Gradual Formation Research Articles

An in vivo evaluation of the safety and efficacy of using decellularized bovine parietal peritoneum membranes as dural substitutes

PurposeThe reconstruction of dura matter is a challenging problem for neurosurgeons. A number of materials for dural reconstruction have recently been developed, but some of them have poor biocompatibility, poor mechanical properties, and adverse effects. Bovine parietal peritoneum is a promising natural material for regenerative medicine and reconstructive surgery. In this study, we conducted an in vivo evaluation of the safety and efficacy of using decellularized bovine peritoneum membranes (BPMs) as natural dural substitutes in a rabbit model.MethodsThe dural defects in mature New Zealand rabbits were studied. A BPM was sutured on the dural defect area of each animal. Autologous periosteum and collagen membranes (Lyoplant®) were used to facilitate a comparison with the BPMs. ELISA, histomorphological analysis, and hematological analysis were carried out to examine the safety and efficacy of using BPMs as dural substitutes.ResultsOur results showed that the BPMs demonstrated a deterioration rate that is suitable for gathering newly formed meningothelial tissue. The thickness and density of BPM fibers prevents resorption in the first few days after use as a plastic material, and the regeneration of the dura mater does not occur at an accelerated pace, meaning that the gradual formation of fibrous tissue prevents adhesion to the brain surface. It was observed that the BPM can integrate with the adjacent tissue to repair dural defects. Moreover, the transplantation of BPMs did not cause significant adverse effects or immunological responses, indicating the safety and good biocompatibility of the BPM.ConclusionThus, our in vivo study in a rabbit model showed that decellularized BPMs may represent a biocompatible natural material that can be used in cases requiring dura matter repair without significant adverse effects.

Medieval Foundations for the Development of the Modern Slovenian Nation and National Identity

Although the Slovenian nation did not exist in the Middle Ages, it was this nearly thousand-year-long period that witnessed the gradual formation of certain foundations for its subsequent development. Among these was, first and foremost, the geographical area of the Slovenian linguistic community which was formed once the state border was settled between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary and once the systematic medieval colonization came to an end. These two processes were also closely linked to the genesis of the Slovenian language, which dates back to the High Middle Ages. However, still older roots pertain to Christianity, the adoption of which brought about profound religious and social changes, coupled with political and cultural affiliation of Slovenian territory to the European West. The article focuses on presenting the above-mentioned three foundations and their part in the formation of the modern Slovenian nation and national identity.

Concentration in contemporary society: Towards a theory of crisis based on Marx and Luhmann

When examining the current form that modern society has acquired, it is hard to overlook the emergence of a systemic dimension that has become far removed from its social-symbolic roots. This systemic dimension is the result of a process of functional differentiation and simultaneous growth that has led to the gradual formation of social systems that, alongside their coordinating effect, give rise to multiple conflicts or crises. But how are the crises of modern societies to be understood in light of this logic of functional differentiation and internal growth? The purpose of this article is to postulate one particular form of crisis, which will be understood as the result of a consubstantial tendency towards systemic growth. The trend takes the form of a concentration of the performances of social systems that recreates modern schemes of stratification, homogenizes the diversity of options and selections of these systems and, by becoming caught up in thoughtless patterns of growth, produces critical scenarios.

STRUCTURE OF TECHNICAL LEGISLATION AS A COMPLEX BRANCH OF LEGISLATION

In the conditions of the rapid increase in the number of technical normative legal acts there is a gradual formation of technical legislation. In the present article the author investigates the structure of technical legislation. Thus, on the basis of the research of the current Belarusian technical legislation the author singles out its structural elements (parts), each of which is additionally described by the author with the indication of their content and specificity. The paper also analyses the links that are formed between the structural elements of technical legislation, as well as the links that arise within individual structural elements.

Rheology control of cement paste by in-situ polymerization for 3D printing applications

Rheology control is the most critical determinant of success in 3D concrete printing (3DCP), typically achieved through the hydration control of cement. However, this inevitably leads to overdesign of printed concrete featuring a low water-to-binder ratio (w/b), which is incompatible with its non-load bearing purpose and raises a series of environmental and durability problems, such as high carbon footprint and early-age shrinkage. Herein, we propose a novel rheology control strategy via in-situ polymerization, allowing the mix design of printed concrete with a high w/b ratio of 0.6. The proposed approach consists of two stages: 1) introducing monomers as retarders to extend the open time during pumping, and 2) incorporating initiators into the mixture to trigger polymerization, facilitating the structural build-up after deposition by forming polymer bridges between cement particles. We show that the addition of monomers significantly retards yield stress growth, while the following in-situ polymerization engenders a rapid strength development, satisfying the rheological requirements for 3DCP. Mechanistic experiments reveal that the retarding effect results from the complexation of monomers with aqueous species, such as Ca2+ ions, thereby hindering the nucleation of hydrates. As polymerization initiates, the impetus for the structural build-up of the cement pastes first originates from the proliferation of polymer bridges due to the gradual formation and adsorption of polymer, and then relies on the reinforcement of these polymer bridges through the formation of chemical bonds or crosslinks. On top of the environmental benefit, the proposed strategy holds the potential in avoiding admixtures conflict, mitigating early-age shrinkage, and improving mechanical properties. Our strategy opens possibilities for a novel technical route to achieve rheology control of 3DCP, and the discovery in this work will be a landmark for revealing the mechanism of 3DCP via in-situ polymerization.

A study of chemical composition and physical-mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate foams changes under conditions of extreme heating

Polyurethane-polyisocyanurate rigid (PIR) foams are used as thermal insulation materials in a wide range of applications such as construction and pipe insulation. Some of the utilizations require the maximum operating temperature of these materials to reach extremely high temperatures. This work is devoted to the study of changes in the chemical composition and the main physical-mechanical and thermophysical characteristics of PIR foams subjected to prolonged extreme heating in the presence of the material direct contact with air and in its absence. Based on the results obtained, prolonged extreme heating of such materials leads to a significant change in their chemical composition, mainly due to the thermal decomposition of allophanate, urethane and urea linkages, as well as the gradual formation of uretidione, linear carbodiimide polymer and the oxidation of ethers to esters. The relative compressive strength of these materials changes only to a small extent, while the thermal conductivity of these materials increases significantly during heating.

LANGUAGE OF A BARRIER-FREE SOCIETY: THE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE

The purpose of this article is to provide a better scientific understanding of a “barrier-free language”, the concept of which has been developed by Ukrainian politicians, public figures and journalists, and to interpret it as a linguistic phenomenon. The subject of scientific interest is the handbook and the dictionary of the barrier-free language introduced in Ukraine as a part of the strategy for the formation of a barrier-free society, and its object is the suggested linguistic means of implementing the principles of the barrier-free language and argumentation of their expediency. The compilation of the dictionary of the barrier-free language and the suggested changes in nomination demonstrate a number of important developments: overcoming depersonalisation, rethinking the role of linguistic means that were previously unconditionally perceived as acceptable and desirable (in particular, euphemisms) in communication, understanding affixal derivatives not only in linguistic dimension in terms of word-forming meaning, but also taking into account their social connotations fixed by usage, raising the issue of objectification of a person's sexual and gender identity in the Ukrainian language, etc. In a broader sense, it demonstrates changes in perception of language as a social phenomenon that not only serves the communicative needs of society but also affects the way people live in it, and the gradual formation of a type of speaker who understands freedom of expression as inseparable from the responsibility to respect the rights and guarantee the freedom of others.

A brief overview of the unearthed “Analects” documents in East Asia over the past 50 years

From the perspective of newly unearthed inscriptions of the “Analects” of Confucius in East Asia over the past 50 years, it can be seen that it is a “living” text (活体) or “hypertext” (超文体) that is constantly developing and changing in time and space, often filtered and reconstructed due to subjective and objective needs. By the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the differentiation and standardization of the “Qi Analects” (齐论语), “Gu Analects” (古论语), and “Lu Analects” (鲁论语) had not been completed, indicating that the compilation of the “Analects” had not been finalized. With the expansion of the Han and Tang empires and external exchanges, the “Analects” had spread to regions such as the Western Regions, Xinjiang, and Yunnan, as well as the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. This also marked the gradual formation and establishment of the East Asian Sinicized cultural sphere centered around Confucianism and its ideological concepts with the “Analects” as the core.

Effect of Wet‐Dry Cycles on the Loading–Unloading Damage of Granite

ABSTRACTInvestigating the effect of wet‐dry (W‐D) cycling on loading–unloading damage is crucial for ensuring the stability of granite slopes in mountainous areas prone to strong earthquakes. This study conducted a series of W‐D cycling and loading–unloading tests on granite samples, complemented by weight measurements, wave velocity assessments, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests on samples subjected to W‐D cycling. The results indicated that W‐D cycling reduced the mechanical properties of granite and increased the irreversible strain, dissipated energy, and number of acoustic emission (AE) counts during loading–unloading. The increase in the number of W‐D cycles led to a significant rise in the number of small‐scale, intergranular, and transgranular microcracks and the gradual formation of middle‐scale and large‐scale microcracks. W‐D cycling weakened the granite because of crystal expansion and contraction as well as mineral dissolution, whereas loading–unloading damaged the granite through inconsistent deformation resulting from the varying hardness of different minerals. This study provides a foundation for understanding the formation mechanism of seismically cracked slopes under the combined effects of rainfall and earthquakes.

THE FORMATION OF THE FRANKISH PERIOD AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE FIELD OF ONOMASTICS

This article is based on the linguistic study of the formation of the Frankish and its influence on the field of onomastics. The article highlights the opinions of historical researchers about the gradual formation of the Frankish period since ancient times, and sometimes these opinions create polemics between them. At the same time, it is said that throughout history, various tribes gathered in the territory of the Frankish empire and created a state and language, and these tribes' languages influenced on the field of onomastics. The article also reflects the presence of mythical considerations in the field of onomastics, the inclusion of an important lexicon in the field of toponymy as a result of the German occupation, as well as in the vocabulary of Gallo-Romance. It is noticeable that the names were formed by the bithematic and monothematic method by adding the suffixes -IÄCU, -VILLE and -CURT, and then the suffix -COURT on a chronological scale. The article provides information about the areas where the tribes settled within the empire and the necropolises, as well as the falsified place names created on the basis of hypocoristic (hypocritical) names around these necropolises through maps. The article concludes that, according to the new methodology of contact linguistics, all the toponyms included in the study are indeed Romanic formations, contrary to the widespread opinion that still tries to interpret them as Germanic derivatives. Thanks to archeology, it can be proven that the monothematic and hypocoristic variants of Frankish anthroponyms, which appeared as "small names" among the Franks and took on an "informal" character, were not used by the Roman population to create toponyms.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0721/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Experimental investigation on the moisture movement behavior of granites

This study comprehensively investigates the hygric performance of two commonly used types of granite in masonry, each characterized by distinct porosity levels. A series of experimental tests, including capillary absorption, one-dimensional drying, cup methods, vacuum saturation, sorption/desorption isotherms, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and ultrasonic pulse velocity, was conducted in different directions and by using both pure water and NaCl solutions. The results highlight pronounced anisotropy in the granite’s hygric response, with significant directional differences in liquid and vapor moisture movement, as well as ultrasonic wave propagation. Granite with lower porosity and a finer pore structure exhibited hysteresis effects and more pronounced hygroscopic behavior, while granite with higher porosity showed greater capillary activity. The presence of salt crystals within the pore network significantly influences vapor and liquid transport properties, porosity, and moisture storage capacity. The gradual formation of sodium chloride crystals on drying surfaces noticeably altered drying kinetics, influenced by salt concentration and pore characteristics. These findings provide valuable insights into the hygric properties of granite, essential for understanding its durability and informing moisture transfer numerical models.

Microstructure evolution and degradation process of AlCrTiSiN coatings with different Si contents at high temperatures

The microstructure evolution of AlCrTiN and AlCrTiSiN coatings containing 4, 6.8, and 10.6 at.% Si was studied at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1100 °C. The AlCrTiN coating exhibits a single-phase fcc-(Al,Cr,Ti)N structure, while the AlCrTiSiN coatings transition from a nanocomposite structure, composed of fcc-(Al,Cr,Ti)N and amorphous a-SixNy, to a fully amorphous structure as the Si content increases. The hardness and adhesion strength of coatings initially rise, peaking at 24 GPa and 44 N respectively, due to the formation of the nanocomposite structure. However, these properties decline as the coatings become fully amorphous. At elevated temperatures, severe oxidation leads to the gradual formation of layered oxides. Concurrently, phase transformation, spinodal decomposition, and crystallization occur within the nitride layer. The addition of Si enhances oxidation resistance by promoting the rapid formation of a dense and protective oxide layer, and by reducing nitrogen release and TiO2 formation. However, at 1000 and 1100 °C, the coating with 10 at.% Si exhibits slightly faster oxidation compared to the 6.8 at.% Si coating, as the increased Si content reduces the Al content, limiting the coating's ability to regenerate the protective oxide layer.

Принципы, условия и средства формирования компетентности правдоподобного рассуждения студентов-математиков педвуза

This article highlights the actual problem of modern education, aimed not only at transferring knowledge, but also at preparing students for life difficulties, adapting to changes and actively participating in the development of society. The approaches to the formation of the competence of plausible reasoning among students of mathematics at pedagogical universities, as well as the principles, conditions and means necessary for its development are considered. The purpose of the study is to analyze various methods and strategies that contribute to the development of the competence of plausible reasoning, and describe the basic principles, conditions and means to ensure its successful formation. The methodological basis of the research is the theory of the gradual formation of mental actions by P. Ya. Galperin, the theory of the development of thinking, as well as systematic and constructive approaches. These theories play an important role in shaping students' plausible reasoning, as they are directly related to cognitive activity. The article presents and analyzes the main approaches to the formation of competence of plausible reasoning, such as theoretical-semantic, inductive and analog, computational, constructive, problem-oriented, modeling and design, as well as provides examples of each of them. Special attention is paid to the use of open tasks as an important tool in the development of this competence. The article provides examples of the use of open problems for the formation of plausible reasoning competence in mathematics students, as well as describes the basic principles, conditions and means of its effective formation. As a result of the research, the importance of integrating various approaches into the educational process and the need for further study of methods for forming the competence of plausible reasoning is emphasized.

Structure, properties, and decomposition in biological systems of a new nitrosyl iron complex with 2-methoxythiophenolyls, promising for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases

A new promising binuclear tetranitrosyl iron complex with 2-methoxythiophenolyl of the composition [Fe2(C7H7OS)2(NO)4] (complex 1), which acts on the therapeutic targets of cardiovascular diseases, guanylate and adenylate cyclase, has been synthesized. X-ray diffraction data show the presence of two isoforms of complex 1; according to quantum chemical calculations, the structure of only the trans isomer is stable in solutions.The processes of transformation of complex 1 in DMSO, in aqueous solutions, as well as in the presence of bovine serum albumin, reduced glutathione, and mucin were studied. DMSO promotes the decomposition of the original complex 1 into mononuclear products. In biological systems, the mechanisms of decomposition of the complex 1 differ from aqueous solutions. In albumin solution, a gradual formation of a high-molecular-weight dinitrosyl complex is observed, obtained by coordinating the [Fe(NO)2]+ fragment with the amino acid groups of the protein. In the presence of mucin, an EPR signal from stable mononitrosyl products is observed. The introduction of glutathione into the system of the complex 1 leads to the replacement of one initial thioligand with glutathione. In the model systems under study, a more efficient and prolonged generation of NO groups is observed compared to a buffer solution.The obtained data on the influence of the environment on the properties of the complex 1 in combination with a study of their effect on enzymes allow us to recommend it for further study as a potential drug with vasodilator, antianginal, and hypotensive properties.

Atomistic insight into structure and properties of oxide films formed upon oxidation of Al–Mg alloys – reactive molecular dynamics study

Oxidation phenomena on metal surfaces can be advanced using atomistic modeling for the study of the structure and properties of the growing oxide films. Molecular dynamics investigations were performed to study thermal oxidation of single-crystal and polycrystalline Al–Mg alloys with low Mg content of up to 2.5 at. %. Structure, topological atom network and surface topography of the oxide films grown on Al–Mg surfaces at 300, 475 and 663 K are determined. Mg-content and temperature dependent oxide films developed on Al-Mg alloy substrates with two-phase oxide film formation as also confirmed experimentally. It is related with a gradual long-range order formation above 475 K for (Al,Mg)-oxide films, for which solid amorphous phase predominates over crystalline phase. The 1.12-nm-thick oxide films grown at 300 K are fully amorphous and build up from (Al, Mg)-oxide which the Al2O3 dominates. Increase of Mg coefficient confirms faster Mg diffusion to oxide/alloy interface at high oxidation temperature and the formation of MgO-like network. The presence of planar crystal defect (grain boundary, GB) into Al-Mg alloy substrate governs the kinetics of oxide film growth and its structure evolution. GB also compensate internal stresses during oxide film growth. Obtained results are in good agreement with experimental observations.

Interpretation of legal duty in the American legal tradition

Human rights, as enshrined in current international legal instruments, are the result of long-term historical development and the gradual formation of standards that have become the norm in modern democratic society. The formation of such unified standards for regulating social life has led to the modern doctrine of human rights being based on universal principles and values, including freedom, equality, justice, and the inalienability of fundamental human rights. However, despite the commonality of these values and principles on which the modern idea of human rights is founded, its formation and gradual development occurred under the influence of cultural, historical, political, and sociological factors of individual states or entire regions. These factors led to the emergence of distinct legal traditions. A legal tradition is understood as a deeply rooted and historically conditioned attitude of people towards the role of law in society, the nature of law, as well as the organization and functioning of the legal system as a whole. The legal tradition, in turn, leads to certain differences or authenticity in the interpretation of various legal categories, as their formation occurred through the prism of unique circumstances characteristic of a particular legal tradition. Studying approaches to interpreting certain legal phenomena in specific legal traditions allows for a broader understanding of a given legal concept, revealing its peculiarities in the legal systems of individual states, and conducting a comparative analysis of its interpretation alongside other legal traditions. Today, when discussing human rights and obligations, we often refer to sources of the European legal tradition, which undoubtedly play an important role in the modern understanding of human rights. However, it would be incorrect to overlook the contributions of other legal traditions, particularly the American one. The emergence of the modern system of human rights and obligations on the American continent is associated with the activities of the Organization of American States, as well as the adoption of such acts as the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man of 1948 and the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969. It should be noted that the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man preceded the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 by six months, which underscores the significance of this act in the process of establishing an international system of human rights and their protection. A characteristic feature of this Declaration, which distinguishes it from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and a number of other European human rights acts, is its extensive list of duties impos ed on individuals. Thus, to identify the peculiarities of interpreting the category of legal duty, it would be appropriate to study this fundamental normative legal act of the American legal tradition in the field of human rights and duties. Furthermore, studying normative legal acts that regulate both human rights and duties will allow us to outline the mechanism of establishing and normatively formulating key human duties in the American legal tradition.

The role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the middle ear pathology formation

The extraesophageal reflux effect investigation on the middle ear structures in adults is of considerable interest. The gastroesophageal reflux disease associated otitis media formation mechanism is closely related to such concepts as nasopharyngeal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux. It has been established that the pathophysiological mechanism originates in the nasopharynx and further spread to the middle ear structures. The tympanic cavity mucous membrane under the gastric enzymes influence is prone to remodeling, which results in the various chronic inflammation types gradual formation. The study purpose was to analyze medical literature from 1990 to 2024, aimed at studying the middle ear cavity inflammation causes and mechanisms formed by the gastric contents influence. As materials and methods, this article uses publications in such scientific databases as PubMed, eLIBRARY, Science Direct, Research Gate. The analyzed scientific materials provide insight into the relationship between the tympanic cavity inflammation formation and extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, as well as the potential negative H. Pylori impact on the middle ear structures. Conclusions. A detailed understanding of the middle ear cavity inflammation formation by pathophysiological mechanisms of the extraesophageal reflux influence, consisted of various gastrointestinal tract components had been obtained. The potential H. Pylori role in the tympanic cavity mucous membrane alteration remains controversial. This is due to the large number of scientific publications conflicting results in this research field. Major scientific studies confirm that gastroesophageal reflux disease acts as a risk factor for the different types middle ear cavity inflammation formation

Steroid profiling in human primary teeth via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for long-term retrospective steroid measurement.

Steroid hormones are important modulators of many physiological processes, and measurements of steroids in blood, saliva, and urine matrices are widely used to assess endocrine pathologies and stress. However, these matrices cannot be used to retrospectively assess early-life stress and developmental endocrine pathologies, because they do not integrate steroid levels over the long term. A novel biological matrix in which to measure steroids is primary teeth (or "baby teeth"). Primary teeth develop early in life and accumulate various endogenous molecules during their gradual formation. Here, we developed and validated the first assay to measure steroids in human primary teeth using liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Our assay is highly sensitive, specific, accurate, and precise. It allows for the simultaneous quantification of 17 steroids in primary teeth (16 of which have not been examined previously in primary teeth). Overall, steroid levels in primary teeth were relatively low, and 8 steroids were quantifiable. Levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, cortisol, and progesterone were the highest of the 17 steroids examined. Next, we used this assay to perform steroid profiling in primary teeth from males and females. The same 8 steroids were quantifiable, and no sex differences were found. Levels of androgens (androstenedione and testosterone) were positively correlated, and levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone) were also positively correlated. These data demonstrate that multiple steroids can be quantified by LC-MS/MS in human primary teeth, and this method potentially provides a powerful new way to retrospectively assess early-life stress and developmental endocrine pathologies.

Manganese Oxide Enhanced Gravity-Driven Membrane (GDM) Filtration in Treating Iron- and Manganese-Containing Surface Water

Manganese pollution in surface water has been a new concern in decentralized drinking water treatment. The dissolved manganese cannot be effectively removed by the traditional ultrafiltration (UF) process, but will cause severe membrane fouling. To address such issues, an innovative gravity-driven membrane (GDM) coupled with a dynamic manganese oxide (MnOx) film on the membrane surface was proposed, with hopes of enhancing manganese removal and alleviating membrane fouling. The results demonstrated that pre-coating a dynamic MnOx film on the membrane surface of a GDM system would effectively reduce start-up time for removing iron and manganese pollutants, without affecting the flux stabilization of the GDM. Effective manganese removal (~80%) primarily depended on the adsorption and auto-catalytic oxidation facilitated by the pre-coating of MnOx. Furthermore, the MnOx film notably enhanced organic pollutant removal efficiency. Additionally, the MnOx coated on the membrane surface acted as a skeleton, promoting the gradual formation of a biocake layer with a heterogeneous and porous structure, which benefited the flux stabilization of the GDM. In particular, the fine and homogeneous MnOx-M derived from the backflushing water of the mature manganese sand filter exhibited precise and uniform coating on the membrane surface, effectively mitigating the irreversible pore plugging caused by organic matter penetration and thereby enhancing stable flux by ~16.3% compared to the control. This study offered a novel strategy to enhance the purification efficiency of GDM system treating manganese pollution and was expected to contribute to the technological advancement of decentralized water supply scenarios.

Dual-Functional Implant Based on Gellan-Xanthan Hydrogel with Diopside, BMP-2 and Lysostaphin for Bone Defect Repair and Control of Staphylococcal Infection.

A new dual-functional implant based on gellan-xanthan hydrogel with calcium-magnesium silicate ceramic diopside and recombinant lysostaphin and bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2)-ray is developed. In this composite, BMP-2 is immobilized on microparticles of diopside while lysostaphin is mixed directly into the hydrogel, providing sustained release of BMP-2 to allow gradual bone formation and rapid release of lysostaphin to eliminate infection immediately after implantation. Introduction of diopside of up to 3% (w/v) has a negligible effect on the mechanical properties of the hydrogel but provides a high sorption capacity for BMP-2. The hydrogels show good biocompatibility and antibacterial activity. Lysostaphin released from the implants over a 3h period efficiently kills planktonic cells and completely destroys 24h pre-formed biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, in vivo experiments in a mouse model of critically-sized cranial defects infected with S. aureus show a complete lack of osteogenesis when implants contain only BMP-2, whereas, in the presence of lysostaphin, complete closure of the defect with newly formed mineralized bone tissue is observed. Thus, the new implantable gellan-xanthan hydrogel with diopside and recombinant lysostaphin and BMP-2 shows both osteogenic and antibacterial properties and represents a promising material for the treatment and/or prevention of osteomyelitis after bone trauma.