Government Of Uganda Research Articles

Self-testing knowledge and beliefs on HIV self-testing use in central Uganda.

The government of Uganda and its implementing partners have made significant investments in HIV self-testing (HST) services to reduce clinic-related barriers to HIV testing. However, although HSTs have been around for a reasonable time, their uptake, especially among unskilled working individuals, has remained suboptimal, which threatens the efforts to achieve the 95-95-95 UNAIDS goals to end HIV by 2030. This study set out to examine whether knowledge and individual beliefs about self-testing influence the use of HIV self-tests among causal workers in Kampala. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 453 participants selected via systematic random sampling from Darling Uganda Ltd. in Wakiso district between July and September 2023. Standardized questionnaires were used, and the analysis was performed using Pearson Correlations and Linear Regression in SPSS. The findings indicate that HIV self-testing (HST) knowledge was positively related to HST use (r = .387, p≤.01), perceived susceptibility (r = .212, p≤.01), perceived benefits (r = .152, p≤.01), and perceived barriers (r = .101, p≤.05). Individual beliefs, that is, perceived susceptibility (r = .355, p≤.01), perceived benefits (r = .487, p≤.01), and perceived barriers (r = .148, p≤.01), were significantly related to HST use. Perceived benefits were the best predictor of HST use among this population (β = .442, p = .000). Therefore, (44.2%) of HST use was attributed to the benefits attached to the service. Therefore, increasing awareness regarding the benefits of HST among such populations increases the chances of HIV testing, particularly among men. This can pave the way for the 95-95-95 goal by 2030 of UNAIDS.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MALNUTRITION OCCURRENCE AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS IN KIHENDA VILLAGE HOIMA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MALNUTRITION OCCURRENCE AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS IN KIHENDA VILLAGE HOIMA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Leveraging Technology for Sustainable Support for the Elderly in the Social Assistance Grants Empowerment (SAGE)

Abstract The integration of Information Technology in Business processes supports automation which eventually adds to its value. The Social Assistance Grants Empowerment (SAGE) is a Uganda government social protection programme in which it supports the elderly needy through disbursement of direct income. The programme is executed through five phases. It however encounters several challenges that this paper addresses by leveraging technology. Among the phases, the complaints and grievances phase presented unique challenges that required quick intervention. The decision was achieved through application of a rank matrix technique. Using BPR and design science methodologies, the C&G subprocess was reengineered, where new models were developed that informed the design of mobile and web applications to support the automation and process improvement. Moreover, simulation results from 2 scenarios are presented to compare the old and revised model. The revised model exhibited greater improvements where a case can be resolve in 8 days compared to over 2 months period in the old case. The tools are yet to be evaluated and fully deployed.

Making home alive again after war: AcoliKaka’s Indigenous land sovereignties in Northern Uganda

AbstractAfter the war between the Ugandan government and the Lord's Resistance Army (1986‐2006), 90 per cent of the displaced rural population in Northern Uganda returned to small‐scale farming on their ancestral lands and their systems of communal land stewardship. At the time, there was much debate about transitional justice interventions to address war's violence, but in that same period over 85 per cent of Acoli chiefdoms saw affiliated clans, or kin‐based political communities (kaka), negotiate to write down their Indigenous governance constitutions for the first time. AcoliKaka’s return to their ancestral lands and small‐scale farming, and subsequent engagements withtekwaro –Indigenous knowledge –through constitution writing, served to strengthen Indigenous governance and law after their weakening in contexts of war and displacement. It is argued here that these engagements and negotiations rooted in the land, regardless of their outcomes, served to orient relationshipsawayfrom the fragmenting, unprecedented, forced Acoli‐on‐Acoli violence experienced during the war. A resurgence of AcoliKaka’s Indigenous law and governance rooted in communal land stewardship is linked to relational repair and supports calls for transitional justice processes to nurture and respect Indigenous land rights. These ethnographic arguments also lend support tokaka’s ongoing efforts towards clan unity (ribbe kaka) and to secure communal land sovereignties.

Ethical Leadership and Employee Performance: A Case Study of Bushenyi Local Government, Uganda

This study explores the relationship between ethical leadership and employee performance within the context of Bushenyi local government in Uganda. Ethical leadership is crucial for integrating moral values into organizational practices, influencing employees' behavior, and ultimately impacting organizational performance. Using a cross-sectional research design and structured questionnaires, data was collected and analyzed to understand how ethical leadership influences employee performance. Findings suggest a significant relationship between ethical leadership, integrity, power sharing, and employee performance. The study underscores the importance of establishing performance standards and rewarding exemplary performance to enhance organizational effectiveness. These findings contribute to the literature on ethical leadership and provide practical insights for organizational management in improving employee performance. Keywords: Ethical Leadership, Employee Performance, Integrity, Power Sharing, Bushenyi Local Government, Uganda

The Impact of NGO-Provided Aid on Government Capacity: Evidence from Uganda

Abstract This paper investigates whether NGO-provided basic healthcare crowds out or crowds in similar services provided by the government in rural Uganda. We find that NGO entry reduces the number of government workers, which leads to a reduction in government-provided health services. The results are driven by the NGO often hiring the government worker in places where skilled labor is scarce. In places where skilled labor is relatively abundant, the NGO hires a second person and complements government healthcare.Thus, the effects of NGO entry on government capacity are nuanced.

Knowledge, Perception, and Practice of Safe Medical Circumcision on HIV Infection Risk Reduction among Undergraduate Students of a Public University in Northern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study.

About 70% (25.6 million) of the global HIV/AIDS burden is from Sub-Saharan Africa. Safe male circumcision (SMC) is one of the measures that were adopted by the Ugandan government aimed at reducing the risk of HIV infection contraction, as recommended by the WHO. Its main goal was to maximize HIV prevention impact with voluntary medical circumcision services to all adult men and adolescent boys. The objective of our study was to assess the knowledge, perception, and practice of safe medical circumcision on HIV infection risk reduction among undergraduate students of a public university in Northern Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 556 randomly selected Lira University undergraduate students from March 2023 to June 2023. With the use of a self-administered questionnaire, we collected data on the knowledge and perceptions of undergraduate students towards safe medical circumcision. Data were exported to Stata® 17 statistical software. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate regression analyses were done at a statistical level of significance P value < 0.05. Our 556 study participants had an age range of 21-25 years. The majority (81.29%) of the respondents knew that safe medical circumcision reduces the risk of acquiring HIV. However, the perception is that close to 3 in 4 (74.46%) of the students were unsure if they would opt for safe medical circumcision as risk reduction measure against HIV. The practice of safe medical circumcision was 64.8% among the study participants. More than three in four of the undergraduate students have knowledge on safe medical circumcision as risk reduction measure for HIV infection. And close to 3 in 4 (74.46%) of the student's perception were unsure if they would opt for safe medical circumcision as risk reduction measure against HIV. The practice of safe medical circumcision was 64.8% among the study participants. Therefore, in an effort to increase SMC's adoption for HIV/AIDS prevention, the Ministry of Health of Uganda and related stakeholders in health should work hand in hand with university study bodies in order to optimize SMC uptake among university students.

The Indigenous Knowledge and Natural Conservation Aspects of the Life of Baganda, the People of Uganda

The researcher evaluated the role of “The Indigenous Knowledge and Natural Conservation Aspects of Life of Baganda, the people of Uganda’’ Facts are that, in Buganda Kingdom, Uganda, Africa and the world over, wildlife is decreasing and terribly deteriorating at a rate unseen and unheard of before. This could be addressed by the intervention of the Indigenous knowledge and natural conservation aspects of the life of Baganda, the people of Uganda, through the use of totemism, taboos and people’s spirituality. A phenomenological research design in the study was employed since it focused on the commonality of lived experiences (verbatim) within a particular group or individuals, aiming to arrive at a description of the nature of the particular phenomenon. As a qualitative study, sample size of 34 from the population size of 3,392,333 people was used for the study. This was because a qualitative study is supposed to have a large enough sample size to uncover a variety of opinions, but limited the size at the point of saturation which occurs when the collection of new data does not shed any further light on the issue under investigation. Findings showed that, Buganda’s traditional wildlife conservational knowledge based on totemism, taboos and people’s traditional spirituality was very effective in wildlife conservation, and the same knowledge is still applicable and relevant in nature conservation today. A ‘Culturally Based Conservation Model (CBCM) was arrived at aiming at amending the existing conservation policies by the Government of Uganda, integrating them with Buganda’s indigenous traditional conservation knowledge.The study therefore recommends that, environment authorities like National Environment Management authorities and (NEMA) and Uganda Wildlife authority (UWA) should work with various cultural institutions and researchers to ensure integration of the indigenous knowledge into modern conservation strategies.

Legacies of Victors’ Rebel Governance

ABSTRACT Insurgents who achieve state control through military victory or elections after peace settlements can introduce ideas and structures of civilian governance they developed during their rebellions. Some come close to fulfilling their prospective legacies while others abandon them despite commitment to them during civil war. Characteristics of rebel governance and habits of military command enhance or constrain the creation of legacy. Significant factors can be classified in three categories: dimensions of rebel governance, contextual features of civil war and responses after taking state control. The National Resistance Movement’s limited realisation of its wartime rebel governance in Uganda illustrates many of them.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Non-communicable Diseases Among People Living With HIV at Kalisizo Hospital in Kyotera District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: In rural Uganda, there exists a paucity of data on the prevalence and factors associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among people living with HIV, despite heightened concerns about their increased susceptibility. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and assess factors associated with selected NCDs, namely hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and depression, among people living with HIV (PLHIV) seeking HIV care at Kalisizo Hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kalisizo Hospital, involving a randomly selected sample of 290 individuals living with HIV between August 8th to 24th, 2020. Data on socio-demographics, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics were collected using an adapted WHO steps questionnaire, a medical records review, and a patient Health Questionnaire-9. We further conducted anthropometric and laboratory measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA Version 15.0, employing Modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of NCDs was 39.7% (95% CI=34.2%-45.4%). This prevalence was higher among participants with tertiary education (aPR=1.55, 95% CI=1.05,2.77, p=0.026), those who were obese (aPR=2.01, 95% CI=1.40,2.87, p&lt;0.001), individuals in WHO clinical staging 3 and 4 of HIV (aPR=1.45, 95% CI=1.02,2.05, p=0.037), and those with unhealthy dietary habits (aPR=1.61, 95% CI=1.20,2.16, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: This study unveiled a significant prevalence of NCDs among PLHIV seeking HIV care at Kalisizo Hospital. This highlights the pressing necessity for swift and impactful measures to be taken by the Ugandan government, development partners, and other stakeholders. It is imperative to implement tailored interventions designed to address the high NCD prevalence observed in PLHIV who are obese, engage in unhealthy dietary habits, possess tertiary education, and fall into WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 of HIV.

The Stakeholders’ Opinions on the Learner-Centred Pedagogies Used in Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in Selected Secondary Schools in Kampala District

The study investigated the Stakeholders’opinions on learner-centred pedagogies used in Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in selected Secondary schools A and B found in Kampala District. The Learner-centred Pedagogies (LCP) under the CBC place the learner at the centre of the learning process, promoting active participation and self-directed learning. The study was guided by curriculum implementation theory by Gross et al (1971). The study adopted a qualitative research approach that analysed the learner centred pedagogies from the subjective point of view while involving the study participants’ opinions. The study followed the Interpretivist paradigm which enabled participants to create and construct their social reality in line with the study. The study also adopted a single case study research design in order to get an in-depth understanding of the opinions of stakeholders on CBC. A sample of 22 participants including Headteachers (H), Teachers (T) and Students (S) were selected purposively and used for the study. This enabled the researcher to gather qualitative responses, from the best-fit participants whose responses were relevant to the study. The study employed the use of the interviews for the two headteachers and eight teachers, focus group discussions to students while considering in each group six students from each school and observation method to collect data. Through triangulation the methods enabled the researcher to collect in-depth subjective reality which was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that; to some extent the learner centred pedagogies used by teachers are good and they should be used when teaching. This was because the methods encourage full participation of learners and development of skills. However, to another extent the finding of the study also revealed that, the learner centred pedagogies used by teachers are not good due to inadequate teaching skills by teachers, limited materials to use and methods are time consuming. The study recommended that, the government of Uganda through the MoES to; train teachers so as to equip them with the necessary skills of teaching, facilitate schools with enough educational facilities and materials to use and continuously monitor, supervise and evaluate CBC practices in schools.

The Stakeholders’ Views on Assessment of Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) In Selected Secondary Schools in Kampala District

The study investigated the stakeholders ’views on assessment of Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in selected Secondary schools A and B found in Kampala District. Assessment under the CBC involves both formative and summative assessments, with formative assessments accounting for 20% and summative assessments accounting for 80% of the evaluation. Teachers should frequently assess the learners using new assessment methods of CBC. Teachers are also required to change from a norm-referenced to a criterion-referenced judgment of learners’ capabilities or competencies to determine their progress. The study was guided by curriculum implementation theory by Gross et al (1971). The study adopted a qualitative research approach that analysed the stakeholders’ views on assessment from the subjective point of view while involving the study participants’ opinions. The study followed the Interpretivist paradigm which enabled participants to create and construct their social reality in line with the study. The study also adopted a single case study research design in order to get an in-depth understanding of the views of stakeholders on assessment in CBC. A sample of 23 participants including a UNEB Official, Headteachers (H), Teachers (T) and Students (S) were selected purposively and used for the study. This enabled the researcher to gather qualitative responses, from the best-fit participants whose responses were relevant to the study. The study employed the use of the interviews for a UNEB Official, the two headteachers and eight teachers and focus group discussions (FGD) to twelve students while considering in each group six students to collect data. Through triangulation the methods enabled the researcher to collect in-depth subjective reality which was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that, the assessment methods used in CBC were good. They included; activities of integration, continuous assessment, end of term assessment, end of year assessment and end of cycle assessment. However, as the methods were being used, schools were faced by many challenges that included; limited skills by teachers, limited sensitisation from UNEB and NCDC on CBC practices, limited facilities to use, time consuming on the side of teachers, laziness of the learners and big class sizes. The study recommended the government of Uganda through the MoES to; train teachers so as to equip them with the necessary skills of teaching, facilitate schools with enough educational facilities and materials to use and continuously monitor, supervise and evaluate CBC practices in schools.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Selected Non-communicable Diseases (Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes, and Depression) Among People Living With HIV at Kalisizo Hospital in Kyotera District, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: In rural Uganda, there exists a paucity of data on the prevalence and factors associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among people living with HIV, despite heightened concerns about their increased susceptibility. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence and assess factors associated with selected NCDs, namely hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and depression, among people living with HIV (PLHIV) seeking HIV care at Kalisizo Hospital. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kalisizo Hospital, involving a randomly selected sample of 290 individuals living with HIV between August 8th to 24th, 2020. Data on socio-demographics, lifestyle, and clinical characteristics were collected using an adapted WHO steps questionnaire, medical records review, and a patient Health Questionnaire-9. We further conducted anthropometric and laboratory measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA Version 15.0, employing Modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of NCDs was 39.7% (95% CI=34.2%-45.4%). This prevalence was higher among participants with tertiary education (aPR=1.55, 95% CI=1.05,2.77, p=0.026), those who were obese (aPR=2.01, 95% CI=1.40,2.87, p&lt;0.001), individuals in WHO clinical staging 3 and 4 of HIV (aPR=1.45, 95% CI=1.02,2.05, p=0.037), and those with unhealthy dietary habits (aPR=1.61, 95% CI=1.20,2.16, p=0.002). CONCLUSION: This study unveiled a significant prevalence of selected NCDs among PLHIV seeking HIV care at Kalisizo Hospital. This highlights the pressing necessity for swift and impactful measures to be taken by the Ugandan government, development partners, and other stakeholders. It is imperative to implement tailored interventions designed to address the high NCD prevalence observed in PLHIV who are obese, engage in unhealthy dietary habits, possess tertiary education, and fall into WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 of HIV.

Analysis of push and pull factors influencing the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia

The study explored the push and pull factors driving Ugandan domestic workers to migrate to Saudi Arabia. The research paradigm employed was social constructivism, where individuals seek to understand their world and develop meanings based on their experiences. A qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design was utilised. Data was collected from a sample of eighteen (18) respondents through unstructured interviews to identify the factors contributing to the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia. Thematic analysis was conducted during data analysis. The migration factors were presented in concept maps created using Nvivo 10.0. The study uncovered that push factors varied from person to person, but major ones included poverty, unemployment, school dropout, family obligations, marital neglect, domestic violence, personal development goals, poor working conditions, work-related challenges, peer influence, and single parenting. Pull factors include the influence of Arabian family culture that promotes the demand for maids, bilateral labour agreements, adventure, attractive job prospects, free travel documents, cost-effective job processes, and an easy migration process. The study concluded that without effectively addressing push factors to provide long-term solutions, the migration of Ugandan domestic workers to Saudi Arabia will persist. It is recommended that the Government of Uganda take steps to create a conducive environment with satisfying employment opportunities for these young individuals to reduce the number of people seeking jobs outside Uganda. This involves generating employment opportunities to regulate internal domestic work and make it highly profitable, thereby encouraging young people to remain in Uganda.

Cost and availability of selected medicines after implementation of increased import verification fees

BackgroundUganda imports approximately 90% of its medicines, with about 60% being distributed by the private sector. To discourage importation and promote local production of 37 selected locally manufactured medicines, the Ugandan government through the Ministry of Health in 2017 increased the import verification fees from 2 to 12%. The increase in verification fees ultimately affects cost and availability of these medicines. This study aimed to assess the cost and availability of the selected essential medicines after the 12% increase in verification fees in Uganda.MethodsA cross sectional study among 328 wholesale and retail pharmacies and seven key informant interviews was conducted using a pretested data collection checklist and in-depth interview guide from February to September 2021 in Uganda. Data on the availability and prices of the medicines before (2017) and after (2020) the increase in verification fees was collected. Paired sample T-Test was used to test if there is a significant difference in prices before and after the 12% increase in verification fees.ResultsMean availability of imported medicines was higher (54.8%, CI: 49.3–60.4) than the locally produced medicines (37.1%, CI: 31.9–42.7) except for locally manufactured parenteral preparations (54.6.%, CI: 49.1–60.1). Availability of locally produced medicines was mainly low (45%) while the imported medicines were fairly high (74%). Most commonly available locally manufactured medicines were Surgical spirit (89.9%), ORS (86%), Dextrose 5% solution (74.4%), Paracetamol 500 mg Tablets (73.8%) and Sodium Chloride 0.9% solution (72.9%). Most commonly available imported medicines were; Omeprazole 20 mg (94.2%), Amoxicillin Trihydrate 125 mg/5 ml (92.4%), Ciprofloxacin 500 mg (91.4%), Paracetamol Suspension 120 mg/5 ml (91.5%) and Metronidazole 200 mg Tablets (88.1%). Increase in lowest-priced local and imported medicines was significant for 10 (23.8%) and 7 (15.9%) of the medicines respectively. The median prices of imported medicines were generally higher than locally produced medicines. The median unit prices of 12 (28.6%) locally produced medicines and 20 (47.6%) imported medicines were higher than the international median unit prices.ConclusionsThe overall availability of imported medicines was still higher than the local medicines. The median prices of local and imported medicines generally increased or remained the same after the introduction of import verification fees. There is a need for price controls and transparency in the private sector.

Corporate Governance in Uganda: the Need for a Code of Corporate Governance

Corporate Governance in Uganda: the Need for a Code of Corporate Governance

Determining the Relationship between Political Decentralization and the Quality of Maternal Health Services in Uganda, Sheema Municipality, Sheema District.

The study investigated the relationship between political decentralization and the quality of maternal health services in Uganda, Sheema Municipality Sheema District. cross-sectional and correlational research designs were adopted on a sample of 235 respondents. Quantitatively data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics, frequencies and percentage tables and qualitatively, by thematic content analysis. Inferential analysis results indicated that political decentralization had a strong positive significant relationship with quality of maternal health services. Therefore, it was concluded that political decentralization as a component of decentralization policy implementation is essential for quality of maternal health services. The study recommended that the Government of Uganda should implement political decentralization policy in the health sector by granting local government powers and authority to manage and run the health facilities in order to improve the quality of maternal health services.

An Examination Of The State Of Corporate Governance In Uganda

An Examination Of The State Of Corporate Governance In Uganda

The Stakeholders’ Attitudes on the Transition from Knowledge-Based Curriculum (KBC) to a Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in Selected Secondary Schools in Kampala District

The study investigated the Stakeholders’ attitudes on the transition from knowledge-Based Curriculum (KBC) to Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in selected Secondary schools A and B found in Kampala District. The implementation of CBC was driven by the need for Uganda to move away from rote memorisation and focus on practical skills and knowledge that will be useful in the workforce. The study was guided by curriculum implementation theory by Gross et al (1971). The study adopted a qualitative research approach that analysed the case of CBC from the subjective point of view while involving the study participants’ opinions. The study followed the Interpretivist paradigm which enabled participants to create and construct their social reality in line with the study. The study also adopted a single case study research design in order to get an in- depth understanding of the stakeholders’ attitudes on the transition from KBC to CBC. A sample of 23 participants including a UNEB official (U), Headteachers (H), Teachers (T) and Students (S) were selected purposively and used for the study. This enabled the researcher to gather qualitative responses, from the best- fit participants whose responses were relevant to the study. The study employed the use of the interviews to one UNEB Official, two headteachers and eight teachers and focus group discussions to twelve students while using a group of six students from each school to collect data. Through triangulation the methods enabled the researcher to collect in-depth subjective reality which was analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of the study indicated that; to a greater extent stakeholders had a positive attitude towards the transition from KBC to CBC. This is because CBC had led to development of skills and it is more practical compared to KBC. However, the findings of the study also revealed a negative attitude of stakeholders on a transition from KBC to CBC while stressing that, CBC is expensive and time for preparation was not enough. The study recommended the government of Uganda through the MoES to; train teachers so as to equip them with the necessary skills of teaching and assessment methods, facilitate schools with enough educational facilities and materials to use and continuously monitor, supervise and evaluate CBC practices in schools.

Job Satisfaction Among Civil Servants in Uganda: The Challenges and Prospects of Tororo and Bulambuli Local Governments.

Job satisfaction among Ugandan government employees, especially in Tororo and Bulambuli Local Governments, is a significant subject owing to the consequences for employee well-being, productivity, and overall organizational success. Understanding the problems and opportunities faced by civil servants in these locations is critical for establishing ways to increase work satisfaction and, eventually, improve public service performance. In Uganda, Civil servant employees play an important role in implementing government policies and programs, hence work satisfaction is an important aspect in attaining efficient and effective service delivery. The paper adopted an explanatory approach to gain a better understanding and explore how and why job satisfaction has generally been proven as an important impetus for driving employees to better connect with their workplaces. The paper’s findings indicated that, while civil servants in both local governments enjoy a reasonable degree of job satisfaction, despite that they face major problems that impair their sense of fulfilments at work. These difficulties include severe workloads, insufficient salary, a lack of recognition, and little possibility for professional growth and development. Despite these difficulties, the study found some potential for job satisfaction among Local Government employees in Tororo and Bulambuli Local Governments. These include the development of new rules and initiatives to improve working conditions and increase employee recognition and motivation. The findings herein show that the main determinant factors of job satisfaction have modestly significant impacts on motivation and consequently the overall organizational performance in the civil service.