mortality rate of 2.82% (2/71). Common with respiratory failure and abnormal liver function. The more complications, the older age, the more days of hospitalization, and the higher cost of hospitalization<i>. Conclusion: </i>Since the vaccination against the COVID-19 in China, the mortality rate due to the COVID-19 in our hospital is low, and the incidence of severe clinical manifestations is low, which shows that the toxicity of COVID-19 infection has gradually decreased with COVID-19 vaccination. This study found that the older patients with multiple complications, the more hospitalization days, the higher the cost of hospitalization. For elderly patients with a variety of complications and complications, recommended to be hospitalized in time.

Valuation of Biomedical Engineering Industry Under Epidemic: Evidence from Andon Health Company Limited

Contemporarily, under the ravages of the epidemic, nucleic acid testing has become one of the most critical preventive means, hence many nucleic acid testing companies develop rapidly in recent years. In the United States, antigen test kits have been the primary means for the past few years. Meanwhile, in the context of China’s gradual liberalization in the future, the test kit will also have a significant market space. This paper selects Andon Health Company Limited as an investigation target to discuss the valuation of the biomedical engineering industry during the epidemic. Based on the industry attributes and the circumstance of the epidemic, this paper concluded that the valuation of Andon Health is not suitable for some traditional value evaluation methods and models. According to the analysis, the valuation method based on the forecast of future cash flow is more suitable for the valuation of biomedical enterprises. Based on to the DCF valuation method, the value of Andon Health in 2022 is predicted to be 11.2 billion CNY. In this case, the current stock market price of the target enterprise is overvalued because of the biomedical enterprises’ characteristics. These results guide further exploration for valuing similar biomedical enterprises.

ОПЫТ КИТАЯ В ЛИБЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ СЧЕТА ОПЕРАЦИЙ С КАПИТАЛОМ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРОГРАММЫ СТИМУЛИРОВАНИЯ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ

Relevance. The Chinese economy is not only one of the largest economies in the world, but also a country that has shown high GDP growth rates over the past 10 years. After opening the capital account, foreign investment became the basis of the economy. Despite several global periods of turbulence, China has been able to accumulate significant experience in stimulating the inflow of long-term financial flows. This was made possible by extensive government programs aimed at both portfolio investment and FDI. Objective. Study the practice and results of using various foreign investment stimulation programs. Methodology. The main methods were systemic and historical approaches, with the use of which it was possible to establish patterns and highlight the distinctive features of investment programs. Findings. Since Chinese economy’s growth required creation and development of entire industries in a short period of time, FDI became a priority. With achieving net recipient of investments status, along with the accumulation of the best industry practices, local national manufacturers developed significantly. This became especially important in the transition to a growth model based on domestic demand. To deepen the financial markets, special portfolio investment programs were introduced. The presence of strict controls over the movement of various types of capital made it possible, on the one hand, to reduce the inflow and outflow of speculative capital, but on the other hand, bureaucratic procedures and the need for approvals undermined the growth and development of competition. The gradual liberalization of controls, the development of investment schemes and the arrival of investors have made it possible to significantly improve the quality of the functioning of the stock market, and currency repatriation rules allow flexible management of exchange rate pressures. All this was embodied in a stable inflow of investments and low risks of a sudden outflows, which was illustrated trade wars and the pandemic.

Are protectionist policies or liberal policies more effective in addressing the power and energy crises in Bangladesh?

The ongoing energy crisis persisting into 2024, continues to exacerbate Bangladesh's economic challenges. Despite the adoption of protectionist policies such as nationalization and reliance on domestic resources in the power and energy sector during the 1970s, there has been a predominant trend towards liberalization over the past decades. Bangladesh embraced liberal policies including foreign investment in gas extraction, private sector involvement in the power sector, and the decentralization of production, transmission, and distribution activities of the Bangladesh Power Development Board. Faced with the energy crisis in the early 2020s, the pivotal question arises: which policy approach is more effective in addressing power and energy crises for a technology-dependent and low-capital country like Bangladesh? Through a comprehensive review of energy policy spanning the last 50 years, this article analyzes the features and outcomes of historical energy policies. It argues that while protectionist measures were previously employed to address crises, the gradual liberalization over the past half-century has exacerbated them. This historical analysis underscores why protectionist policies adopted in the past are more effective in ensuring energy security compared to current liberal policies.

IMF Assistance To Uzbekistan In Overcoming The Problems Of The Socio-Economic Model Of Development

For a long time, the leadership of Uzbekistan adhered to a socio-economic model with a focus on import-substituting industrialization and gradual liberalization of the financial sector. As a result of this approach, the country&amp;apos;s interaction with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international financial organizations was limited by a number of issues on which the vision of the Uzbek leaders coincided with the views of the experts of these institutions on the ways of developing the national economy of the republic. However, as soon as the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan agreed to carry out the reforms recommended to it by the Bretton Woods institutions, opportunities for deepening integration into the world economy began to open up for the country.

Can the ladder of investment approach make on-track competition sustainable in the railway market? A study of asymmetric infrastructure access charges

The gradual liberalisation of the EU railway market, which began in the early 2000s, has entered its final phase with the formal opening of national markets for commercial passenger transport. However, the level of competition established in some countries is still not sufficient to increase passenger welfare. Based on the previous experience, this phenomenon stems from high barriers to entry for new operators, such as high sunk costs, relatively high infrastructure train access charges (TAC) for commercial passenger traffic, and competition between asymmetric participants, where the incumbent still dominates the market. One of the solutions to improve the conditions for entry is asymmetric market regulation, used in the telecommunications sector. The asymmetric access regulation is based on lower TAC for entrants than for incumbent for a limited period, which is part of the ladder of investment (LOI) approach. In principle, the current EU regulatory framework requires equal and non-discriminatory TAC for all railway operators which provide similar services in a similar market segment with similar infrastructure quality. Any deviation from this principle must be justified. In practice, infrastructure managers (IM) often charge much higher TAC than the marginal cost of using the infrastructure for long-distance passenger traffic because that market can absorb this higher cost. This does not leave much possibility for entry or survival of potential entrants in the passenger market segment. Therefore, this paper will present a duopoly competition model between asymmetric on-track competitors within the commercial passenger transport market segment. We will explain the pros and cons of the introduction of asymmetric access regulation as an essential package of market entry strategy to establish sustainable competition for commercial passenger railway transport services.

Community Integrated Energy System Multi-Energy Transaction Decision Considering User Interaction

With the gradual liberalization of China’s energy market, the distributed characteristics of each entity in the community integrated energy system are more and more obvious, and the traditional centralized optimization is difficult to reveal the interaction between the entities. This paper aims to improve the profit of the community operator and the users’ value-added benefit of energy use, and proposes a multi-energy transaction decision of a community integrated energy system considering user interaction. First, a refined model of user interaction, including energy conversion, is established, and then the optimization model of multi-energy transaction decision between the community operator and the users is constructed based on the master–slave game. The upper layer aims to maximize the profit of the community operator according to the energy use strategies’ feedback from the users, decides the retail energy prices of the community operator to the users, and optimization variables include equipment output and energy purchased from the power grid and natural gas grid. The lower layer aims to maximize the value-added benefit of energy use for users. The users optimize their energy use strategies based on the retail energy prices published by the community operator. The model is solved by the differential evolution algorithm combined with the CPLEX solver. Finally, different scenarios are analyzed in a numerical example, and the results show that the strategy proposed in this paper to set community prices increases the community operator’s profit and profit margin by 5.9% and 7.5%, respectively, compared to using market energy prices directly. At the same time, the value-added benefit to users also increases by 15.2%. The community operator and users can achieve a win–win situation.

Transitions in the Way Germans and Polish-German Relations Were Presented in the Primary Schools of the Polish People’s Republic

The aim of the article is to show the changes in the perception of Germans and Polish-German relations in the education of the People’s Republic of Poland. This problem is related to the changes in the domestic politics of post-war Poland and both German states. The paper is devoted to the evolution of the perception of Poland’s western neighbor from the post-war period to the end of the Polish People’s Republic, i.e. until 1989. The study presents the beginnings of the anti-German narration, caused by war trauma, which has intensified since 1949 due to pressure which has been exerted by communist government. The next part shows in which places the end of Stalinism and the takeover of power by Władysław Gomułka softened the perception of Federal Republic of Germany. The next phase was opened by the recognition of the western border of Poland by the Federal Republic of Germany on December 7, 1970. This event entailed a gradual liberalization of the recognition of the German problem in the curricula. Undoubtedly, this tendency deepened in the decade of Edward Gierek’s rule due to the problems of the Polish People’s Republic with the repayment of foreign debt, partly also in West Germany. In the early 1980s, the establishment of The Independent and Self-Governing Trade Union Solidarność brought a new quality. Thanks to them the methods of showing Germans (and Polish education as a whole) started a slowly evolution to eliminate the communist propaganda. The school subjects which received the most attention were history, German language, Polish language and geography, because during these lessons the issues related to Germany were most often discussed. The work was created on the basis of selected textbooks and curricula.

Міграція українців до Словаччини: тенденції та перспективи

In recent years, the role of neighboring Central European countries has increased significantly among the countries where Ukrainian migrants are destined. The quarantine restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have intensified this trend, as travel to neighboring countries, including to Slovakia, proved to be safer and easier to implement. Although the volume of migration to Slovakia is much lower than that observed between Ukraine and other countries of the Visegrad Group, this is quite an illustrative example for the analysis of general migration trends in the region. It is growing rapidly due to territorial and cultural proximity, increasing the needs of the neighboring country for additional labor from abroad, the gradual liberalization of its migration policy. Citizens of Ukraine travel to Slovakia primarily for employment, educational migration to the neighboring state is increasing, and some of the relocations are of a commercial nature. The consequences of Ukrainian migration to Slovakia are ambiguous. On the one hand, it promotes closer international relations, development of cooperation, transfer of knowledge and experience, but, on the other hand, leads to the loss of Ukraine’s labor potential, reduced labor activity at home, it is associated with employment of our citizens in the informal economy abroad, risks of violating their labor rights, lack of social protection. The purpose of this article is to analyze trends and determine the peculiarities of migration of Ukrainians to Slovakia, justifying the priorities of mutually beneficial cooperation for both countries to regulate the mobility (labor, education, trade) of the population. To achieve this, general scientific methods of cognition are used: systemic, comparative, structural-functional. The novelty of the study is provided by the identification of modern features of migration processes between Ukraine and Slovakia using the latest available statistical and factual data. According to the results, it is concluded that both countries are interested in translating cross-border migration into the legal sphere, ensuring orderly and safe movement of people. At the same time, the main interest for Ukraine is that the active mobility of the population does not provoke further deepening of disparities in the living standards of neighboring countries, contributes to the dynamization of development. This requires action in two main areas: maintaining the model of circular migration as an alternative to permanent migration, a safeguard against the final loss of labor and intellectual potential; creating conditions for the use of migrants’ earnings, knowledge and experience gained, social ties established for business expansion, job creation in Ukraine and, accordingly, providing preconditions for reducing labor migration, repatriation of migrants.

Правові засади управління процесами надання медичних послуг із допоміжних репродуктивних технологій в Україні

Проаналізовано чинні нормативно-правові акти, які становлять законодавче підґрунтя надання медичних послуг із допоміжних репродуктивних технологій в Україні різної юридичної сили, виявлено прогалини регламентації, перспективні напрями для розвитку галузі. Визначено та досліджено міжнародний, національний і відомчий рівні регулювання надання медичних послуг у цій сфері. Встановлено, що державна політика у сфері охорони репродуктивного здоров’я населення виходить за межі компетенції винятково сфери охорони здоров’я і набуває ознак першочергових завдань національної політики. Завдяки аналізу п’яти законопроектів, які мають регулювати надання медичних послуг у цій сфері, визначено основні тенденції розвитку державної політики, такі як лібералізація законодавства, розширення спектру послуг, розширення джерел фінансування тощо.