Task Of Government Research Articles

Nurturing Traditional Midwifery and Medicine: The Entangled Path of Health Integration in Post-Independence Kilombero, Tanzania

This paper focuses on the Tanzanian government’s ambitious endeavour to enhance health, particularly midwifery services following independence. The initial strategy by the government involved promoting Western medicine by establishing healthcare facilities and training medical personnel. However, the strain of a burgeoning population and limited resources soon became evident, prompting the government to recognise the need for the incorporation of traditional medicine, previously overlooked. This integration posed its own set of obstacles, as the focus on herbal remedies overshadowed crucial aspects of conventional midwifery, such as rituals. While research has shown the resolve of the government towards medical integration between different players, this paper shows that incorporating other actors such as voluntary agencies and traditional health workers proved a formidable task for the post-independent government. Using examples from Kilombero District, this paper examines the complexities and setbacks of government planning in this context, highlighting how the intended path to improvement took unexpected turns, failures, and detours, leading to a re-evaluation of strategies and priorities on the part of the government, while the people embraced a hybrid of medical therapies.

Taxes on real estate- an effective economic management tool in many countries worldwide and lessons for Vietnam

The state budget is a crucial political task for governments, with taxes being a significant source of revenue. In developed nations, property taxes constitute the primary source in total tax revenue and local budgets. Vietnam currently does not levy property taxes on real estate but only imposes taxes on agricultural land use and non-agricultural land use based on very low predetermined land values. Introducing property taxes not only generates a substantial and sustainable source of revenue for the budget but also helps curb speculation in land and real estate, promoting transparency in asset ownership. Due to a lack of comprehensive and standardized legal, technical, and economic statistics, and the rapidly changing market prices for land and real estate, formulating property tax laws in Vietnam has been challenging. Despite significant differences in conditions compared to other countries, property taxes are deemed essential in the near future. Researching theoretical foundations and the experiences of other nations in real estate tax laws, especially those undergoing economic transitions like Vietnam, is crucial. It is known that this tax has been under thorough examination to gradually develop, enact, and implement it in line with practical needs and, most importantly, to garner public and societal consensus.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СТРАТЕГІЇ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ ПІСЛЯ COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an extraordinary challenge to the global economy and society, impacting every facet of life. Key issues confronting economic systems worldwide include job losses, declining production, market instability, and rising social inequality. A critical task for governments is to formulate an effective recovery strategy that not only stabilizes economic indicators but also addresses the new social challenges brought about by the pandemic. The development of theoretical and methodological foundations for forming a socio-economic strategy for recovery after COVID-19 is significant for ensuring sustainable development in the conditions of the new reality. One of the critical issues is the development of approaches that integrate economic stabilization with the development of the social sphere, ensuring employment, reducing inequality, and modernizing healthcare systems. The article examines the theoretical and methodological foundations of forming a socio-economic recovery strategy after COVID-19 using the example of fifteen European countries, including Ukraine. The main approaches and methods that can be used to develop strategies to overcome the pandemic's economic and social consequences are highlighted. Key factors and integral indicators affecting the effectiveness of recovery are analyzed, such as the level of macroeconomic stability, national security, and resilience of communities. Special attention is paid to the need to adapt modern economic theories and methodological approaches to the conditions of the post-pandemic world. Priorities and directions for developing socio-economic strategies to ensure stability and sustainable development of society in new realities are determined. The following methodological approaches are used in the article: descriptive statistics – to identify among the studied countries of the group for which joint recovery strategies can be developed; the method of principal components – for selecting the most relevant indicators in three groups and determining the relevant integral indices (socio-economic, national security and public health); regression modeling – to determine the importance of the influence of combinations of input indicators on the relevant target indices; optimization modeling – to determine optimal combinations of input indicators and target values. The proposed theoretical and methodological approach can be used and adapted for countries with different levels of economic well-being.

Transition Features of the Russian Regional Press to Digital Technology

The regional press plays an important role in the formation of the urban media space. The article examines the adaptation features of the Russian regional press to the changing the digital environment conditions. Despite the slight increase in circulation and audience of print media, the Russian regional press continues to experience a number of difficulties associated with a lack of funding, influence from government agencies, the implementation of government tasks, an aging audience, and publication of news in printed editions with a long delay. Publications are trying to adapt to changing conditions, looking for new ways not only to earn money, but also to attract an audience. Some sites are either a copy of the printed edition or are updated quite rarely. Nevertheless, digitalization does not mean the death of the Russian regional press. The study was based on interviews conducted by the authors in 2021-2023 with the heads of Russian regional newspapers. The authors also conducted a content analysis of materials posted on newspaper websites. The article is the first to examine successful cases of regional press. To attract the widest possible number of subscribers and, in general, active consumers of information products, the content of regional media must be exclusive, prompt, reliable, dialogic (providing different points of view), and multimedia. Unfortunately, Internet resources of Russian regional print media do not always meet these criteria. Digitalization does not mean death for traditional media; it is rather a new opportunity to conquer new “territories”, attract audiences, and implement new tasks. However, the development of local publications is hampered by the policies of government agencies that put pressure on editorial offices. Officials do not understand the specifics of journalistic work. Only a few regional publications manage to cope with existing problems, find sources of funding and attract new audiences.

ПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ОТДЕЛА КУСТАРНЫХ ИЗДЕЛИЙ И РУКОДЕЛИЙ РОССИИ НА ВСЕМИРНОЙ ВЫСТАВКЕ В ПАРИЖЕ 1900 ГОДА

The purpose of the article is to analyze the organization of the Russian handicrafts section at the 1900 Paris Exposition under the leadership of Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fyodorovna. Elizaveta Fyodorovna received an invitation to organize a handicraft exhibition at a global enterprise from the highest authorities. Russia, like other countries, attached great importance to participation in world exhibitions. National representation at world exhibitions was perceived as an important tool for maintaining the authority of the state in the international arena, an effective way to develop and expand political, economic and cultural ties. In Russia, the organization of Russian sections at world exhibitions was entrusted to special commissions consisting of representatives of interested ministries, departments and government agencies. The government invited special figures for certain branches of the exhibition business. Elizaveta Fyodorovna was faced with the task of presenting the achievements and successes of the Russian handicraft industry at the 1900 Paris Exposition. The research methodology is based on the problem-chronological principle using comparative historical, retrospective, biographical methods, etc. Based on an integrated approach, the author concluded that the proposal of the highest authorities to organize a handicraft section at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, received by Elizaveta Fyodorovna, testified to her recognition as a competent figure in the field of handicrafts. Elizaveta Fyodorovna’s outstanding organizational skills, her experience in organizing handicraft-industrial exhibitions and direct attention to the sale of handicrafts, extensive business contacts in the field of handicrafts and the architectural and artistic environment, the ability to put forward innovative ideas and combine useful forces for their implementation made it possible to fulfill an important government task in a short time – to present the achievements of the Russian handicraft industry to the world community. Some unpublished materials from the collections of the Russian State Historical Archive are presented in the article.

The Possibilities of Simulation Modeling for the Creation of Information Societies in the Context of Solving Government Tasks

The active use of simulation and agent-based models is reaching a fundamentally new level. A study of the development of this area in Russia from the perspective of publication activity was published in a previous paper. An approach using advanced tools provides advantages for developers of management mechanisms. Now, language models that are able to generate answers and solve problems at a high level of complexity are gaining popularity. Such developments are already being used together with an agent-oriented approach, which is of particular interest from the point of view of prospects for applied significance. Scaling of research using such a tool can be adjusted to the desired vector and adjusted to different levels of detail - from individual model objects in the form of entities to parametric features of each individual state along with global changes in the world economy. The article is based on an overview of various models, which analyzes Russian and foreign developments constructed using the methodology of computer simulation models. This method allows specialists to introduce new approaches into the structure of public administration by analyzing and predicting challenges in various spheres of public life. In addition, popular software for working with models of this class is considered. In another block, a selection of applied models is presented with individual customization for each of the tasks, and demonstration of results that convey the specifics of different spheres of public life, from demographic assessment of the population of countries, planning in the health system to military clashes and ending with software products for analyzing the space situation. Examples are models that study the demographic situation in Russia, the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, voter turnout, comparison of the armed forces of the parties, etc. In the experimental results of some models, it is possible to identify a social orientation that helps to understand the specifics of demographic and social problems well – population decline, the level of support for the political elite, the behavior of people in a stressful situation, government support measures that have a positive effect on the population.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ МАЛЫХ И СРЕДНИХ ФОРМ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В СФЕРЕ ТОРГОВЛИ НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

One of the most economically developed regions of Russia is the Republic of Tatarstan. It is no coincidence that support for entrepreneurial activity is designated as one of the priority tasks of the regional Government. In 2014, the project “Business and Power: A Frank Conversation” was launched in the Republic. Business representatives now have at their disposal an effective platform for discussing and solving pressing problems. All voiced opinions are recorded, and decisions made become the subject of control by the office of the Authorized Representative for the Protection of the Rights of Entrepreneurs under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan. Object of study: activities of small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Tatarstan in the field of trade and entrepreneurial activity. Purpose of the study: features of the activities of small and medium-sized forms of entrepreneurial activity that implement trade and economic relations using the example of Tatarstan. Research methods: thought experiment, analysis, abstraction, synthesis, modeling, comparison, comparison and specification. Novelty of the research. In this article, the author proposes measures to improve the export potential of the Russian Federation economy through the development of exports of enterprises and organizations of small and medium-sized businesses. This activity should take into account the industry specifics of business entities of the Republic of Tatarstan in the field of trade relations and individualize the assistance provided.

Precarity and Resilience in Kavery Nambisan’s <i>The Story That Must Not be Told </i>

In the wake of rising precarity, the pressing question that confronts thinkers is how to formulate a new form of a social contract that recognises, legitmises, and promotes systems of social infrastructures. By focussing on Kavery Nambisan’s The Story That Must Note Be Told (2010), this article highlights the precarious class of people living in a slum area. The crux of Nambisan’s account is that few lives matter more than other lives, and few spaces need more supply of resources than others, and the task of government and corporate agencies is to render agential measures to the elite class. It is a precarious tale of a place where the vulnerability and death of the marginalised feed off the privileged class. In the light of the precarious conditions rendered by the neoliberal regime, this article analyses Martha Albertson Fineman’s theory of human vulnerability, underlining the urgency to recognise human dependency on social institutions inherently linked to their resilience and survival.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Terhadap Pencegahan Limbah Sampah Pelantar Kota Tanjungpinang

This research aims to evaluate the Tanjungpinang City Environmental Service's policy towards preventing Tanjungpinang City Landfill Waste. Tanjungpinang City is the capital of the Riau Islands province which will be used as a tourist city in the Riau Islands. However, to make this happen, one of the tasks of the Tanjung Pinang city government is to solve the waste problem in the city of Tanjung Pinang, especially the old city of Tanjung Pinang, which is a slum area that has the largest area among other slum settlements in Tanjung Pinang. The research method uses a descriptive approach which is a method that used to describe a phenomenon or event by relying on data and facts found in the field. The purpose of qualitative research with a descriptive approach is to explain and describe phenomena and their characteristics, as well as having a greater tendency towards how it is implemented or the reasons why something happens. The results of the research show that evaluation is very important so that steps are taken so that the policies made are not arbitrary. -To do this, there must be an appropriate regulatory basis in order to get maximum results because sea cleanliness is the main milestone in the Riau Archipelago, where almost 100% of the Riau Archipelago is sea and is a maritime area, therefore the importance of awareness by both the public and the government so that the economy which is based on the needs of communities in coastal areas and small islands as an effort to empower communities to increase community participation and capacity in coastal and small island management, especially in the field of dealing with coastal and marine waste pollution.

Public-private partnership in municipal solid waste management in the Sunyani municipality of Ghana

Purpose Poor municipal solid waste management is a major characteristic of urban development in Africa. In Ghana, local governments are mandated to ensure the collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste. However, this has been a herculean task for local governments in Ghana, owing to inadequate resources and weak technical capacities. This has prompted calls for, and actual involvement of the private sector through public-private partnerships (PPPs) in municipal solid waste management, particularly in the urban areas. This study aims to assess the roles, effectiveness and challenges of PPPs in urban waste management in the Sunyani municipality of Ghana. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a case study design, the study used a qualitative research approach to provide in-depth insights into PPPs in municipal solid waste management in the Sunyani municipality of Ghana. Therefore, key informant interviews and two focus group discussions were conducted. Findings The study revealed that some policies and actions of the local government (Assembly) do not positively facilitate the effective functioning of PPPs in municipal solid waste management. There is also lack of effective stakeholder consultation, collaboration and grassroot inclusion in the PPPs which affect the effective management of the increasing volumes of solid waste being generated within the municipality. Practical implications To achieve the objectives of the PPP arrangements, local authorities should initiate steps to effectively coordinate all the involved private companies. There must also be ways of involving the beneficiaries in the design and implementation of PPPs on waste management to allow for effective grassroots and participatory monitoring and evaluation. Originality/value The uniqueness of the case study being a mid-sized and secondary city in a developing country enhances the value of the findings and the application of recommendations in cities with similar characteristics and initiatives in improving PPPs in municipal waste management.

Role of Actors in Covid-19 Control in West Nusa Tenggara Province

The study has purpose to analyze the role of actors in the social representation of Covid-19 control. The study uses a mixed method with an explanatory sequential design. The results shows that there is a positive influence on the role of actors on the discipline of health protocols in controlling Covid-19 in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), each pentahelix actor participates well. Higher education as a consulting actor provides input, views, and academic legitimacy. Academics criticize policies scientifically so that they can be accepted and have an impact as an alternative problem’s solving. Pharmaceuticals accelerate the production of domestic drug raw materials and to fulfill the realization of national drug raw material independence. BPBD NTB coordinates with the Indonesian Red Cross provides basic disaster management training for government officials, communities, businesses, non-governmental organizations, and other stakeholders. Community helps the government's task of reducing any potential threat of threatening disasters.

Family Business in the United Arab Emirates: Legal Experience

Relevance. Family entrepreneurship is one of the main trends in the modern development of entrepreneurial activity. Over the past five years civilistic science has achieved significant results in the study of this multidimensional complex phenomenon. Being at an intersectoral junction (civil, family, entrepreneurial, labor, administrative law), family entrepreneurial activity is designed to solve many government tasks, which allows us to talk about the entry of this type of entrepreneurial activity into Russian entrepreneurship ecosystem on a permanent basis. At the same time, Russian legislator does not react to large-scale development of family business in any way, which creates insoluble difficulties in its implementation, protection of participants rights. Under such circumstances, the experience of legal regulation of relations arising from family entrepreneurship in foreign countries that have followed the path of adopting a special law seems relevant. The United Arab Emirates is one of such states.The purpose is to set the content of a special law on family business in the United Arab Emirates.The objectives of the study: to determine the state of family entrepreneurship development abroad; establish the need to study the experience of legal regulation of family business in the UAE; disclose the content of the UAE family business law.Methodology. The article is based on analysis methods, deduction, description, generalization, formal-legal, comparative-legal methods.Results. The study found that the UAE's approach to legal regulation of family business relations is based on an internally consistent special legislative act based on a symbiosis of family values and advanced business achievements.Conclusion. The experience of legal regulation of family entrepreneurial activities of the UAE is one of the progressive at present. It seems that it is necessary to consider the achievements of the Arab legislator when creating the concept of Russian law on family entrepreneurship, its structure, laying down the principles.

Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Oleh Badan Pertanahan Nasional Terkait Sertifikat Pengganti Hak Milik Atas Tanah

Land registration is a government task carried out in order to ensure legal certainty in the land sector (a "Rechts Kadastre" or "Legal Cadastre"). The purpose of land registration is stated in Article 3 of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997. To achieve this orderly administration, every plot of land and apartment unit including transfer, encumbrance and write-off must be registered in Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997. Article 1 paragraph (20) states: "Certificate is a certificate of proof of rights as intended in Article 19 paragraph (2) letter c UUPA for land rights, management rights, waqf land, ownership rights to apartment units and mortgage rights, each of which has been recorded in the relevant land book.
 The method used in this research is a normative approach and a Socio Legal approach which originates from collecting data obtained from primary data and secondary data, then analyzed using qualitative analysis methods.
 The results of this research answer that the form of unlawful action by the National Land Agency regarding land ownership certificates based on Decision Number 169/Pdt.G/2022/PN.Tjk is not carrying out community requests regarding Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration Article 57 paragraph (1) which explains that at the request of the right holder a new certificate is issued as a replacement for a certificate that is damaged, lost, still uses a blank certificate that is no longer used or that was not handed over to the auction buyer in an execution auction. Meanwhile, the analysis of the judge's considerations regarding unlawful acts by the National Land Agency regarding certificates of ownership of land based on Decision Number 169/Pdt.G/2022/PN.Tjk is from a normative aspect because Certificate of Ownership Number 926/Kd, issued on May 9 1977, is located in Sukarame Village, Kedaton District, Bandar Lampung City with Measurement Letter Number 2931/1977 dated 7 February 1977 with an area of 8,400 (eight thousand four hundred) square meters in the name of Purwanto, which is a legal product of State Administrative Officials and is owned by the Plaintiff based on a gift from his parents.

The U.S. needs a National Biodiversity Strategy

AbstractThe U.S. needs a National Biodiversity Strategy (hereafter Strategy). As a nation that places a high value on domestic biodiversity and on being a global leader in biodiversity conservation, the U.S. is failing to live up to its expectations regarding a national Strategy. A Strategy should suggest both legislation and policies and guide our country toward achieving stated objectives. We first propose a process to create a Strategy that involves establishing a government task force and supporting expert advisory panel. We then identify five key elements of a Strategy. First, a Strategy should identify priorities among legislation that impacts biodiversity. At present, conflicting rules lead to administrative uncertainty and inconsistent decisions. Second, a Strategy should create a comprehensive vision for societal participation in biodiversity protection. Current practices comprise a mixture of different levels of commitment to stakeholder participation and social justice. Third, a Strategy should mandate periodic review to better provide the American public a synopsis of how we are faring with our treasured biodiversity. Fourth, a Strategy should be as comprehensive and broad as biodiversity itself, spanning organizational ranges from genes to ecosystems. Finally, a Strategy should provide a structure for achievement that incentivizes public and business and that stimulates innovation, particularly in nature‐based solutions to complex environmental challenges.

Contributor biographies

Contributor biographies

Healthcare provision of transcatheter aortic valve implantation in Germany.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) for aortic stenosis in older patients is the standard of care with awell-established supply density in Germany. In the near future, healthcare reform is planned that may affect TAVI capacities. Therefore, it is important to know how political regulations may interfere with access to services and what the need for TAVI will be in the future, based on demographic trends. The number of TAVI procedures (DRG F98A +F98) and the in-hospital main diagnoses of aortic stenosis (ICD I35) in 2021 were analyzed at the level of county or federal state based on anonymized data from hospital reports, according to §21 of the German hospital reimbursement law. The number of TAVI and aortic stenosis cases was projected for 2035 based on data from the German Federal Statistical Office on demographic developments. With quality assurance data from hospitals in 2019 and aroute planner, the travel time to the next hospital performing TAVI (OPS 5‑35a.0) was calculated, and the consequence of apolitically suggested minimum volume cut-off was analyzed. In 2021, atotal of 26,506 TAVI procedures were reported with amean number of TAVI per 100,000 inhabitants of32 (range between federal states from25 to42). Among the 66,045 diagnoses of aortic stenosis, there was avariation per 100,000 inhabitants from64 to 108 (mean79) between federal states. Compared to 2021, an additional 8748 (+13%) diagnoses of aortic stenosis and an increase of 4673 (+18%) TAVI procedures is to be expected in 2035. In 2019, 57% of German citizens could reach aTAVI hospital within 30 min and 91% within 60 min of driving time by car (mean time to hospital 31 min). Applying aminimum number of 150 TAVI/hospital per year would increase the driving time to hospital from 33to 52 min in Saxony-Anhalt and instantly remove six out of eight hospitals from service in Hesse. Regulation of TAVI services by minimum volume numbers would arbitrarily interfere with access to services, in contradiction to the medical service assurance tasks of federal state governments. These issues should be considered in the upcoming healthcare system reform.

Peran dan Fungsi Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD) dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Desa di Desa Kedaton Kecamatan Kapas Kabupaten Bojonegoro

This research aims to analyze the role and function of the Village Consultative Body (BPD) in implementing village governance in Kedaton Village, Kapas District, Bojonegoro Regency. BPD is an institution that has an important role in carrying out village government tasks and representing the interests of the community. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The respondents for this research consisted of members of the BPD, village officials, and the people of Kedaton Village. The research results show that BPD has a significant role and function in implementing village governance. The role of the BPD includes the legislative function, namely producing village regulations through village deliberations. BPD also has a supervisory function over the performance of village officials and the implementation of village development programs. Apart from that, the BPD acts as an intermediary between the community and the village government in overcoming problems and conveying community aspirations. Based on the research results, it is recommended that village and district governments pay more attention to BPD by providing adequate support, both in terms of budget and human resources. Apart from that, it is necessary to provide outreach and education to the community about the role and function of the BPD so that they can better understand the importance of this institution in implementing village governance.

Analisis Kinerja Pegawai Badan Kesatuan Bangsa dan Politik Kabupaten Malinau

The human resource factor as an implementing element really needs attention, because employees are the main element of the state apparatus which carries out government tasks in order to achieve national goals. However, it is still found that the performance of government agencies needs improvement, such as the Malinau Regency National Unity and Political Agency. This research will analyze seven employee performance indicators and the efforts that have been made to improve employee performance. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques based on the results of interviews, observations and documentation as primary data. Furthermore, secondary data comes from scientific journals accessed online and books related to employee performance management. The data obtained was studied based on employee performance management theory which is based on seven performance indicators. The research results found that the performance analysis was as follows: (1) the elements have attempted to realize governance that is oriented towards public services; (2) elements of employee targets by understanding and implementing basic tasks and functions; (3) standard elements with employee performance targets; and (4) and the element of feedback through staff review instruments. These four elements have been implemented well. As for other elements; (5) tools/facilities are not yet adequate due to limited means of transportation; (6) the competency element is still dominated by employees with elementary-high school graduates as much as 55%; and (7) the element of employee motive because they are comfortable with the status of a civil servant, and opportunities for advancement in their career path are still minimal. It can be said that this has not been implemented well. This has an impact on the lack of performance innovation and employee career paths which are still static. Efforts have been made to increase employee competency through study permits for higher education, technical guidance, training, preparation of coordination meeting schedules, assessments in each regional organization as well as exemplary employees, and cooperation between agencies.

포스트(Post) 동북공정, 중국역사교과서 고대 한반도북부 속국 표기 고찰

Chinese Northeast Project for three Northeastern provinces on the basis of the unified multi-ethnic state theory was expanded to the history, culture and territory of Korea beyond the simple ancient history and has been accelerating the forgery of Chinese history that the territories around China were the subject countries of China. Such movement has high possibility to create the diplomatic issues on the territory against South and North Korea. It was widely known up to now that Northeast Project distorted mainly the history of Goguryeo, Balhae or Buyeo to the history of subject countries of China through media. Moreover, introduction of Hanbok and Kimchin in 2022 Beijing Olympics as a part of Chinese culture is also a part of Northeast Project. Reasoning of Northeast Project on the history established by the new Sinocentrism was reflected and described on the government designated history textbook of Korea as it was. The government designated textbook of China used in these days marked the northern region of Korean peninsula in the ancient history as the territory of Han, Wei and Jin dynasty. This study investigated the background of reasoning above by analyzing the contents of the government designated textboom of China describing the northern region of Korean peninsula in the ancient times as the territory of subject countries of China, and discussed the approach to solve the issue above. The existing researches on Northeast Project in Korea and abroad tended to focus on the clearly exposed issues. Reasoning for insisting the territories of Gojoseon, Goguryeo, Balhae and Buyeo as the subject countries through Northeast Project is the ‘insistence that Pyeongyang in Korean peninsula was Nakrang-gun’. It’s the reasoning that has been continuously insisted by the academic world of Korea. For correcting the history textbook of China describing the northern region of Korean peninsula as the territory of Nakrang-gun of Han dynasty and furthermore, the territory of Wei and Jin dynasty as the territory of Korean peninsula, this study suggested the practical tasks for Korean government and the historical studies world of Korea to solve the issues of Northeast Project. The suggestions are ‘complete review on the location of Hansagun and Nakrang-gun in Pyeongyang’, ‘publication of Korean ancient history map’ that can acknowledge the accurate Korean history to the world against the Northeast Project map, and ‘revision of national history book’ eliminating Northeast Project of China and the peninsula historical view by Korean History Compilation Committee of Japan during the Japanese colonial era, which have a thread of connection each other.

The Role Of Government And Community In Realizing Socially Entrepreneurial Village-Owned Enterprises (Bum Desa)

The aim of this research is to 1) examine the development of (VOE) (BUM DESA), and 2) examine the role of government, society and social entrepreneurs in the growth of BUM DESA. This research is a qualitative descriptive study that will use a convenience sampling approach with a sample of BUM DESA formed in coastal villages. Data for 2022 shows the government's involvement in building BUM DESA in the form of provincial and/or district government representatives carrying out outreach and awareness to village communities about the relevance of BUM DESA for improving community welfare. The task of the village government is to motivate, educate and prepare the community to develop their own lives. In this situation, the village government provides assistance in the form of education and training, as well as other forms of fulfillment that can help establish BUM DESA. 2) The manifestation of the community's role in developing BUM DESA, namely community involvement, has also been seen in the form of socialization, both directly and indirectly, but not yet comprehensively, only some communities, and many communities have also been involved. involved in programs that have been implemented by BUM DESAa. Community participation can be seen from the decision-making stage, implementation stage, and utilization of results until evaluation is already in place, although not yet optimal, such as at the planning and evaluation stages where community participation is still only indirect. participation or through representatives. 3) This research found a lot of social entrepreneurship as shown by the collaboration index and creativity of BUM DESA administrators in developing BUM DESA. This research provides the following recommendations: 1) The government in collaboration with institutions should provide BUM DESA management training so that BUM DESA businesses can develop and be better able to improve the welfare of village communities. 2) BUM DESA administrators and village governments must strengthen their ability to identify potential in villages in order to further diversify businesses. 3) The government in collaboration with universities should provide BUM DESA management training, especially for BUM DESA managers so that they can apply the principles of social entrepreneurship in the educational curriculum or through business incubators and local government training courses.