Government Incentives Research Articles

A Lost Opportunity? Environmental Investment Tax Incentive and Energy Efficient Technologies

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of the Spanish Environmental Investment (EI) tax credit on adoption of green technologies by employing data from 2567 industrial firms for 6 years. It makes use of the sudden re-introduction of the tax incentive in March 2011, that aimed at favouring energy efficient over solely pollution abating technologies. I exploit this unexpected change and perform a difference-in-differences analysis to study its effect on green investments and as an extention on green employment outcomes. The policy change, aimed at switching financing to energy efficient technologies, is assessed as semi-effective. Admittedly, it decreased investment in end-of-pipe technologies, but the investment in superior cleaner production technologies increased only for the small firms (below 50 employees), which are especially vulnerable to the capital market failure. Unfortunately, the policy change had also a few unexpected indirect effects, firms in response to the tax incentive regime modification reduced the number of their green employees and their associated salaries. In stark contrast to the decision of the Spanish government on this EI tax credit, the results of this analysis seem to be quite encouraging for the continued use of this green fiscal policy and show that the modifications in the precision of the existing fiscal policies can be successful.

Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Overview of Costing and Incentives

This study addresses the critical challenges and initiatives in solid waste management (SWM) within the context of sustainable urban development in Malaysia. Acknowledging the complicated nature of SWM, the research explores municipal planning, transportation systems, water and sanitation, disaster risk reduction, education, and waste management. The literature review incorporates global perspectives, highlighting SWM hierarchies, institutional effectiveness, sustainability challenges in diverse regions, and practical guidelines. The Malaysian context underscores the nation's dedication to sustainable development, regulatory structures, and the growing expenses associated with SWM. The discussion highlights the limitations of landfills in Malaysia, urging consideration of alternative solutions like waste-to-energy plants. The study aims to investigate SWM practices, operators' costs, and government incentives in Malaysia, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject for informed policymaking.

Impact and Significance of Accounting Standards in Enhancing Financial Transparency within Pakistan’s Textile Industry

The investigation assesses the extent to which accounting standards foster financial openness in Pakistan's textile sector, which makes a substantial economic contribution to the country through employment, exports, and income generation. Accounting standards guarantee financial reporting's comparability, consistency, and dependability, which are critical for stakeholders' decision-making, including lenders, investors, and regulatory agencies. Implementing local standards established by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan and International Financial Reporting Standards improves accountability and transparency in Pakistan's textile sector. Even with their advantages, the complicated regulatory environment, shifting market conditions, and disparities in compliance among various firms make it difficult to adopt these standards. This evaluation looks at how following these guidelines affects the transparency of financial statements, lowers fraud rates, and lessens the chance of financial misreporting. It also discusses the sector-specific issues that Pakistan's textile industry faces, such as differences in revenue recognition, inventory value, and related party transaction disclosure that can skew evaluations of financial health. The evaluation emphasizes the role of sound accounting procedures in promoting investor trust and, importantly, in streamlining regulatory supervision, which should give the audience confidence in the oversight of the industry. Additionally, it assesses current measures to enhance compliance, such as ICAP's attempts to harmonize national standards with IFRS and government incentives for better corporate governance in the sector. Standardized accounting procedures enable sustainable growth in Pakistan's textile sector and improve the nation's standing internationally by fostering a transparent financial environment.

Balancing conservation and development: a review of navigating Malaysian forest policies and initiatives

Although Malaysia is renowned for its tropical rainforest and biodiversity, deforestation for economic development remains contentious. This review analyses Malaysian forest policies, afforestation, and forest carbon payment mechanisms, and makes policy recommendations. It categorises forests by altitude and protection level, highlighting diverse ecosystems. Policies, including the National Forestry Act of 1978 (Amendment 1993), Sabah Forest Policy (2018), and Sarawak Forest Policy (2019), prioritise sustainable management. Agencies shift towards conservation, moving beyond timber‐centric approaches, while revenue streams such as carbon offsetting, payment for ecosystem services, and non‐timber forest products gain traction. Forest connectivity programs protect state‐owned lands from logging, and have increased protected forests since 2005. Government incentives for afforestation and reforestation include tax exemptions. Malaysia commits to REDD+ with forest carbon offset and conservation certificate schemes. A structured implementation approach is proposed, emphasizing the need to understand and communicate market demand for forest carbon offset initiatives.

Investigating Consumer’s Attitudes Toward New Carbon Tax Regulation in Indonesia

Abstract The Indonesian Government’s 2021 initiative to curb carbon emissions through carbon tax aims to influence the behavior of firms and consumers, particularly, those reliant on fossil fuels. Simultaneously, the carbon tax is envisaged as a means of generating state income and facilitating environmental investments. This research investigates Indonesian consumers’ attitudes toward the carbon tax through a representative survey, analyzing awareness, acceptance, and support levels as indicators and utilizing Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Partial Least Squares (PLS) program. The study explores opinions on the climate crisis and carbon tax, with a focus on Greater Jakarta. Preconceptions of climate change and their influence on attitudes are examined, along with socio-demographic characteristics shaping consumer behaviours. Findings reveal a heightened climate crisis awareness among the participants, however, a quarter remain unaware of the carbon tax enactment. Most consumers accept the tax, recognizing personal and industry responsibility for carbon reduction. Many are willing to contribute with tax rates of 1% to 3%. Policy recommendations include fostering political trust, progressive taxation on fossil fuels, and government incentives for carbon reduction. The study underscores the link between awareness, acceptance, and support for carbon tax implementation, suggesting further research on additional support indicators, including political trust.

Incentive and Supervision Mechanism for Operation and Maintenance of Mega Railway Infrastructure Based on Principal-Agent Theory

This study incorporates fairness preference theory into the principal-agent model to address the challenges arising from information asymmetry between the government and railway infrastructure operation and maintenance (O&M) companies. It develops an incentive and supervision model for the management of mega railway infrastructure operations and maintenance, considering two perspectives: full rationality and fairness preference. The models are compared and analyzed, exploring the costs of government supervision and the changes in expected benefits when equity preference is taken into account. The conclusions are supported by numerical examples and visual analysis, illustrating the impact of different variable parameters on the behavioral strategies of the government and O&M companies. The findings demonstrate that a well-designed incentive and supervision mechanism can effectively regulate the behavior of railway infrastructure O&M companies. The effort level of O&M companies is positively correlated with the intensity of government incentives and supervision. Moreover, from the perspective of fairness preference, transferring some financial benefits from the government to O&M companies not only increases their extra effort but also reduces government’s supervision costs, while the government’s expected utility gain depends on the strength of “reciprocity” exhibited by O&M companies.

Assessing the role of consumer innovativeness and government incentives in enhancing the intention to install solar photovoltaic panels in Vietnam

Assessing the role of consumer innovativeness and government incentives in enhancing the intention to install solar photovoltaic panels in Vietnam

From Trends to Drivers: Key Factors Propelling Electric Vehicle Sales

With the rapid advancement of human economic levels and modern civilization, the automobile manufacturing industry is increasingly confronted with challenges related to energy scarcity and environmental pollution. Low carbon emissions and energy savings have become the main focus of automotive development. Under the influence of government incentives, the sales of household electric vehicles (EVs) have increased significantly, although they still represent a small share of the overall car market. To examine the factors influencing consumer purchases of household EVs, this report integrates both qualitative and quantitative analyses, controlling for single variables. Using linear regression, an empirical analysis was conducted on 18 BYD models with varying ranges and prices. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between driving range, selling price, and EV sales. Looking ahead, the development of new energy vehicles should prioritize longer ranges, high-quality features, and cost-effective performance.

Government incentives and firm location choices

Government incentives and firm location choices

Innovative Approaches in Residential Solar Electricity: Forecasting and Fault Detection Using Machine Learning

Recent advancements in residential solar electricity have revolutionized sustainable development. This paper introduces a methodology leveraging machine learning to forecast solar panels’ power output based on weather and air pollution parameters, along with an automated model for fault detection. Innovations in high-efficiency solar panels and advanced energy storage systems ensure reliable electricity supply. Smart inverters and grid-tied systems enhance energy management. Government incentives and decreasing installation costs have increased solar power accessibility. The proposed methodology, utilizing machine learning techniques, achieved an R-squared value of 0.95 and a Mean Squared Error of 0.02 in forecasting solar panel power output, demonstrating high accuracy in predicting energy production under varying environmental conditions. By improving operational efficiency and anticipating power output, this approach not only reduces carbon footprints but also promotes energy independence, contributing to the global transition towards sustainability.

MODERN STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMIZING THE FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF COMPANIES

The purpose of the article is to explore modern strategies for optimizing a company's financial resources for the gradual implementation of these concepts in the activities of Ukrainian business entities. The study identifies that the successful functioning and development of companies in modern conditions are characterized by the objective necessity to seek new opportunities for forming and using resources to increase the company's value. The research highlights that financial resources, by their nature, can be classified into two broad categories: internal and external financial resources, the ratio of which in the overall volume of the company's financial resources forms the capital structure indicator, which is one of the most important criteria for assessing the financial condition of companies. It is noted that the main goals of optimizing the structure of a company's financial resources are maximizing profit and profitability, increasing the company's market value, minimizing financial risks and the cost of capital attraction, and ensuring sustainable growth overall. The policy for shaping the structure of financial resources should ensure a combination of equity and borrowed sources of financing that fosters increased capital profitability, solvency, financial stability, reduced financial risks, and weighted average cost of capital, among other factors. As a result of the study, the author concludes that by using a combination of financial planning and forecasting, cost optimization, working capital and fixed assets management, risk management, capital structure optimization, investment management, as well as leveraging government incentives and digital transformation, companies can effectively manage their financial resources to achieve strategic goals

Real Estate Economy in the Post-epidemic Era

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a significant impact on China's real estate market, with the sector's recovery lagging behind the overall economy. This study evaluates the pandemic's influence on consumer behavior, housing demand, and preferences, highlighting substantial declines in real estate development investment and commercial housing sales. Key factors contributing to reduced demand include a shift towards remote working models, heightened health and safety concerns, and evolving perceptions of urban living. To stimulate the market, government incentives such as tax breaks and housing subsidies are recommended. Additionally, developers are encouraged to embrace smart city technologies for optimizing energy consumption and providing convenient community services. Emphasizing health-conscious design is crucial for improving air quality and increasing green space while investors should diversify their portfolios to mitigate market volatility risks and enhance resilience. The objective of this study is to devise an appropriate real estate economic recovery plan that aligns with the changing urban to sustain economic growth.

Exploring Policy Interventions to Support the Introduction of Autonomous Vehicles in Indonesia

This paper aims to analyze policy interventions regarding the implementation of autonomous vehicles (AV) in Indonesia. The research takes place in Jakarta due to its unique characteristics and status as one of the most congested cities in the world. The paper employs the qualitative approach to understand policy intervention for AV implementation. The methods used in this research are the combination of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Semi-Structured Interview. This research elaborates that AV implementation in Indonesia should come in the form of AV buses in the initial stage. Thus, it is necessary in the context of AV buses to construct dedicated lanes, provide onboard stewards, and give government incentives in a way that ensures the adoption's success rate. Furthermore, the thematic analysis of the research also emphasizes several themes in the context of AV implementation, such as implementation, accessibility, regulatory framework, sustainability, local characteristics, and annotation. These themes could provide a comprehensive understanding related to the policy intervention that should be taken by the Indonesian government regarding the AV implementation in Indonesia.

Effect analysis of government intervention on scale-heterogeneous farmers' behavior of groundwater exploitation.

Government intervention has become an important measure to restrain groundwater overexploitation. This paper analyzes the effect of three types of government intervention measures, namely, guidance, incentive and constraint, on farmers' groundwater utilization behavior, from the perspective of scale-heterogeneity, using general quantile regression model, by survey data of 1122 households in well irrigation area of north China. The results showed that: (1) the incentive and guiding measures have negative effects on farmers' groundwater usage, while the effect of restrictive measures is not obvious. The guided policy is superior to the incentive measure as to governance effect. (2) With the increase of farmers' land scale, the influence of incentive measures shows a trend of weakening, and the effect of guided measures on groundwater demand reduction of farmers is stronger. When it comes to the different point of water consumption, when at the point level of 0.25, the incentive measures have the most obvious inhibitory effect. With the increase of water consumption of farmers, the guided measures begin to play a core role. The effect of restrictive measures is not obvious with the increase of water consumption. (3) In addition, farmers' irrigation water consumption also is affected by gender, cognition of water resources shortage, ecological cognitive level, acquisition ability of disaster information, village rain conditions, the degree of water rights market development, feelings of water fee increase, irrigated disputes in the village, collective economic level of village. The selection of policy tools is flexible according to the farmers' land scale for groundwater over-extraction control.

A Systematic Review of Consumer Perception and Purchasing Behavior of Electric Vehicles

Purpose: This literature review aims to analyze the factors influencing consumer perception and purchasing behavior towards electric vehicles (EVS), examining both the opportunities and challenges associated with EV adoption. Design/Methodology/Approach: This literature review incorporates data from diverse sources, including textbooks, scholarly articles from Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Academia databases, and a thesis retrieved from the Shodhganga repository. Findings/Result: Environmental concerns, government incentives, and technological advancements drive electric vehicle (EV) adoption, though high costs, range anxiety, and inadequate charging infrastructure pose challenges. Addressing psychological factors and enhancing battery development, charging networks, and financial incentives are essential for wider EV acceptance. Originality/Value: This review synthesizes a wide range of research findings on EV adoption, highlighting both the progress made and the remaining challenges. It provides a comprehensive overview of the factors influencing consumer perception and behavior towards EVs, serving as a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Paper Type: Systematic literature review

The Impact of Data Privacy Laws on Digital Marketing Practices

Purpose: The general study focused on investigating the impact of data privacy laws on digital marketing practices. Methodology: The study adopted a desktop research methodology. Desk research refers to secondary data or that which can be collected without fieldwork. Desk research is basically involved in collecting data from existing resources hence it is often considered a low cost technique as compared to field research, as the main cost is involved in executive’s time, telephone charges and directories. Thus, the study relied on already published studies, reports and statistics. This secondary data was easily accessed through the online journals and library. Findings: The findings reveal that there exists a contextual and methodological gap relating to the impact of data privacy laws on digital marketing practices. Preliminary empirical review revealed that privacy laws such as GDPR, CCPA, APPI, and LGPD significantly transformed digital marketing practices, necessitating a shift towards more ethical and transparent data handling. These regulations increased compliance costs and administrative burdens but also improved data security and consumer trust. Companies that proactively adapted to these regulations by investing in robust data protection measures experienced enhanced consumer engagement and brand loyalty. The study highlighted the critical role of privacy-enhancing technologies in facilitating compliance and maintaining effective marketing strategies. Overall, the impact of data privacy laws was profound, requiring ongoing adaptation and innovation in digital marketing practices to balance regulatory compliance with consumer trust. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Institutional Theory and Technology Acceptance Model (ATM) may be used to anchor future studies on data privacy laws. The study recommended several strategies for advancing the understanding and implementation of data privacy laws in digital marketing. It suggested that future research should explore the relationship between data privacy regulations and consumer behavior to develop effective marketing strategies. Businesses were advised to adopt proactive compliance measures, invest in data protection technologies, and educate consumers about their privacy rights. Policymakers were encouraged to develop balanced regulations through stakeholder collaboration and to harmonize international data privacy standards. The study also emphasized the importance of promoting privacy-enhancing technologies through public-private partnerships and government incentives to safeguard consumer data while supporting marketing innovation.

A new strategy model for reducing industrial pollutants using structural equation modeling (SEM): a case study.

Economic developments over recent decades have led to environmental issues. Industries have been introduced among the main causes of environmental degradation. From this perspective, this research work identifies strategies for reducing industrial pollutants. In the first part, the factors concerned and their impacts on mitigating industrial pollutants are identified. Then, the initial model is developed. The case examined here is Mashhad Industrial Zone, Mashhad, Iran, wherein the questionnaire was distributed. Given the non-normal data in this study, the initial model fit is further measured by structural equation modeling (SEM), using SmartPLS. Upon the model fit confirmation, the research hypotheses, i.e., the factors affecting the reduction of industrial pollutants, are assessed. The results indicated that, among the variables examined, seven components can significantly prevent industrial pollutants. In view of this, green industry status quo with the effect size of 0.3 has the greatest possible impact on diminishing industrial pollutants. The next uppermost strategies for this purpose are government incentives, management commitment, green product marketing, competitive strategies, government oversight, and political issues, with the effect size values of 0.21, 0.20, 0.19, 0.15, 0.12, and 0.09, respectively. Financial issues and government regulations are not directly linked with lowering pollutants emanating from industries.

Factors Influencing Hospitalization of Nursing Home Residents in Korea Using Regularized Negative Binomial Regression.

The appropriateness of hospitalization for nursing home (NH) residents is still up for debate, with determining factors including timeliness, available treatment, healthcare staff, medication options in hospitals, and safety issues. Although the factors leading to hospitalization have been studied expansively, research on staffing is limited. Thus, this study aimed to investigate organizational predictors, nurse staffing, and government incentives and find important factors to hospitalization due to infection or disease among NH residents in Korea. A cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected via survey from a total of 51 NHs from August 27, 2021 to March 25, 2022. A total of 32 explanatory variables were included. The response variable was the count of hospitalized residents due to infection or disease. We analyzed data using least absolute shrinkage and negative binomial regression. We found that registered nurses' increased hours per resident day were related to decreased hospitalizations due to infection or disease. Appropriate retention and recruitment of nurse staffing with professional leadership should be performed to increase the quality of care for NH residents.

Consumer Adoption and Perception of Electric Vehicles

The ever-increasing need for environmentally friendly modes of transportation is the primary force behind the tremendous transition that the global automobile industry is currently undergoing. Electric cars, often known as EVs, have emerged as a potentially useful alternative to conventional automobiles powered by internal combustion engines. These vehicles offer a positive impact on the environment as well as technical developments. For policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers who are interested in accelerating the transition to a low-carbon transportation system, it is crucial to have a solid understanding of how consumers embrace electric vehicles and how they perceive them. A detailed study of consumer acceptance and perception of electric vehicles (EVs) is presented in this research article. The analysis is based on a review of relevant literature, empirical investigations, and case examples. Several key aspects that influence customer decision-making regarding the adoption of electric vehicles are investigated. These elements include environmental consciousness, government incentives, technical improvements, cost of ownership, availability of charging infrastructure, driving experience, and perception of the brand (brand perception).

Do fairness concerns matter for ESG decision-making? Strategic interactions in digital twin-enabled sustainable semiconductor supply chain

Spatial-temporal visibility and traceability in the digital twin enable semiconductor supply chain great transparency and efficacy, but also poses challenges to information disclosure. There is growing evidence that investment in digital twin technology is becoming crucial for improving environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings and mitigating risks within a sustainable semiconductor supply chain. Nonetheless, how fairness concerns impact the decision-making processes among different stakeholders remains inadequately understood. This paper presents an analytical analysis of the dynamic strategic interplay among semiconductor manufacturers, consumers, and government regulatory agencies (GRAs) utilizing the evolutionary game model. The aim is to investigate how long-term ESG strategies and fairness-oriented behaviors respond to government incentives. The findings imply that substantial investment demands can dissuade semiconductor manufacturers from delivering ESG services, while low tax rates may lead to their complacency and a subsequent lack of investment in ESG initiatives. Meanwhile, semiconductor manufacturers are more inclined to provide ESG services when the order loss ratio is low, and the tax rate is high, with strict regulations further amplifying this probability. Furthermore, consumers valuing fairness and equity tend to give positive feedback for basic services but is critical of ESG services due to issues with transparency in digital twin technologies. Addressing these issues extends beyond the scope of market incentives alone, requiring interventions from third parties such as government regulations, policy incentives, and enhanced data security measures.