Governance Structures Research Articles

Judicial Review and Its Limitations

The Constitution is the supreme legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and framework of a country. It serves as the foundation of the legal system, establishing the structure of government, the powers and responsibilities of different branches, and safeguarding the rights of citizen. The Constitution is designed to ensure justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity among the people.

Beyond Borders : Addressing the Legal Quagmire of Jurisdiction in Cyberspace

This article delves into the complex scenario of governing cyberspace, addressing key issues such as accessibility, digital disparities, and the regulatory challenges posed by cross-border activities, and applicable test by judiciary across the globe while resolving such emerging issues. Despite technological progress, cyberspace largely remains an unregulated realm, creating opportunities for cybercrimes such as stalking, data breaches, exploitation of minors, and hacking. The lack of a cohesive global governance structure makes tackling these issues a formidable task. The article offers a critical assessment of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the sole international treaty on cybercrimes, pointing to its limited acceptance, especially among ASEAN nations. This hesitation underscores an ideological rift: some countries prioritize cyber sovereignty, while others support a multi-stakeholder model that incorporates contributions from governments, private enterprises, and civil society. These divergent views present barriers to legal harmonization and obstruct cross-border collaboration in prosecuting cyber offenders and ensuring data protection. To address these multifaceted challenges, the article suggests a layered governance approach, integrating global frameworks with regional alliances and national strategies. This model encourages international cooperation while respecting national sovereignty, emphasizing the importance of public-private partnerships to bolster cybersecurity. Furthermore, it advocates for investments in digital infrastructure and cyber literacy programs to reduce the digital divide, facilitating broader, fairer access to online spaces. Ultimately, the proposed governance model seeks a balanced approach, safeguarding individual rights alongside the imperatives of security and accountability, and aiming to cultivate a cyberspace that is safer, more inclusive, and subject to responsible oversight.

Management Research on Online Recruitment CompaniesBased on Case Analysis of SEEK

This paper explores the study of management research on online recruitment companies, especially to provide a deeper understanding of the management practices of SEEK, Australias largest online recruitment company, through a case analysis focusing on challenges related to corporate governance, cost of capital, and company structure. With the development of the internet and information technology, online recruitment platforms offer efficient and convenient hiring methods for businesses and job seekers, but they also bring unique management challenges. By analysing SEEKs corporate governance structure, including its board composition and compensation policies, this study reveals key issues online recruitment companies face in governance and capital management. Furthermore, the paper examines SEEKs capital structure and its impact on its operations and growth. Through this case sing of the complexities of managing online recruitment platforms. It highlights both the opportunities created by technological advancements and the governance and financial challenges they face.

CMMI & Lean-Based Metrics Governance Model to Ensure Data Accuracy & Consistency for Ai/Ml Applications for Sustainable Operations in Mining Industry

In today’s competitive business environment, even small improvements in productivity and efficiency can have a huge impact on company’s profitability. Whether it is through reduced lead time/waste, minimized downtime or improved quality, operation managers are looking for any advantage at every stage. Lean management is a long-term operational discipline that methodically seeks to enhance efficiency and quality by eliminating wastage. The concept is being used in varied industries and helped by improved productivity, safety & better management. Lean in being used by few mining companies also at a small scale, which has helped them in limited way. AI/ML is another important technology used by many organizations. Many global mining companies have also used it for improving operational efficiency, which have helped miners in a limited ways in improving the productivity and safety. Mining companies have to deal with tons of data set generated from heavy machinery and plants, which have to be stored, processed, and stored. There are many challenges in the data set generated/used by AI/ML-application for mining operations. One of the key challenges in AI/ML is accessibility and availability of accurate & consistent data. To ensure consistency of data there is a need for a governance structure which will guarantee the availability of required accurate data set for AI/ML system. One possible solution could be, CMMI’s metrics processes used by IT companies and have helped in improving quality. CMMI’s Metrics related processes are being used extensively by the organizations for better monitoring & control of key measures. This paper explores the possibility of usage of CMMI’s metrics practices with lean implementation in mining for ensuring availability of accurate data sets for AI/ML applications. The proposed framework will put a governance model in place to ensure accuracy & consistency of data to be used for AI/ML-applications in Mining.

Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Human Security: Case of Nyahururu Sub-county, Laikipia County, Kenya

Climate change poses a significant threat to human security by exacerbating societal challenges, potentially leading to widespread despair. The primary objective of this study was to assess the effects of climate change on human security in Nyahururu Sub-County. The study adopted a concurrent triangulation research design. The study targeted the residents (household heads) of Nyahururu Sub-County, including farmers, pastoralists, ranchers and traders, who were distributed across the 4 locations/administrative units: Gituamba, Marmanet, Ngarua and Nyahururu. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Nyahururu Sub-County had an estimated population of approximately 154,704 individuals and a total of 44,073 households as of the 2019 census. The study was conducted between 2021 and 2024. The study used both quantitative and qualitative methods. Data collection involved questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions, with stratified random sampling for household heads and purposive sampling for key informants. Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and thematic analysis. The study found that Nyahururu Sub- County experiences fluctuations in both temperature and precipitation levels from 1989 to 2023, with mean daily maximum temperatures ranging from 22.8°C to 24.4°C and total annual precipitation varying between 665.1 mm and 771.7 mm. These trends indicate climate variability rather than a consistent long-term change in either temperature or precipitation. The study recommends targeted interventions to enhance community capacity, strengthen governance structures and promote sustainable livelihoods to mitigate the impacts of climate change on human security.

Bridging the AI Divide: Human and Responsible AI in News and Media Industries

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing media and journalism, reshaping processes, content, and audience relationship. This editorial report discusses the opportunities and challenges AI brings to these industries raised by this collection of studies, emphasizing the importance of integrating ethical principles and human-centric approaches to its development. These articles examine how AI reshapes content creation, distribution, and audience interaction while addressing the ethical, political, and economic implications of its integration. Key contributions include discussions on the ethical challenges posed by AI—such as bias, transparency, and accountability—and the need for robust governance structures to foster trust and fairness in AI-driven media systems. A recurring theme in this issue is the AI divide, highlighting the disparity in access to AI technologies between the Global North and South. The special issue offers insights into how this divide exacerbates existing inequalities in media production and consumption. It also advocates for interdisciplinary approaches and collaborative efforts to ensure AI's benefits are equitably distributed across geographical and socio-economic contexts. By exploring both the opportunities and perils of AI adoption in media and news industries, this special issue serves as a comprehensive examination of the evolving relationship between AI, media, and society, offering pathways for responsible innovation and inclusive AI adoption worldwide.

Drivers of corporate environmental policy at country, sector, and firm levels

Abstract This study provides a holistic approach to the potential drivers of corporate environmental policy. Institutional and/or stakeholder theories are used to explain any influence on this type of policy in situations with different characteristics. Specifically, the analysis considers country-, industry-, and firm-level determinants of an international sample of listed companies. Exploratory factor analysis was first applied to the variables at the country level because their underlying interrelationships were unknown. Using ordered probit models clustered at the firm level, we found that some environmental characteristics of a country and some macro-level variables considered together affect corporate environmental policy, along with pressure from industry peers. Moreover, we observed that companies with better policies for stakeholders, greater board independence, and greater gender diversity tended to develop better environmental policies. This study offers insight into fostering environmental responsibility through policy incentives and effective corporate governance structures.

Internal Audit, Internal Control Effectiveness, Corporate Governance Structure and Financial Reporting Quality: Investigating the Internal Line of Defense of Manufacturing Firms in China

Internal Audit, Internal Control Effectiveness, Corporate Governance Structure and Financial Reporting Quality: Investigating the Internal Line of Defense of Manufacturing Firms in China

The review and development of professional standards through the lens of Democratic Anchorage points

AbstractThe recent review of the Scottish professional standards for teachers, led by the General Teaching Council for Scotland, offered a unique perspective to interrogate participative approaches in policy‐making in the Scottish education context and to provide insights and implications for future policy‐making. Using one of the authors’ experiences as a General Teaching Council Scotland Officer during the review of the professional standards, this paper conceptualises the consultation process as a form of democratic governance, using Sørensen and Torfing's framing of the four anchorage points that enable democratic legitimacy in governance networks. This perspective places policy‐making within a governance structure that is created by networks that interact, overlap and are entangled with each other, implying a decentralised form of governance. An analysis of the stages of the review process demonstrated that it was participatory. However, there was an over‐reliance on the established policy‐making community. In addition, authentic participation was restricted as choices were limited by the metagovernor. We argue that Sørensen and Torfing's anchorage points for democratic legitimacy allow an interrogation of the extent to which policy‐making in Scottish education is authentically democratic and conclude by offering a framework of critical questions for more transparent democratic participation in future iterations of similar professional standards reviews.

Shifting Under Pressure: Timing Practices within Regulatory Information Disclosure Programs

Research examines the process through which regulatory agencies and other powerful third parties publicly disseminate information about organizations in order to reduce the information asymmetry between those organizations and their dispersed or less powerful stakeholders. These disclosure programs are presumed to work by mobilizing stakeholders to pressure organizations for change. Prior studies focus on organizations’ resistance to that external pressure, often drawing from theories of institutional forces and organizational legitimacy. Instead, the present study examines the public disclosure process itself, and adapts research on organizational learning and collective attention focus to develop new theory regarding how organizations may selectively time their practices to influence these disclosures in their favor. Results suggest that organizations may respond to disclosure programs and other governance structures when actively monitored, but may drift out of compliance during intervening periods. Findings also suggest that strong governance outside of the regulatory disclosure process can help to reduce these problems. The study contributes to corporate governance, organizational learning, and other literatures by developing new theory regarding the timing of organizational responses to regulatory interventions, and by providing evidence that overlapping forms of oversight may mitigate the limitations within any one particular governance mechanism.

Busy Independent Directors and IPO Company Earnings Management: Evidence from China

This study investigates the effect of busy independent directors on earnings management in Chinese initial public offering (IPO) companies from 2010 to 2020. Using various measures of busy independent directors, the results indicate that directors in IPO companies play a significant role in supervision and governance, thereby significantly mitigating earnings management. Busy independent directors, serving on multiple boards, may face time constraints, but, intriguingly, companies with such directors show a lower inclination for earnings manipulation. This suggests that despite potential time pressures, the independent oversight provided by these directors serves as a deterrent to financial reporting manipulation in the context of Chinese IPOs, underscoring the importance of robust corporate governance structures for transparency and reliability. Additionally, this study identifies specific conditions that amplify the constraining effect and finds that the effect of busy independent directors on earnings management in IPO companies is more significant in companies with high compensation for independent directors, independent directors serving off-site, and companies that receive higher media attention. Mechanism testing indicated that busy independent directors mitigate IPO firms’ earnings management by engaging reputable audit firms and enhancing the effectiveness of internal controls. This nuanced analysis offers valuable insights into how busy, independent directors actively contribute to alleviating the risks associated with earnings management during the IPO process. This study enhances our understanding of the governance benefits of active independent directors in multiple roles and offers novel perspectives on how stakeholders can influence and constrain earnings management in IPO companies.

Rights for nature or protecting people’s rights?: The operationalization of rights of nature in non-indigenous communities in the United States

As the Rights of Nature movement gains political traction globally, researchers must examine how this transnational movement to extend rights to nature or natural entities is being operationalized in place. Proponents of the rights of nature contend transferring rights to nature constitutes a paradigm shift in human-environment interactions and will lead to solutions directed at the root causes of environmental problems. Critics contend that these rights-based governance structures have the potential to do more harm than good for environmental protection depending on the cultural and legal frameworks within which rights of nature are enacted. In this paper, I examine how rights of nature have been operationalized in non-Indigenous communities in the United States through an analysis of rights of nature ordinances passed in these communities between 2006 and 2020. Drawing on theoretical engagements with rights I demonstrate how the reliance on universalizing human rights frameworks and anti-corporation rhetoric both distinguish these ordinances from the broader rights of nature movement and center the rights of people to have access to a clean environment rather than the intrinsic rights of nature. In conclusion, I explore alternatives to how rights of nature are currently operationalized in non-Indigenous communities in the United States and call for increased research on the implications and impacts of rights of nature ordinances to assess whether they achieve their stated goals.

Navigating Airline Nationality: European Perspectives on Airline Shareholding and Corporate Governance

This article explores the complex and evolving landscape of airline nationality requirements in the European Union (EU). Despite liberalisation efforts since the early 1990s, nationality requirements remain essential for regulating market access, licensing, and the exercise of traffic rights by airlines. The article analyses the EU’s ownership and control criteria, specifically under Regulation 1008/2008, which mandates that EU carriers must be majority-owned and effectively controlled by EU nationals, and places these requirements in the context of shareholding and corporate governance. The paper examines landmark cases, such as KLM/ Northwest Airlines (NW) and Swissair/Sabena, to illustrate how different jurisdictions interpret and apply nationality requirements. Furthermore, it investigates how multinational network carrier groups like Air France-KLM, International Airlines Group (IAG), and Lufthansa navigate these regulations using complex shareholding and governance structures to maintain compliance with the nationality conditions. The study underscores that, despite the increasing complexity of airline corporate structures due to consolidation and cross-border investments, the fundamental criteria for ownership and control continue to adapt effectively to the shifting landscape of global aviation. The findings suggest that the interplay between ownership and control will remain critical in determining airline nationality in the foreseeable future.

Exploring the Mechanisms Driving Sense of Community in a Smart Society in Wuhan: A Mixed-Methods Multidimensional Comparative Study

In the context of China’s community governance, as a result of the insufficient willingness and ability of residents to participate, most communities have formed a “strong political–weak social” governance structure, which limits the effective expansion of social capital. To address this challenge and promote resident participation, achieving a “strong social and political” transformation in governance structure has become a core issue in current research. Meanwhile, “sense of community” serves as a crucial perspective in this research, which remains to be deepened in domestic studies and needs to consider the impact of emerging factors such as smart technologies. This study innovatively introduces affective events theory (AET), constructing a theoretical model and taking Wuhan as an example. By adopting quantitative and case comparison research methods, the paper delves into the factors influencing Wuhan residents’ sense of community in the context of a smart society and the promoting role of smart governance. On the basis of the findings, this paper presents the following conclusions: (1) Communities should attribute equal importance to the construction of both traditional and smart environments while reinforcing the leading and participatory roles of community administrators; (2) In the community’s daily governance processes, equal focus and importance must be attributed to both service delivery and engagement; (3) Communities must acknowledge the individual distinctions among residents and implement tailored governing strategies accordingly; (4) The government should prioritize the research and development of smart applications while boosting financial investments in the creation and operation of smart communities.

Societal Adaptation to Pandemic Challenges: Analysing the Role of Local Governance and Healthcare Systems in Madhya Pradesh

The COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges, compelling communities globally to adapt rapidly to protect lives and maintain societal functions. This study examines the role of local governance and healthcare systems in Madhya Pradesh in addressing these challenges and fostering societal resilience. Drawing on quantitative data from government health agencies and qualitative insights from community feedback, this research explores how local governance structures facilitated public health response, resource allocation, and pandemic preparedness. Findings indicate that decentralized decision-making and robust healthcare infrastructure were instrumental in managing health crises, providing essential services, and supporting economic resilience at the grassroots level. Key results show that regions with stronger local governance exhibited a 30% lower infection rate compared to less governed areas, while areas with well-resourced healthcare systems saw a 20% higher recovery rate. Resource distribution, however, varied significantly, with urban areas receiving 60% more medical supplies than rural regions, creating disparities in healthcare access. Data analysis revealed that healthcare facilities that integrated digital solutions, such as telemedicine, were able to serve 45% more patients remotely, mitigating the risk of virus spread and reducing hospital overload. The study identifies the need for capacity-building initiatives, infrastructure strengthening, and data-driven decision-making to enhance future pandemic preparedness. Future prospects include continuous training programs for healthcare workers, increasing community awareness of health protocols, and leveraging technology for real-time data monitoring. These insights contribute to a comprehensive framework for building resilient healthcare systems in Madhya Pradesh, better prepared for future public health crises.

A Comparison of Medical Education Policies in Japan and Singapore with a Focus on Governance: Implications for Korea

Among Asian nations, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea exemplify countries with high standards of medical quality. This review explores the differences in medical education policies between Japan and Singapore, particularly concerning governance, and discusses the implications for South Korea’s medical education policies. Relevant documents were analyzed by referencing scholarly articles and data from governmental and expert organizations in each country. In Japan, advances in medical education policies include initiatives such as the regional quota system and the core curriculum model, which emphasize stakeholder engagement and transparency. However, challenges persist due to limited stakeholder participation, necessitating a transition toward a more equitable governance paradigm. Singapore’s model features robust public-private partnerships with minimal direct governmental intervention, emphasizing innovation and community integration, as seen in the Healthier SG project. These case studies demonstrate effective governance involving significant stakeholder collaboration and strategic financial investments. Conversely, South Korea’s medical education policies face challenges from a predominantly government-centric approach, with an absence of cohesive governance structures and inadequate involvement from essential professional stakeholders. This situation has led to policy inconsistencies and a deficit of strategic direction, exacerbated by insufficient financial support for educational infrastructure and program development. The experiences of Japan and Singapore indicate that it would be beneficial for South Korea to adopt integrated governance frameworks that prioritize transparency and collaboration. Furthermore, increasing financial investment in medical education could mitigate existing deficiencies and improve the quality and effectiveness of its healthcare education system.

Prospects of electricity generation through the use of alternative sources such as waste tires processing products

The object of this study is a hybrid energy system that integrates the processes of recycling used tires with the use of alternative energy sources to design a sustainable and environmentally safe power generation system. The problem addressed in this study is to find effective methods for recycling waste tires for electricity generation, as traditional recycling methods are energy-intensive and lead to the loss of valuable resources. Three methods of tire processing have been considered: pyrolysis, thermal degradation, and mechanical grinding. The method of electricity generation using pyrolysis has demonstrated high environmental performance due to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a high rate of renewable energy (80 %). According to the results of the study, the use of 5 MW pyrolysis furnaces in combination with 500 kW solar panels provides a reduction in dependence on fossil sources, reducing CO2 emissions to 50.0 kg/year. The method has high capital costs (NPC USD 4.2 million), but the cost of energy production (COE USD 0.18/kWh) makes this method competitive in the long run. Thermal degradation provides a balanced approach in terms of energy efficiency (75 %) and environmental performance. Although its CO2 emissions are higher than in pyrolysis, the method makes it possible to obtain additional products that could be used in other industries, thereby increasing economic efficiency. Mechanical shredding has the lowest average energy costs (USD 0.12/kWh) and the lowest CO2 emissions (30.0 kg/year), making it ideal for cost-conscious businesses. The study confirms the possibility of effective integration of renewable sources with tire recycling methods. The practical use of the research results is possible during the implementation of grant projects for the recycling of used tires, and in the work of relevant government structures for devising a policy for the disposal of used tires

Navigating the ethical and governance challenges of ai deployment in AML practices within the financial industry

The rapid deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Anti-Money Laundering (AML) practices within the financial industry presents significant ethical and governance challenges that must be navigated effectively. As financial institutions increasingly adopt AI technologies to enhance their AML efforts, concerns regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and transparency emerge. This review explores the ethical implications of AI in AML and offers governance strategies to mitigate risks while ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks. One of the primary ethical challenges in deploying AI for AML is the potential for algorithmic bias. AI systems trained on historical data may inadvertently perpetuate existing biases, leading to discriminatory practices in transaction monitoring and customer profiling. This raises serious concerns about fairness and equity in the financial sector. Addressing algorithmic bias requires the implementation of rigorous testing and validation processes to ensure AI systems function impartially across diverse populations. Data privacy is another critical issue. The extensive data collection required for effective AML monitoring raises questions about the protection of sensitive customer information. Financial institutions must establish robust data governance frameworks that prioritize privacy and comply with regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Ensuring transparency in how data is used and providing clear communication to customers about data practices is essential for building trust. Effective governance frameworks are crucial in navigating these ethical challenges. Financial institutions should adopt a multi-disciplinary approach that includes ethical guidelines, compliance measures, and risk management strategies. Establishing oversight committees can help ensure that AI deployment aligns with ethical standards and regulatory requirements. Furthermore, ongoing training for employees on the ethical use of AI in AML can foster a culture of responsibility and accountability. This review highlights the need for a balanced approach to AI deployment in AML, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations and governance structures. As the financial industry continues to evolve, addressing these challenges will be essential for maintaining trust, ensuring compliance, and leveraging AI’s potential to enhance AML practices effectively.

The role of data governance in enhancing cybersecurity resilience for global enterprises

Data governance plays a critical role in enhancing cybersecurity resilience for global enterprises. In the face of increasingly sophisticated cyber threats, coupled with rising regulatory demands such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), enterprises must implement robust data governance frameworks to safeguard data integrity, availability, and confidentiality (Ramirez et al., 2008). Effective data governance involves a combination of policies, procedures, and technologies that align with an organization’s overall cybersecurity strategy (Khatri & Brown, 2010). This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the critical intersection between data governance and cybersecurity, emphasizing the link between governance structures, risk management processes, and technological innovations in mitigating evolving cyber threats (Weber et al., 2009). Additionally, we explore the essential role of data stewardship, stakeholder responsibilities, and the deployment of advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), in fostering organizational resilience (Arora & Pedersen, 2017). Through case studies and best practices, the study presents a conceptual framework that enables global enterprises to adapt to the fast-changing cybersecurity landscape while maintaining compliance with international data regulations. By addressing key elements such as access control, data classification, and real-time monitoring, this research underscores how comprehensive data governance frameworks serve as a foundation for enhanced cybersecurity resilience in today’s digital economy (Da Veiga & Eloff, 2007).

Conceptual framework for enhancing decision-making in higher education through data-driven governance

In an increasingly complex and competitive landscape, higher education institutions must leverage data-driven governance to enhance decision-making processes. This paper presents a conceptual framework aimed at integrating data analytics into the governance structures of higher education, facilitating informed decision-making, and improving institutional effectiveness. The framework emphasizes the importance of collecting, analyzing, and utilizing data across various dimensions, including academic performance, student engagement, financial management, and operational efficiency. By adopting a data-driven approach, institutions can identify trends, forecast outcomes, and make strategic decisions that align with their mission and goals. The study outlines key components of the framework, including data governance, analytics capabilities, stakeholder engagement, and institutional culture. Data governance ensures that data quality, integrity, and security are maintained, while analytics capabilities empower decision-makers with actionable insights. Engaging stakeholders—faculty, administrators, students, and external partners—fosters a collaborative environment where data-driven decisions are embraced and supported. Furthermore, the framework addresses the challenges institutions face when implementing data-driven governance, such as resistance to change, data silos, and inadequate technological infrastructure. Strategies for overcoming these challenges include investing in professional development, enhancing data literacy, and promoting a culture of continuous improvement. The framework also highlights the significance of ethical considerations and transparency in data usage, ensuring that decision-making processes are equitable and accountable. The findings indicate that by embracing data-driven governance, higher education institutions can enhance their responsiveness to changing demands, optimize resource allocation, and improve overall institutional performance. Ultimately, the conceptual framework serves as a guide for higher education leaders seeking to harness the power of data in their decision-making processes, fostering a proactive and adaptive institutional environment.