Particle Size Grading Research Articles

Preparation of high‐strength Si3N4 ceramics via vat photopolymerization: A bi‐phase particle size gradation strategy

AbstractThis paper introduces an approach to preparing high‐strength Si3N4 ceramics using vat photopolymerization with a bi‐phase particle size gradation strategy. The influence of different ratios of coarse β‐Si3N4 powders (Cβ) and fine α‐Si3N4 powders (Fα) on the slurry performance, microstructure evolution, and final ceramic strength was systematically studied. It was found that an appropriate particle size gradation can significantly reduce the viscosity of the slurry. The curing depth of Si3N4 slurries decreases with increasing Fα content, while the stability increases. During sintering, dissolved Fα‐Si3N4 not only directly precipitates into small elongated β‐Si3N4 grains but also onto the neighboring Cβ‐Si3N4, promoting the development of large elongated β‐Si3N4 grains and resulting in a bimodal microstructure distribution. The highest strength of Si3N4 ceramics was achieved with a ratio of 6:4 Cβ to Fα Si3N4 powders. Under these conditions, the Si3N4 ceramics exhibited a flexural strength of 472 MPa, significantly higher than that of Si3N4 ceramics prepared using pure Cβ/Fα powders. The strength improvement is primarily due to the well‐designed bi‐phase particle size gradation strategy, which optimizes slurry performance, minimizes defects that may be introduced during the green part printing process while controlling the microstructure evolution during sintering, achieves the ideal bimodal microstructure distribution. The outcomes of this research demonstrate the feasibility of using vat photopolymerization with bi‐phase particle size gradation for the preparation of high‐strength Si3N4 ceramics, which has great potential for application in the manufacturing of various ceramic products.

Study on single particle compression crushing characteristics of iron ore with five different particle sizes

The mechanical properties of particulate materials are among the main factors affecting the grinding and crushing of ball mills. To quantitatively describe the relationship between the breakage characteristics and the stress intensity of irregular particulate materials, this study takes iron ore particles as the research object. It selects five particle size grades of iron ore particles (−4.75 + 3.35, −6.7 + 4.75, −9.5 + 6.7, −13 + 9.5, and −16 + 13 mm) for single particle strength tests. The results showed that the iron ore particles were irregular with certain slenderness and flatness characteristics. The larger the particle size, the lower the sphericity, and the greater the degree of irregularity. As the size of the iron ore particles increased, the number of peak points on the pressure–displacement curve of the particles increased significantly, and the crushing load increased. The single-particle strength of the iron ore particles followed a Weibull distribution, and the Weibull modulus parameter ranged between 2.03 and 2.49.

Nano-enhancing polymer as a fluid loss additive for ultra-high temperature cementing

The exploitation of ultra-deep oil and gas wells is accompanied by technical problems of ultra-high temperature, especially in the cementing process, which will directly deactivate many admixtures. By in-situ polymerization of the monomers and Nano-SiO2 to improve the temperature resistance, the resulting high temperature resistant composite polymer slurry system can show high efficiency in reducing fluid loss under the high temperature environment of 240℃. The synthesis of the high temperature resistant polymer was characterized by IR and 1H NMR, and its physicochemical properties were analyzed by DLS, GPC, TEM and Cryo-SEM. The synergistic mechanism of Nano-SiO2 on the high temperature resistance of the polymer was revealed by TGA. Using DLS, SEM and EDS, a series of cement slurry systems were used to analyze and compare the effect on fluid loss reduction of different adding methods of Nano-SiO2 in cement slurry at high temperature. The results showed that the grafted Nano-SiO2 polymer maintained effective adsorption capacity at high temperature without degradation, and its fluid loss reduction ability was significantly improved at high temperature. The high temperature resistant composite polymer is strongly adsorbed between cement particles to form a dense and robust spatial network structure. The CSH gel structure is optimized by the particle size gradation of the system, so as to obtain a dense cement cake, which is expected to be applied in high temperature cementing.

Effect of silicon carbide powder on asphalt material properties and microwave-induced self-healing

Silicon carbide (SiC) powder, an excellent microwave-absorbing material, can serve as a filler in asphalt mixtures. This study compares the particle size distribution, phase composition, pore structure, specific surface area, and electromagnetic properties of SiC powder and limestone powder. Asphalt mastic and mixtures were prepared with SiC powder replacing mineral powder at ratios ranging from 0 % to 60 %. The study examines how differences in particle size gradation, mineral composition, pore structure, and specific surface area contribute to deformation resistance and improve mechanical properties through micro-level interlocking and cementation. Electromagnetic parameter variations affect microwave heating performance, with uniform distribution of absorbing fillers ensuring heating homogenization. SiC powder also enhances the self-healing index, reaching 74.4 %, and maintaining a maximum healing index of 68.1 % after four damage-healing cycles. These findings support the practical application of SiC powder in asphalt concrete, enhancing maintenance efficiency and advancing microwave heating for self-healing and hot recycling.

Conceptual design and properties of ultra-high residual strength geopolymer after 1000 ℃ thermal exposure

A novel geopolymer concrete is developed, incorporating waste ceramic aggregates, with ultra-high residual strength after exposure to elevated temperatures. Different aggregate volume fractions and particle size gradations are designed, and the variations in mass loss, volume shrinkage, compressive strength, mineral composition, and microstructure of geopolymer mortar after exposure to high temperatures ranging from 20 ℃ to 1000 ℃ are investigated by testing mass loss, volume change, strength, XRD and SEM. The results show that the waste ceramic aggregates (WCA) applied in the preparation of geopolymer mortars improve the mechanical properties and high-temperature resistance. By optimizing aggregate particle size gradation, the microstructure of the geopolymer mortar becomes denser and more homogeneous, and the high-temperature resistance is further improved. The residual compressive strength at 1000 °C is 115.2 MPa, 476 % higher than that of reference. These findings demonstrate the great potential of geopolymer mortars using ceramic aggregates with optimized gradation for high temperature resistant applications.

Effects of local bed layer characteristics on separation of low rank oil shale in a dry cascade beneficiation bed

Oil shale is considered a highly significant substitute energy source for the 21st century due to its abundant resources and feasibility for development and utilization. This paper utilizes a dry cascade beneficiation bed to upgrade 25–0 mm oil shale, focusing on the spatial distribution characteristics of local bed layer density and differential density particle spatial distribution rules. The study identifies the formation area of autogenous medium fluidization and systematically analyzes the force characteristics and spatial migration laws of particles in local bed layers. Factors influencing the mixing and separation of oil shale particles are investigated, and stages of the separation process are determined. Experimental results indicate that in area I, the density distribution range of autogenous medium bed layers is 2.21–2.25 g/cm3, representing the formation area of autogenous medium fluidization, predominantly with low-density oil shale particles at ρ = 1.95 g/cm3, ranging from 2.28 % to 4.37 % across particle size grades. Area II predominantly contains intermediate density particles at ρ = 2.20 g/cm3, with upper and lower layer contents of 10.9–11.6 % and 4.7–5.7 %, respectively; the upper bed layer is dominated by 13–25 mm particles, while the lower bed layer by 0–6 mm and 6–13 mm particles. Area III features high-density particles at ρ = 2.40 g/cm3, with upper and lower layer contents of 6.13–6.40 % and 1.86–2.11 %, respectively, showing particle size distribution consistent with area II. When Γ = 13.60–16.28, area I serves as a domain for low-density material separation, with peak forces of 6.95–7.0 mN; area II as a domain for separation of medium to high-density particles, with peak forces of 4.83–4.87 mN; and area III as a domain for high-density material transport, with peak forces of 2.01–2.03 mN. Particle acceleration along the Z-axis relative to the X-axis increases by 0.688 m/s2, 3.791 m/s2, and 4.670 m/s2 in areas I, II, and III, respectively, and relative to the Y-axis by 0.554 m/s2, 3.11 m/s2, and 3.396 m/s2. When U=2.36 m/s and Γ = 17.73–22.04, significant differences in distribution of same-density particles between upper and lower bed layers are observed, with differences in content for low-density materials (ρ = −1.8 g/cm3) of 13.23 %, 0.01 %, and 0.01 % in areas I, II, and III, respectively, and for high-density materials (ρ = +2.5 g/cm3) of 1.21 %, 0.91 %, and 2.17 %. By examining particle mixing and separation processes, three operational stages are defined: Area diffusion, stratified transition, and cascade distribution, and separation tests under optimal conditions achieve a concentrate yield of 39.23 % with an oil content of 10.18 %, and a tailings yield of 60.77 % with an oil content of 0.71 %. The probable error (Ep) is 0.08 g/cm3 achieves high-precision upgrading of oil shale.

Experimental investigation on the grading optimisation and storage effect of crushed gangue for backfill

ABSTRACT Backfilling with coal gangue can effectively control gangue pollution and surface subsidence. In order to optimise the control effect of crushed gangue overlying rock, this article focuses on the regulating effect of gangue particle size grading on mechanical properties. Through research on the physical properties of gangue and natural graded gangue compaction experiments, the porosity of gangue and the process of gangue crushing are analysed. It is shown that the gangue material has good load-bearing performance. By storage analysis of the natural gradation experiments, the alarm height of the gangue was 20 m. Through compression experiments of group B, it was found that the particle deformation first increased and then decreased. By the analysis of particle strain energy density and breakage energy, it is concluded that the strain energy density of the sample from high to low is B1, B2, B6, A5, B5, B4, and the breakage energy to reach the sample state from low to high is A5, B6, B5, B4, B3, B2, B1, respectivley. The B6 group sample was found to have the best control effect on the overlying rock, thus providing suggestions for optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of backfill mining.

Experimental study on the influence of particle size and grain grading on the CO2 hydrate formation and storage process in porous media

CO2 sequestration in sediments as hydrate form is considered to be a promising way to achieve CO2 emission reduction in the atmosphere. The key problem with hydrate-based technology for CO2 geological storage is the evaluation of the formation process and gas storage capability of hydrate. In this study, the fundamental issue of different particle size and grain grading affected CO2 hydrate formation and storage characteristics in porous media was deeply analyzed. The effect of various particle sizes and grain grading on the gas consumption rate and gas storage capacity of CO2 hydrate were quantitatively illustrated. The results indicated that the hydrate formation is more difficult in porous media with tiny particle sizes. The gas storage capacity and gas consumption rate of CO2 hydrate increased as the particle size increased within a range of 10–63 μm. The maximum gas storage capacity attains 25.65 L/L when the particle size is 63 μm. Besides, compared with single particle size, porous media with grain gradation is adverse to hydrate formation. The results also show that, the obstruction effect on the gas consumption rate and gas storage capacity is more obvious with the increase of the differences in grain gradation. The cooperative impact of particle size and gradation on hydrate formation was studied. The closer the size of the mixed particles is, the more favorable to hydrate formation. The relevant results will aid in comprehending the hydrate formation properties in submarine sediments and will serve as an essential theoretical reference and guide for CO2 capture and sequestration hydrate-based method.

The impact of particle size distribution of haematite‐based drilling fluid on perlite functionality

AbstractDrilling fluid additives are essential in formulating an optimal mud composition for the desired geological formation. They provide different functions that enable the drilling process to reach a target zone. However, the effectiveness of these additives may be limited under certain conditions. The physical attributes of the weighting material additives such as solid particle size (particle size distribution [PSD]). The PSD can influence multiple drilling fluid properties, including the rheology, filtration, and filter cake properties. This work examined the performance of perlite when incorporated into water‐based mud with three different grades of haematite particle sizes. The investigation focused on the rheological properties, filtration, and filter cake characteristics utilizing two distinct filtration mediums: the ceramic disk and core sample. The results indicated that the PSD minimally impacts the filtration and the filter cake properties when the pore distribution of the filtration medium is uniform at low drilling mud density. However, a more pronounced effect was observed when core samples were utilized during the filtration test, reflecting the variation in pore distribution. Remarkably, perlite exhibited exceptional effectiveness in improving the drilling fluid properties. Its influence became particularly evident when core samples were employed as the filtration medium, demonstrating resilience against changes in both filtration medium pore distribution and haematite‐varied particle size grades. In this case, maximum improvements of 69%, 84%, and 86% were achieved in filtration volume, filter cake thickness, and filter cake permeability, respectively. Perlite showed an excellent performance at varied conditions represented by filtration medium and weighting material PSD.

Experimental study of pipeline pressure loss laws with large-size gangue slurry during the process of industrial-grade annular pipe transportation

Gangue grouting and backfilling mining technology is one of the key techniques to achieve solid waste disposal and rock movement control in coal mines. The pipeline conveying performance of gangue slurry determines the success or failure of backfilling engineering directly. Due to the high cost of crushing small-sized gangue, research on pipeline transportation of large-sized gangue slurry has been gradually highlighted. In this study, the gangue slurry ratio optimization test and industrial-grade pipeline transportation experiments were conducted, and the optimal ratio of gangue slurry with different large particle size grading was obtained. Additionally, the rheological parameter changes of gangue slurry in pipeline transportation were analyzed, and the changes in slurry mass concentration, slurry flow velocity, and particle size matching of pressure loss in the straight and bent pipe sections of the transportation pipeline were studied. The results show that the optimal ratio for the 0–5 mm particle size gangue slurry is the mass concentration of 65 % and a mass proportion of 0.3: 2: 1 for 2–5 mm, 0.15–2 mm, and 0–0.15 mm particle size gangue; the optimal ratio for the 0–2 mm particle size gangue slurry gangue is the mass concentration of 60 % and a mass proportion of 2:1 for 0.15–2 mm and 0–0.15 mm particle size gangue. Both the mass concentration, flow velocity, and particle size grading of the gangue slurry have a significant impact on the pressure loss during pipeline transportation. The mass concentration of the gangue slurry has the most significant impact on the pressure loss in the straight pipe section, while the flow velocity has the highest impact on the pressure loss in the bent pipe section. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the design of pipeline transportation parameters for gangue grouting and backfilling projects.

Fine excipient materials in carrier-based dry powder inhalation formulations: The interplay of particle size and concentration effects

The contributions of fine excipient materials to drug dispersibility from carrier-based dry powder inhalation (DPI) formulations are well recognized, although they are not completely understood. To improve the understanding of these contributions, we investigated the influences of the particle size of the fine excipient materials on characteristics of carrier-based DPI formulations. We studied two particle size grades of silica microspheres, with volume median diameters of 3.31 μm and 8.14 μm, as fine excipient materials. Inhalation formulations, each composed of a lactose carrier material, one of the fine excipient materials (2.5% or 15.0% w/w), and a drug (fluticasone propionate) material (1.5% w/w) were prepared. The physical microstructure, the rheological properties, the aerosolization pattern, and the aerodynamic performance of the formulations were studied. At low concentration, the large silica microspheres had a more beneficial influence on the drug dispersibility than the small silica microspheres. At high concentration, only the small silica microspheres had a beneficial influence on the drug dispersibility. The results reveal influences of fine excipient materials on mixing mechanics. At low concentration, the fine particles improved deaggregation and distribution of the drug particles over the surfaces of the carrier particles. The large silica microspheres were associated with a greater mixing energy and a greater improvement in the drug dispersibility than the small silica microspheres. At high concentration, the large silica microspheres kneaded the drug particles onto the surfaces of the carrier particles and thus impaired the drug dispersibility. As a critical attribute of fine excipient materials in carrier-based dry powder inhalation formulations, the particle size demands robust specification setting.

Migration trajectories and blocking effect of the fine particles in porous media based on particle flow simulation

The particle flow code method based on the discrete element method was used to establish the seepage migration model of fine particles [fine particles (FPs), i.e., suspended particles] in a porous medium. A series of numerical simulations were carried out by changing the particle size, seepage velocity, particle injection number, and wide particle size gradation. The research showed that large FPs play a major role in blocking porous medium channels when the injected FPs have a wide size gradation. Due to the blocking effect, small FPs that would not otherwise have deposited also deposit. Moreover, by increasing the number of large FPs in the mixed particles, the total number of particles deposited and the number of smaller FPs deposited will also increase. The distribution of FPs in porous mediums can be divided into three types: surface deposition, internal deposition, and non-deposition. When the seepage velocity increases and reaches a seepage threshold, which is the critical seepage velocity, the deposited FPs will once again be in a suspended state and undergo migration. On the contrary, the FPs will continue to maintain their sedimentary state, and the critical seepage velocity will also increase correspondingly with increasing particle size.

Segregation–rheology feedback in bidisperse granular flows: a coupled Stokes’ problem

The feedback between particle-size segregation and rheology in bidisperse granular flows is studied using the Stokes’ problem configuration. A method of lines scheme is implemented to solve the coupled momentum and segregation equations for a normally graded particle size distributed bulk at constant solids volume fraction. The velocity profiles develop quickly into a transient state, decoupled from segregation yet determined by the particle size. From this transient state, the velocity profile changes due to the particles’ relative movement, which redistributes the frictional response, hence its rheology. Additionally, the particles’ relative friction is modified via a frictional coefficient ratio, by analogy with the particles’ size ratio. While positive values of this coefficient exacerbate the nonlinearity of the velocity profiles induced by size differences, negative values dampen this behaviour. The numerical solutions reproduce well the analytical solutions for the velocity profile, which can be obtained from the steady-state conditions of the momentum and segregation equations for the transient and steady states, respectively. Segregation–momentum balances and four characteristic time scales can be established to propose two non-dimensional quantities, including specific Schmidt and Péclet numbers that describe broadly the segregation–rheology feedback. The proposed scheme, theoretical solutions and non-dimensional numbers offer a combined approach to understand segregation and flow dynamics within a granular bulk, extensible across many flow configurations.

Experimental Study on Workability of Natural Aggregate Concrete Incorporated with Crumb Rubber

This study investigated the effect of crumb rubber on the workability of fresh concrete. Crumb rubber was used to replace fine aggregate at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 25%. Physical properties (particle size gradation, specific gravity, bulk density and aggregate impact value) of the aggregates: sharp sand, Bida natural stone and crumb rubber were determined. Furthermore, the sharp sand and Bida natural stone used for this research were characterized as normal weight aggregates while the crumb rubber was characterized as a light weight aggregate. Workability of the concrete in its fresh state was extensively studied. Generally, the workability of fresh concrete reduced as the crumb rubber increased from 0% to 25%. The reduction in slump values was adduced to the absorbent nature of the crumb rubber. Hence, the research recommended a water-to-cement ratio of 0.55 – 0.60 for use in the production of concrete containing crumb rubber. It was concluded that crumb rubber can be used to produce low workability concrete for use in mass concrete foundations, lightly reinforced concrete elements and roads.

Evaluation of the applicability of gasification coarse slag as a fine aggregate in controlled low-strength material: preparation, performance, and environmental effect.

Gasification slag (GS) is rich in SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, and has excellent particle size gradation, which has the potential to be employed as an aggregate in the field of controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Nevertheless, the large-scale application of GS as the fine aggregate for the preparation of CLSM has been scarcely investigated. In the present work, the applicability of replacing part of coal gangue (CG) with gasification coarse slag (GCS) as fine aggregate for the preparation of CLSM was investigated. The results revealed that using GCS as a fine aggregate improved the flowability of CLSM, and increasing the GCS content from 0 to 50 wt% improved the flowability from 250.0 to 280.0 mm. The 28-day compressive strength of all CLSM conformed to the requirements of ACI Committee 229. Compared to the Blank group, the 7- and 28-day compressive strength of the CLSM increased by 23.07% and 26.80%, respectively, at a GCS content of 50 wt%. The increase in compressive strength was mainly due to the pore-filling and hydration-promoting effect of the GCS, which made the structure denser. The dense structure reduced the expansion rate, absorption, and porosity rate of CLSM and increased the wet density. The optimal process parameter was the addition of 10 wt% of GCS. The results of heavy metal ion leaching showed that the optimal sample GS10 leached all heavy metal ions in much less than the limit values of GB 8978-1996 and GB 5085.3-2007. The results will provide new ideas and technical approaches for the large-scale application of GCS as the fine aggregate in CLSM.

Influence of particle size gradation on the preparation of highly concentrated coal-water slurry and the development of a gradation model

ABSTRACT Aiming at the problem that low-rank coal is unsuitable for making CWS (coal-water slurry) and lacks an accurate particle size gradation prediction model. This paper expounds on the effects of ball milling time and speed on the concentration and rheology of CWS under different grinding conditions. After size grading, the slurry’s bimodal parameters and particle size distribution are studied. Based on the BP neural network, a particle size distribution model more suitable for low-rank coal is established in this paper. The results show that the slurry concentration in the graded coal sample increases by 4% higher than that of the ungraded coal sample. The BP neural network model accurately predicts the relationship between bimodal parameters and slurry concentration based on bimodal parameters. In the context of grain size gradation, the optimized particle size cumulative distribution model, denoted as y = x n − x K n x 100 n − x K n + K { ( K + 10 % > x > K% } , demonstrates enhanced alignment with the attributes of low-rank coal. This underscores the paper’s contribution in providing a more fitting particle size distribution model for low-rank coal in the context of CWS production.

Evaluating the influence of coal particle size gradation on the properties of coal–water slurry

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of coal particle size gradation on the properties of coal–water slurry (CWS), including coal concentration, flowability, stability, and rheological behavior. The research findings indicate that coarse coal particles have a dominant effect on improving the coal concentration of CWS, while fine coal particles significantly contribute to enhancing the flowability and stability of CWS. Also, a gradation approach incorporating both coarse and fine components with continuous particle size distributions was explored, successfully achieving a high performance CWS with a high coal concentration of 66.12 wt%, a flow time of 13.37 s indicating excellent flowability, and a water separation rate of 3.49 wt% after standing for 7 days, demonstrating good stability. Furthermore, the validity of these research results was confirmed by zeta potential analyses and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations.

A Comprehensive Investigation for the Production of Optimized Interlocking Compressed Earthen Bricks with Varying Proportions of Stabilizer, Water, and Fine Aggregate

The global construction industry is shifting toward eco‐friendly building materials to reduce environmental impact while ensuring affordability, energy efficiency, and resource conservation. Interlocking compressed earthen bricks (ICEBs) offer a sustainable alternative to traditional bricks. However, ICEB composition significantly impacts their performance. This study investigates the interplay of stabilizer, water, and fine aggregate content to optimize ICEBs. Soil properties were assessed through particle size gradation analysis, Atterberg limits, and the modified Proctor test. ICEBs were manufactured using cement as a stabilizer, with various combinations of stabilizer proportions, water‐to‐soil ratios, and inclusion of fine aggregates. Compressive strength tests were conducted for each mix. Results showed that increased cement content enhanced ICEB compressive strength by promoting the formation of calcium silicate hydrate gel. Water content increments from 12% to 21% improved strength up to 18% but declined thereafter. Higher sand percentages initially reduced compressive strength but improved it with higher cement proportions. The optimal mix ratio was selected for ICEB production, followed by tests including flexural strength assessment, forensic investigations, curing regimes impact, and comprehensive durability and structural performance evaluation. Findings highlight ICEBs’ potential as a sustainable alternative to conventional brick masonry.

A particle-scale insight into the face stability of shallow EPB shield tunnels in dry cobble-rich soil

The aim of this paper is to provide a particle-scale insight into the face stability of shallow (C/D = 1.0; C = tunnel buried depth and D = tunnel diameter) earth pressure balanced (EPB) shield tunnels in cobble-rich soil, considering both the dynamic excavation process and particle size gradation. The work was performed by three dimensional discrete element method (DEM). Results show that particle size greatly influences the movement of cobble particles. The coarse particles serve as the skeleton of the ground and provide the stability. The erosion of fine particles has little influence on tunnel face stability, while the erosion of middle particles weakens tunnel face stability. The limit support pressure pf increases with increasing cutterhead rotating speed, and the normalized limit support pressure pf/γD (γ = soil unit weight, D = tunnel diameter) obtained in this paper is larger than existing researches. The abrupt increase of middle particles in the muck composition can be recognized as the forewarning information against face failure.

Cellular automata simulation of interlayer microstructure for alumina ceramic sintering process formed by vat photopolymerization

The layered structure of the green parts formed by additive manufacturing considerably influences the densification and sintering process. This work focused on the interlayer microstructure evolution during the sintering of alumina ceramics formed by vat photopolymerization as well as its influencing factors and patterns. A cellular automata (CA) model combined with a back propagation neural network (BPNN) was developed to simulate the sintering process. The BPNN+CA model successfully predicted the porosity with an error of less than 12 % for specific particle size gradations (3 µm/0.5 µm and above) and sintering temperature. The simulated interlayer microstructure evolution was in agreement with the experimental results. The validated model showed that smaller particle size and higher sintering temperature induce stronger sensitivity to the interlayer gap. This simulated system is of great assistance in predicting interlayer microstructure evolution and change of porosity during sintering for ceramics manufactured by vat photopolymerization.