Gradual Liberalization Research Articles

ЕТАПИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ВАЛЮТНОГО РИНКУ В УМОВАХ ВІДКРИТОСТІ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The article discusses the stages of development of the national currency market. The features and characteristics of each of the stages are analyzed. It was found out that its evolution was accompanied by negative trends in the national economy: high rates of inflation, a sharp decline in production, a deficit in the balance of payments, etc. The development took place in the context of the processes of integration into the international currency market and was characterized by gradual liberalization, up to the introduction of flexible exchange rate formation and independent monetary policy. The flexibility of the exchange rate and the relatively independent monetary policy of the NBU enable the economy to better adapt to both external and internal shocks. The test of such a policy was the COVID-19 pandemic and the unfolding of crisis phenomena as a result of Russia’s full-scale armed aggression against Ukraine. It has been established that the currency market needs reforms by the regulator that will allow the current crisis to pass with the least upheavals, ensure Ukraine’s competitiveness by building effective mechanisms for its development. These mechanisms should take into account the prospects of potential membership in the EU and the creation of programs and funds for post-war reconstruction, which will allow the restoration of the economic and financial systems. It was determined that the financial market of Ukraine has significant potential for the use of modern digital technologies. Liberalization of the process of using cryptocurrencies can be a breakthrough in the system of currency market development. The first steps towards this have already been taken with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine «On Virtual Assets», which established their legal status, and users can legally exchange, buy and sell cryptocurrency. A retrospective analysis of the recovery of currency markets in different historical periods was carried out. It was established that the strategy for the development of the foreign exchange market of Ukraine should take into account the use of regulatory mechanisms that would ensure both its liberalization and the ability to maintain financial stability in the post-war period. The recovery strategy should be built taking into account European aspirations and the effective use of funds for the reconstruction of Ukraine, based on the introduction of modern digital technologies in the financial system.

A Practical Study on Off-campus Practice Mode for Early Education Major Groups

With the improvement of people's living standards and the gradual liberalization of the maternity policy, infant care and education are developing in a refined and personalized direction. For students of related majors in vocational colleges, the society has higher and higher requirements for their professional skills. Therefore, the improvement of students' practical skills can no longer rely solely on the last year's internship. In the teaching process, we must expose students to the real working environment as early as possible to improve their theoretical and practical abilities. This paper takes the "school-enterprise dual-phase three-stage" talent training model of grade 19 students majoring in child health and management in Shandong Vocational College of Industry as an example to discuss the role of the practical training model.

ВАЛЮТНА ЛІБЕРАЛІЗАЦІЯ ЯК НЕОБХІДНА ПЕРЕДУМОВА ІНТЕГРАЦІЇ УКРАЇНИ У МІЖНАРОДНИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ ПРОСТІР

The article examines the introduction of currency liberalization by the National Bank of Ukraine and its impact on the economic development of Ukraine. Liberalization of the currency regulation mechanism is an urgent direction of economic reform, as it contributes to Ukraine's integration into the global financial space. The introduction by the National Bank of Ukraine of gradual liberalization of currency regulation should promote the inflow of foreign capital from economically developed countries of the world. The article aims to study the peculiarities of the application of the regime of liberalization of currency regulation and to determine its impact on the economic development of the country. Analysis of the activity of the National Bank of Ukraine on the foreign exchange market in recent years showed that the NBU significantly changed the system of currency regulation by liberalizing the currency policy. Successful liberalization of currency regulation can ensure financial openness of the country under the conditions of weighted macroeconomic regulation it is noted. The updating of the system of currency legislation made it possible to provide more than 30 currency relaxations. The impact of currency liberalization on the most important macroeconomic indicators – money supply, monetary base, GDP was studied. Dynamics of exchange rate fluctuations, price level, currency interventions were analyzed. It was noted that currency interventions are associated with changes in the demand for currency in different periods. The purchase and sale of currency by the National Bank of Ukraine allows regulating the amount of money in circulation, which directly affects the level of inflation in the state. It has been established that the liberalization of currency regulation should be balanced and controlled by the state, because during the aggravation of crisis phenomena, the implementation of liberalization will only worsen the state of the real sector of the domestic economy. For Ukraine, taking into account the specifics of economic development, the liberalization of currency policy is an objectively determined process. However, liberalization may contain significant threats and risks. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective mechanism for the implementation of the liberalization process, taking into account the peculiarities of the domestic economy.

РОЛЬ ЯКОСТІ ПРОДУКЦІЇ У ЗРОСТАННІ ЗОВНІШНЬОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНИМИ ВИРОБАМИ В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

The article examines the role of product quality and its impact on exports. It is noted that quality affects the competitiveness of both products and companies. The aim is to study product quality, on the example of pharmaceutical products, as a factor in the dynamism of foreign trade in the current world economy, in particular the study of export-import operations in the pharmaceutical market between Ukraine and the EU. The article analyzes the volume of exports and imports of medical devices between Ukraine and the EU in recent years. Emphasis is placed on this group of products that are aimed at protecting public health. The importance of this sector of the economy is proved. In the article shown the dynamics of its development and dependence on crisis phenomena, pandemics on the example of the financial crisis of 2007-2008, and the anti-terrorist operation in Ukraine since 2014. Emphasis is placed on the fact that Ukraine has lost a third of its export potential, which was caused by Russian aggression. There is a positive tendency to increase trade in medical goods between Ukraine and the European Union, due to the current state of close relations between the countries. Based on the analysis of statistics on trade in medical devices, the author calculated the projected volumes of exports of medical devices to the EU for 2021-2023. For the next four years, further slow growth of foreign trade in medical devices between Ukraine and EU countries. Scenarios of development for the future are considered: optimistic, realistic and pessimistic scenarios of growth of domestic exports to the EU. The most probable realistic development scenario, which assumes a slow growth in exports of medical devices to the EU, reflects the trends of the last decade of relations between Ukraine and the EU. A pessimistic scenario will take place in the event of unforeseen events, global crises, and the possible onset of pandemics. In the article states that during the crisis, governments around the world, as a rule, may introduce measures related to trade in medical devices, which will directly affect global supply markets, change their structure. Currently, there is a gradual liberalization of the medical device market. Ukraine can benefit from the vector of European integration, which will promote economic growth.

The Mexican university anti-communist front (1955—1973). The influence of the Catholic Church and the struggle for control of the university environment

This article examines the history of the emergence and activities of the Mexican University Anti-Communist Front (Frente Universitario Anticomunista, FUA), a right-wing Catholic youth organization which was formed in Puebla. Based on sources from the personal archive of the second president of the FUA, Manuel Antonio Diaz Cid, as well as on the documents of the Catholic Church, publications in the press and memoirs of contemporaries of the events, the author of the article aims to identify the ideological base of the FUA and determine the main methods of struggle of this organization with ideological opponents. Founded under the patronage of church figures in Puebla, the FUA was a hybrid social organization, combining elements of an open and secret society. Using loud slogans about the fight against communism as a facade, FUA members set themselves quite practical goals, which consisted in establishing control over the university environment and influencing politics in the region. However, the FUA's strategies of struggle proved ineffective in the context of the gradual liberalization and secularization of university space that took place in Mexico in the middle of 20th century.

OLIGOPOLY TRENDS IN ENERGY MARKETS: CAUSES, CRISIS OF COMPETITION, AND SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

Uncertainty in the markets associated with COVID-19 created the need for choosing the optimal model of energy markets. At the current stage of energy markets development, oligopoly tendencies tend to prevail. The article discusses the problem of choosing an effective energy market model, using the example of the electricity market. The competitive energy market of the European Union (finalized with the adoption of the Third Energy Package) was chosen as the basic model, with which the energy markets of the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan are compared. The basic indicators of the EU market were defined and compared with similar indicators for the Russian and Azerbaijani markets. The article explored the main tendencies as well as deadweight losses for Russian and Azerbaijani markets. Recommendations for improving the competitiveness of the markets are developed. The study showed that the level of market competitiveness was directly associated with the economic security of the energy market. The ways of increasing market liberalization in Russia and Azerbaijan were proposed. The proposed gradual liberalization of electricity markets involves the transition from a closed monopolistic to an open competitive electricity market, changing the institutional structure, the search for new and effective mechanisms of interaction between the buyer and seller of electricity. It also creates an opportunity to improve the quality of electricity supply, increase the investment attractiveness of the sector at large, and reduce the cost of electricity.Keywords: degree of competition; electrical power; energy markets; European Union; market model.JEL Classifications: D43, D47DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11634

The importance of the School of Journalism of the Catholic Church in the system of the reform in Francoist Spain

This article deals with the issues of educating journalists during the Franco regime in Spain and the place occupied by the School of Journalism of the Catholic Church in this system. The first years of dictatorship were characterized by a strong subordination of education and occupation to the current interests of the state, which regulated access to the profession and education only within the framework of the State School of Journalism. In the second half of the 50’s there was a gradual liberalization of the system, consisting in the gradual admission of other entities to the organization of vocational education of journalists, especially the Catholic Church. This allowed for the launch in 1960 of the School of Journalism of the Catholic Church, the functioning of which was the first manifestation of the regime’s gradual withdrawal from state supervision over the process of educating journalists. The Catholic Church School referred to the pre-war, excellent traditions of the journalism school organized by the Catholic daily El Debate, becoming a kind of counterweight to the regime’s State School of Journalism.The competition between schools (although still slight at that time) contributed to an increase in the quality of education. The emphasis on the completion of general education or the design of curricula taking into account the development of information technology made it possible to equip students with competences required in the labour market, which previously could only be obtained to a greater or lesser extent in practice.

External Economic Effects of Air Transport Development due to the Liberalization

The paper is devoted to research of the impact of gradual liberalization of aviation market on the country’s air transport industry development and on formation of external economic components of the country's GDP connected to it directly: export and import of air transport services. The study of the relationship between the operation indicators of air transport and formed external economic effects has been conducted using comparative, correlative and regression analysis based on the statistical data of Ukraine, which has its own air transport industry and is on the path of aviation liberalization. A strong dependence of the export of air transport services on the total number of international flights and its passengers was revealed. This determines the feasibility of tracking the external economic effects in the design of changes on directions and means of further development of country's air transport sector.

Neoliberalisation of industrial relations: The ideational development of Dutch employers’ organisations between 1976 and 2019

This article considers the debate about the process of liberalisation of industrial relations from an ideational institutional perspective. While the gradual liberalisation of industrial relations has increased employer discretion, the role of employers’ organisations in this process is unclear. The case study is the Netherlands, a neo-corporatist country described as stable and robust but where institutional outcomes have undergone major shifts. To understand how this happened, the author analysed 40 years of collective bargaining policy using an ideational approach. The article argues that Dutch organised employers had the confidence that the strength of their ideas was enough to gradually but surely change industrial relations within the existing neo-corporatist framework by redefining the role of the firm, the state and the employee in the economy. The article also shows that since the early 2010s Dutch organised employers have changed their strategy leading to further de-collectivisation of industrial relations.

The Entrepreneur in “Transformation Cinema”: Representing the Economic Changes of the 1990s in Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovakia

This article analyses how economic change after 1989 was perceived and rooted in society through cultural representations, specifically in the film production of Poland and Czechoslovakia (and later the Czech Republic and Slovakia). The starting premise of this investigation is that popular commercial films, alongside the media and discourse of politicians and other key actors of the systemic transformation, also informed ideas about the free market circulating in the public sphere. Filmmakers, faced with the new realities brought about initially by the gradual liberalization of the economy in the late 1980s and later the systemic change of the economic transformation in both countries, immediately turned to capturing and fictionalizing the changes surrounding them. They presented audiences with role models of what it means to be a capitalist, but also tales of warning. This article investigates the “transformation cinema” of the 1990s, focusing on the figure of the entrepreneur and private enterprise. It examines how filmmakers searched for a visual language to critique or affirm the new social order, but also continued to work with inherited modes from the late socialist era. The article asserts that while the economic expectations conveyed through cinema focused largely on structuring the imagination of a new middle class in Poland, Czech(oslovak) cinema adopted a more sceptical outlook, suggesting that the promises of the free market were not available to “ordinary” working people.

The Shrinking Resource Base of Pastoralism: Saami Reindeer Husbandry in a Climate of Change

The productive performance of large ungulates in extensive pastoral grazing systems is modulated simultaneously by the effects of climate change and human intervention independent of climate change. The latter includes the expansion of private, civil and military activity and infrastructure and the erosion of land rights. We used Saami reindeer husbandry in Norway as a model in which to examine trends in, and to compare the influence of, both effects on a pastoral grazing system. Downscaled projections of mean annual temperature over the principal winter pasture area (Finnmarksvidda) closely matched empirical observations across 34 years to 2018. The area, therefore, is not only warming but seems likely to continue to do so. Warming notwithstanding, 50-year (1969–2018) records of local weather (temperature, precipitation and characteristics of the snowpack) demonstrate considerable annual and decadal variation which also seems likely to continue and alternately to amplify and to counter net warming. Warming, moreover, has both positive and negative effects on ecosystem services that influence reindeer. The effects of climate change on reindeer pastoralism are evidently neither temporally nor spatially uniform, nor indeed is the role of climate change as a driver of change in pastoralism even clear. The effects of human intervention on the system, by contrast, are clear and largely negative. Gradual liberalization of grazing rights from the 18thCentury has been countered by extensive loss of reindeer pasture. Access to ~50% of traditional winter pasture was lost in the 19thCentury owing to the closure of international borders to the passage of herders and their reindeer. Subsequent to this the area of undisturbed pasture within Norway has decreased by 71%. Loss of pasture due to piecemeal development of infrastructure and to administrative encroachment that erodes herders' freedom of action on the land that remains to them, are the principal threats to reindeer husbandry in Norway today. These tangible effects far exceed the putative effects of current climate change on the system. The situation confronting Saami reindeer pastoralism is not unique: loss of pasture and administrative, economic, legal and social constraints bedevil extensive pastoral grazing systems across the globe.

China's Tourism Crisis During the Pandemic: New Approaches and Transformation of «Zero-COVID-19» Policy

In 2020-2021 the global tourism sector was undergoing profound transformations. Global lockdowns and border closures, restrictions on the movement of citizens have led to a recession in the tourism industry and to long-term negative consequences for the global economy. The pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of the sector, insufficient government support, excessive fragmentation and a lack of experience in effectively dealing with new risks and threats. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, China was a key global tourism power. In the fight against coronavirus infection, the country has chosen a “zero COVID-19” strategy. However, the return to the “bamboo curtain” policy and the closure of borders did not lead to complete stagnation of the sector. The gradual liberalization of domestic tourist travel, the lifting of bans on the first outbound travel of citizens in the Macau SAR, discussion of vaccine diplomacy issues, and the high pace of the vaccination campaign will open a new page in the development of the tourism sector in the country. During the fight against the pandemic, Beijing has not implemented an incentive policy aimed at increasing the number of domestic tourist travel. The recovery of the sector proceeded at a slow pace due to the forced need to coordinate the activities of tourism enterprises with the “zero COVID -19” policy. Using the analysis of statistical data and regulatory legal acts of 2020-2021, the author traces the evolution of approaches to controlling the spread of the pandemic in the tourism industry and analyzes the trends that have emerged. The study proves that in China there are no contradictions between two opposite concepts: “zero COVID-19” approach and the strategy of “coexistence with the virus”.

The History of Artistic Freedom as a Legal Standard in Western Culture: An Attempt at Periodization of the Process of Its Formation

This article focuses the historical process of a radical reformulation of the mechanisms of legal regulation of creative activity in the field of visual arts on the European continent, beginning from the second commandment in the Old Testament (the prohibition of imaging) to the contemporary constitutional protection rules in place in Europe and the United States (freedom of artistic expression). The study assumes that the transition from the ban on imaging to the freedom of artistic expression was a result of the long-term evolution of social relations, which involved a gradual liberalization of cultural life and the liberation of the sphere of art from the dictates of religion, politics (the State), professional associations, and the rules of the art market. It characterizes specific historical periods which changed the model of regulating culture and art by the State (or religious communities), and proposes a model of periodization of the history of the formation of artistic freedom as a legal standard.

КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНІСТЬ АГАРНИХ ФОРМУВАНЬ ЛЬВІВЩИНИ: ОЦІНКА РІВНЯ ТА НАПРЯМИ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ

Intensification of European integration processes and gradual liberalization of foreign trade creates prospects for agribusiness entities to enter world markets and at the same time creates the preconditions for foreign producers to access domestic markets. Maintaining stable competitive positions of agricultural formations requires ensuring compliance of agricultural products with international standards of quality and safety, substantiation of the system of strategic directions of development from the standpoint of innovation, least risk and maximum efficiency. Therefore, at the present stage of economic development, the issue of ensuring a high level of competitiveness of agribusiness entities and compliance of their products with European market requirements becomes relevant. It is important to take into account the regional peculiarities of the functioning of economic entities. Competitiveness determines their place and role in the territorial division both in the region and in the country and abroad. The business environment of Lviv region is represented by the following forms of management, namely: personal farms, agricultural enterprises, including farms, which report on operational accounting. The tendency to decrease their number reflects the presence of competition in the agricultural production system, as a result of which the weakest economic entities cease to operate. Thus, the main task of ensuring the competitiveness of agricultural formations in today's conditions is a set of measures aimed at implementing modern models of enterprise management, promoting the use of new communication technologies, stimulating the production of quality products capable of withstanding tough competition in the European market. As a result of the long-term research, organizational and economic directions of improving the competitiveness of economic entities in the region are substantiated, which will ensure profitability of operating activities of farms, increase sales, maximize customer needs and increase competitiveness of Lviv region producers.

The tension between global public procurement law and nationalist/populist tendencies: proposals for reform

GPA had a main objective from its very beginning: confronting discrimination between bidders on national or geographical grounds and opening the system up to greater competence between private actors. The World has experienced a gradual liberalization of public national markets that was almost perceived as a natural process. But this other time thought never-ending process is experiencing serious difficulties. The global political panorama seems to be moving again towards the once forgotten nationalist ideologies; a fact that has brought back again the old host of economic protectionism to the front line of international public markets regulation. The present paper analyses the existing situation from a critical approach. Firstly, it carries out a study of the mechanisms and motives that lie behind populisms and its relationship with international law legitimacy and traditional procurement bias. Secondly, it signals the central role of GPA as the main international instrument to face neo-protectionism, and focuses on the subtle nature of most procurement barriers and how current review mechanism fail to both efficiently tackle potential infringements and to guarantee states’ autonomy. Finally, a proposal for reform is made as to the functioning of the GPA review mechanisms through the creation of a mixed review system.

Optimal capital account liberalization in China

China maintains tight controls over its capital account. Its current policy regime also features financial repression, under which banks are required to extend funds to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) at favorable terms, despite their lower average productivity than private firms. We incorporate these features into a general equilibrium model. Our model illustrates a tradeoff between aggregate productivity and inter-temporal allocative efficiency from capital account liberalization under financial repression. As a result, along a transition path with a declining SOE share, welfare-maximizing policy calls for rapid removal of financial repression, but gradual liberalization of the capital account.

Connectedness of Asia Pacific forex markets: China's growing influence

AbstractThis paper investigates the degree of connectedness of Asia Pacific forex markets post‐global financial crisis and relates it to developments in the renminbi markets. The connectedness measure developed by Diebold and Yilmaz (2014) (Journal of Econometrics, 182, 119–134) reveal the strength of linkages across the U.S. dollar currency pairs of 12 currencies, namely offshore renminbi, onshore renminbi, euro, yen, Australian dollar, Indian rupee, Korean won, Malaysian ringgit, New Zealand dollar, Singapore dollar, Thai baht and Taiwan dollar. With the gradual liberalization of China's exchange rate system, shocks from the renminbi markets contribute more to fluctuations in almost all individual Asia Pacific currency markets vis‐à‐vis the yen. Rolling regressions show a number of Asia Pacific currencies exhibit tighter association with the renminbi when the latter underwent exchange rate regime reform. Finally, results from a two‐step analysis involving a panel regression provide evidence that time‐varying sensitivities of Asia Pacific currencies to the renminbi are directly related to the countries' trade and financial links with China.

Optimal Capital Account Liberalization in China

China maintains tight controls over its capital account. Its current policy regime also features financial repression, under which banks are required to extend funds to state-owned enterprises (SOEs) at favorable terms, despite their lower productivity than private firms on average. We incorporate these features into a general equilibrium model. Our model illustrates a tradeoff between aggregate productivity and inter-temporal allocative efficiency from capital account liberalization under financial repression. As a result, along a transition path with a declining SOE share, welfare-maximizing policy calls for rapid removal of financial repression, but gradual liberalization of the capital account.

Process of Capacity Allocation on Public Sidings

The gradual liberalization of the Czech rail market did not leave unaffected sidings and railway infrastructure managers operating railway transport as their main business activity at the same time. This paper presents the main changes in capacity allocation on public sidings in accordance with the amendment to the Act on Rail Systems. It outlines the specific procedures in capacity allocation on public sidings, the specific modes of request processing and the economic side of capacity allocation. The purpose of capacity allocation is to allow for an efficient use of services offered to all authorized entities. The requests are generally submitted through PROK SW. Furthermore, this paper touches on the initial experience of the Faculty of Transport Engineering of the University of Pardubice, as a capacity allocator on public sidings and rails owned by České dráhy, a.s., with statistical evaluation.

Perspective Directions of Multilateral Cooperation between the EU and the PRC in the Context of Stabilizing the Global Financial System

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the European Union and China are two powerful trading partners with the largest economies in the world. China is now the second EU trade partner after the United States. The authors show that the EU intends to further extend trade and economic relations with China, but at the same time strives for more reliable guarantees of trade with China to comply with fair and transparent trade rules, and to fulfill bilateral obligations under the WTO. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that negotiations on a well-rounded investment agreement between the European Union and China were analyzed in the framework of EU-China cooperation. The authors determine the need for a gradual liberalization of investment and the elimination of restrictions for investors in each other’s markets. This will provide a simpler and safer legal basis for investors from both sides, providing them with reliable protection and their investments. The authors found out that China planned reforms in the economic and financial sectors to strengthen trade and economic cooperation with the EU.