Government Demands Research Articles

Value conflicts in grassroots environmental management from a network perspective: a case study of crop residue management in Harbin, China.

Open burning of crop residue is a hot issue in Asia and has attracted widespread attention. However, this attention rarely extends to the complex interactions between multi-stakeholders in the governance process, which is precisely the focus of today's environmental governance dilemma. Harbin is a major grain-producing area in China, the annual air pollution caused by the open burning of crop straw is more prominent than in other parts of China, and the conflicting relationships among multi-stakeholders are also typical. Taking Harbin as a case, this study quantifies the complex relationships among stakeholders through value demands conflicts and constructs a value conflict network in the context of straw governance. Through the analysis of the network nodes and relationships, we found that grassroots governments and farmers are the core of the conflict, while public and higher-level governments, as supervisory subjects, are marginalized. The multiple identities and value demands of the grassroots government, as well as cost and technology constraints, are the main reasons for the governance dilemma. In addition, the grassroots government in different scenario dimensions has different conflict resolution strategies, and it has a strong self-adaptation ability in the embedded value conflict network and can influence and reshape other stakeholders. These findings highlight the critical role of the grassroots government in crop residue governance, add to the research paradigm on grassroots environmental management from a multiple-stakeholder participation perspective, and provide a theoretical and methodological basis to formulate effective strategies.

Introduction to the Special Section: Korean Religions and COVID Restrictions

Introduction to the Special Section:Korean Religions and COVID Restrictions Don Baker As our regular readers know well, the Journal of Korean Religions is not a theology journal. Instead, we publish studies of religion in society, defined broadly. Over the last thirteen years, we have had special issues on Pure Land Buddhism, on the experiences of Christian missionaries in Korea, and on religious ritual and the state during the Chosŏn era. We have included between our covers studies of the history of the thought and practices of various religions in Korea, discussing not only Buddhism, Christianity, and Confucianism, but also shamanism and new religions such as Tonghak. We do not restrict ourselves to religion in the past, of course, but look at religion in Korea's present as well. We have shared with our readers articles about religion and the media, about the role religions have played in relations between North and South Korea, and about the roles religion plays in Korean communities outside the peninsula. In this issue, we have three articles delving into how Korea's Christian communities—Catholic and Protestant—have dealt with a problem of the present: the COVID-19 pandemic. Christians place a lot of importance on regular weekly meetings for worship. The South Korean government, on the other hand, was concerned about those religious gatherings serving as venues for the spread of the deadly COVID-19 virus. Different Christian organizations in Korea responded in different ways to their government's demand that they prioritize concern for public health and temporarily change the way their congregations gather for ritual expressions of their faith. In our first article on this topic, Franklin Rausch looks at the response of the Catholic Church. It would not be unreasonable to expect the Catholic hierarchy to insist on holding in-person Sunday worship services even if a pandemic is raging. After all, Catholicism is a sacramental religion and, as [End Page 5] Rausch points out, the Eucharist is an extremely important sacrament for Catholics. The problem facing the Catholic Church during the pandemic is that the sacrament of the Eucharist is only available to lay believers through in-person interactions between a priest and the members of his congregation. Despite the importance it placed on the Eucharist, during the height of the pandemic the Catholic hierarchy suspended in-person Sunday masses. Even when they were allowed to reopen their churches, they continued to follow government directives and placed limits on how many people could be in their churches at any one time. Rausch explains why the Catholic Church cooperated with the government's plans for minimizing possibilities for transmission of the virus. Relying on what was written in the weekly Seoul and Daegu diocesan bulletins, Rausch argues that Catholic cooperation was inspired by the teaching of the Church to love our neighbors. That is a core doctrine of Christianity. However, a few Protestant pastors did not give that ethical imperative the same priority the Catholic hierarchy in South Korea gave it. Timothy Lee shows that, unlike in the highly centralized Catholic Church, Protestant pastors were able to respond in different ways to the directives of the government to curtail public gatherings in order to reduce COVID infection rates. He identifies four different ways those pastors chose to respond: there were those who were willing compliers, those who were begrudging compliers, those who were amenable non-compliers, and those who were defiant non-compliers. Most did as the Catholics did and complied. However, those who refused to place the health of the public ahead of what they believed were the demands of their Christian faith, as they understood it, made the most noise, protesting loudly against what they called a government attack on the freedom of religion. Unfortunately, those who made the most noise garnered the most attention. This gave many non-Christians a negative impression of Protestant Christianity. It is easy to make the mistake of taking those who show up on the evening news, loudly asserting that real Christians have to resist government attempts to get them to modify their religious practices in order to minimize the threat to the lives of their fellow Koreans that COVID posed...

Evolution Mode, Influencing Factors, and Socioeconomic Value of Urban Industrial Land Management in China

(1) Background: Accurate measurement of the matching relationship between urban industrial land change and economic growth is of great value for industrialized and re-industrialized countries to perform land resource management in territorial spatial planning. (2) Methods: Based on the combination of the Boston Consulting Group matrix, Geodetector, and decoupling model, we constructed a new method integrating “model evolution + driving mechanism + performance evaluation + policy design” in this paper, and conducted an empirical study on the economic value of urban industrial land management in the Yangtze River Delta. (3) Results: The evolution modes of urban industrial land in the Yangtze River Delta are divided into four types: stars, cows, dogs, and question, distributed in structures ranging from an “olive” shape to a “pyramid” shape, with high spatial heterogeneity and agglomeration and low autocorrelation. The government demand led by driving economic growth and making large cities bigger is the key factor driving the change in urban industrial land and the influence of transportation infrastructure and the business environment has remained stable for a long time. The mechanisms of industrialization, globalization, and innovation are becoming increasingly complicated. Industrial land change and value-added growth in most cities have long been in a state of strong and weak decoupling, with progressive decoupling occurring alongside the unchanged stage and regressive decoupling. The government outperforms the market in terms of urban industrial land management, and the degradation of the synergy between urban industrial land and corporate assets emerges as a new threat to sustainable and high-quality development of the region. (4) Conclusions: This paper establishes a technical framework for zoning management and classification governance of urban industrial land to divide the Yangtze River Delta into reduction-oriented transformation policy zoning, incremental high-quality development zoning, incremental synchronous growth zoning, and reduction and upgrading development zoning. It also proposes an adaptive land supply governance strategy for quantitative and qualitative control, providing a basis for territorial spatial planning and land resource management.

‘He has not been playing the game with us’: Paul Kirchhoff in imperial Britain

ABSTRACT The decision by the British Colonial Office to prohibit the German-born anthropologist Paul Kirchhoff from entering any empire African colony, including South Africa, created a diplomatic problem as well a nearly derailing a major research project, ‘the Changing African’, developed by the German linguist Diedrich Westermann, London School of Economics (LSE) anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski and JR Oldham, secretary of the London-based International Institute of African Languages and Cultures (IIALC). This paper examines academic and political freedom, as well as the treatment of émigré scholars – those forced to leave for political and/or racial reasons –, in interwar imperial Britain and its colonies using Kirchhoff as a case study. It scrutinizes the role of government and its instrumentalities on the appointment of researchers, using political affiliation as a key factor; secondly, it investigates how quasi-academic institutions, such as the IIALC and the Australian National Research Council (ANRC) acquiesced to government demands. It also illuminates the transnational aspect of security services and the international reach of academic anthropology. Thirdly, it traces the impact such actions had on research project(s), that is, how research projects were modified considering a perceived or anticipated response by government and its instrumentalities in the colonies and dominions.

Economic Development as a Challenge for “De Facto States”: Post-Conflict Dynamics and Perspectives in South Ossetia

The significance of economic factors in the emergence and development of “de facto states” remains insufficiently studied and debatable. This article deals with the case of South Ossetia, one of the six unrecognized republics that emerged in the post-Soviet space. Based on the study of statistical data, secondary sources and expert interviews with representatives of local authorities, business, and the academic community, the authors analyzed structural changes and the state of the economy of South Ossetia and views on development prospects in the context of state building. It has been shown that as a result of large-scale assistance from Russia, a structurally weak hyperservice economy has formed, whose key industries depend on government demand and Russian investments. Limited economic self-sufficiency, cross-border settlement of Ossetians and Georgians, as well as numerous family ties contribute to the emergence of a variety of cross-border practices (shuttle trade, smuggling, and peculiar payment systems) that reduce social tensions. The case of South Ossetia confirms that unrecognized status is not in itself an obstacle to economic development, but the lack of external legitimacy limits access to markets and creates difficulties for financial and trade transactions. As a result, Eurasian integration has become rather a source of problems for this republic, creating obstacles difficult to overcome for local businesses in trade with Russia, the only EAEU country that recognizes the Republic of South Ossetia as a sovereign state. As a result, economic problems, along with security issues, serve as a key argument for South Ossetia’s support for the idea of joining the republic to Russia.

Financing low-carbon growth in Africa: Policy path for strengthening the links between financial intermediation, resource allocation and environmental sustainability

Financial intermediation drives resource allocation in the economy, which can influence the carbon emission intensity of economic output (CO2gdp). This study examines the impact of bank credit allocation on CO2gdp in African economies during the period 1995–2018. Two policy scenarios are empirically evaluated, taking into account the behaviour of financial intermediaries with limited financial resources for credit supply to the productive sectors. Policy Scenario I, a credit allocation system that places a greater emphasis on financing demands of government and state-owned enterprises (GSEs), has a positive (increasing) effect on CO2gdp. The alternative policy scenario, Policy Scenario II, which places a greater emphasis on financing demands of private sector entities (PSUs), has a negative (decreasing) effect on CO2gdp with stronger impact in the more carbon-intensive economies. In addition, renewable energy consumption makes greater contribution to reducing CO2gdp under Policy Scenario II. By implication, more credit supply to the PSUs strengthens the link between resource allocation and economic efficiency, resulting in the creation of greener economic output. Thus, the development of financial intermediation could play a role in helping African economies avoid carbon-intensive path to economic growth. • Credit allocation and carbon intensity of economic output in Africa examined. • Under Policy scenario I more credit are allocated to government-owned firms. • Under Policy scenario II more credit are allocated to the private sector. • Policy scenario II strengthens low-carbon growth. • The impact of renewable energy consumption increases under Policy Scenario II.

The impact of local government fiscal gaps on public-private partnerships: government demand and private sector risk aversion

While government fiscal gap is traditionally considered a demand factor for the use of public-private partnerships (PPPs) to deliver public services, a high level of fiscal gap may signal elevated financial risks to private partners and deter them from entering into PPP agreements. A causal mediation analytic framework is used to delineate the two distinct causal pathways. We develop a conceptual model and test derived hypotheses with data of Chinese prefecture-level cities during 2015–2017. The findings suggest that government fiscal gap has a positive impact on PPP adoption, through the mediating role of the debt position. The fiscal gap, as a risk factor, is negatively associated with PPP participation. Risk aversion of the private sector manifests more conspicuously as smaller PPP investment amounts than as a lower likelihood of PPP participation. The adverse effects of the fiscal gap associated with financial risks may entirely offset any positive impact.

Strategies to Educate Traditional Market Traders Based on Information Technology in Beringharjo Market, Yogyakarta City

The research strategy educates traditional market traders based on information technology using a qualitative approach to case studies. Data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation studies. The validity of the data is processed through tests of the degree of trust, transferability, dependence and certainty. Informance is determined by purposive sampling techniques, then the data is analyzed following qualitative rules. The research aims to explore how the Trade Office educates market traders in Pasar Beringharjo through a digitalization program. The results showed that the Department of Trade in educating market traders based on information technology uses strategies: a) external party cooperation, training, mentoring, developing insights and involving trader family members for traders who are constrained by brainware. The driving factors in educating information technology-based traders include: high participation of information technology companies, demands for government and merchant needs, government awareness of IT developments to preserve and develop the market, covid 19 outbreak, high merchant commitment supported by mobile phone communication tools. The inhibiting factors in educating information technology-based traders include the hardware and software owned by merchants, not all smartphones, as well as merchant culture that is still conventional. The results of the merchant market digitization program maintain commitment and are able to carry out online transaction systems with various application models such as Gopay or e-wallet, QRIS, E-Retribution, LinkAja, Grocery, InMobi, Titipku, and Semar by scanning barcodes and other eknik t.

THE ANTI-OLIGARCHY POPULAR CONSTITUTION

THE ANTI-OLIGARCHY POPULAR CONSTITUTION

Impacts of demand disruption and government subsidy on closed-loop supply chain management: A model based approach

Since manufacturing enterprises consume a lot of resources in the production process, in order to alleviate environmental pollution and resource shortages, manufacturers are mandated by the government to conduct closed-loop management and be responsible for the entire life cycle of their products. At the same time, manufacturers have to face the impacts of various emergencies on the supply chain. Without government assistance, closed-loop supply chain management will be difficult to carry out. Therefore, based on government subsidies and demand disruption, this paper constructs six mathematical models for three government subsidy modes, namely, the government subsidizes the manufacturer, retailer and consumer respectively, to analyze a closed-loop supply chain composed of a manufacturer and a retailer. The optimal decisions and profits of the closed-loop supply chain members in each model are compared by adopting a game-theoretical approach. The results show that the closed-loop supply chain members will make corresponding decision-making adjustments according to changes in demand, and there is a positive correlation between government subsidies, demand disruption and the members’ decisions and profits. Besides, different objects of government subsidies have different impacts on the operation of closed-loop supply chain. From a comprehensive perspective, when the government subsidizes the retailer, the price is lower, the recovery level and the profits are the highest, which can bring the greatest economic and environmental benefits to the entire closed-loop supply chain. • Three subsidy modes are compared in a closed-loop supply chain with and without demand disruption. • The supply chain members’ strategic adjustments under demand disruption are investigated. • The economic and environmental benefits are optimal when subsidizing the retailer. • The impacts of demand disruption and government subsidies are analyzed.

Can regional decrees improve government responsiveness? An empirical study of leaders' directives and local government responses in China

Leaders’ directives are a formal means of governance in authoritarian states. While government responsiveness to the public is a core normative concept of democratic theory, this concept has typically not been a core value of authoritative states. However, in China, to improve government responsiveness, leaders’ directives have been used to mandate local governments to create online public comment forums and formally respond to submitted comments from the public. This article empirically examines whether leaders’ directives are effective in promoting local government responsiveness and public participation. To test the study’s hypotheses, we collect data from the Local Government Demand Board (LGDB) on public demands and government responses of 214 county-level entities in two provinces from 2011 to 2017. Using the difference-in-difference method, we find that provincial leaders’ directives in China have raised local government response to the public. We also find that when provincial political elites promote public expression of opinions by using leaders’ directives, the Chinese public responds positively to these signals.

An exploratory study of South Asian women’s experiences of mental health services in England: a thematic analysis of cultural sensitivity

Purpose Despite government and national health service demands for equality within mental health (MH) services, racial inequalities remain. South Asian (SA) women underutilise MH services, yet research regarding their experiences and the cultural sensitivity (CS) of services is sparse. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of SA women who have used MH services and the cultural sensitivity of the latter. Design/methodology/approach Thematic analysis was used for data analysis of semi-structured interviews carried out with 16 SA women. Findings Analysis yielded an overarching theme of “degree of understanding” and three main themes: “shared background and understanding” “humanity” and “cultural factors” and their subsequent subthemes. Results demonstrated mixed experiences, illustrating varied levels of CS and the impacts of this upon experiences. Cultural understanding underpins CS: participants’ experiences demonstrated the benefit of significant understanding and the detriment of limited understanding. Research limitations/implications All participants were well educated, English-speaking and from psychology, health or research backgrounds. SA culture is nuanced; thus, the demographic of “South Asian” could be too broad. However, because current understanding is limited, this research provides fundamental empirical knowledge. Practical implications Clear recommendations were co-produced with participants, highlighting strong impacts for service development and best practice. Social implications The research provides valuable insight into SA women’s experiences of MH services and wider understanding of CS. This raises cultural awareness in a field lacking understanding. Findings and recommendations can, therefore, provide foundational knowledge for broader societal issues experienced by people from this demographic and challenge preconceptions. Originality/value This research offers unique recommendations for more culturally sensitive practice, co-produced with participants.

The VAT rate hike, government spending, economic growth and sectoral effects: CGE analysis

The paper examines the sectoral and macroeconomic effects of the increase in the VAT rate and the additional increase in government spending. For this porpoise, the computable general equilibrium model of the Russian economy has been developed. We have found that the VAT rate hike leads to the output decrease in most industries, including the manufacturing sector. Despite the positive macroeconomic effect from the government spending increases, the sectoral structure is deteriorating, and there is not enough additional growth in demand to offset the negative effect of the increase in the VAT rate, in particular for the industrial sector. In the VAT rate hike and government spending increase scenario, the negative effects of the VAT hike are exacerbated for sectors such as agriculture and trade due to higher costs of production factors as a result of additional government demand. Favorable conditions are being created for the raw materials and the construction sectors as well as the electricity, heat, water and gas distribution sector that have already developed dynamically. Beyond these sectors, the multiplier effects of government spending do not actually extend. The industrial sector is failing to realize its potential. Balanced and sustainable economic growth thus requires additional efforts on the part of industrial policy.

Global Trade Flows and the Role of Bank Financing: Policy Path for Mitigating Associated Environmental Impacts in Import-Oriented Economies

International trade and investment flows provide a mechanism for geographical separation between production and consumption processes. In this study, countries that rely heavily on international trade to supply home demand and have reported positive net CO2 emissions from trade (TrdCO2) over the period 1991–2018 were identified. Accounting for possible distributional heterogeneity, this study examined whether the structural composition of bank credit allocation explains TrdCO2 in these countries. With the growing competition for bank credit resources, the impact of a credit allocation system that prioritizes credit demands of government and state-owned enterprises (GSEs) is modeled and compared to another scenario where the credit allocation decisions of banks rather prioritize financing needs of the private sector. The results showed that the structure of bank credit allocation significantly shapes the exposure of these countries to embodied CO2 emissions in the global trade flows. Specifically, restructuring bank credit allocation towards private sector-focused reduces TrdCO2 while a credit allocation system that allocates more credit to GSEs increases TrdCO2. By implication, bank financing of private sector activities encourages cleaner consumption and can help in mitigating trade-related environmental concerns in developing import-oriented economies.

Collaborative Dissent: Noses as Shared Instruments in the Nineteenth-Century Fight for Public Health

In the decades after the United States’ Civil War, city and state governments began to institutionalize organized public health, a process that gave physicians and chemists limited political power as officials. The emergence of boards of health as scientific-political institutions fostered but also undermined productive collaborations between chemists, physicians, and urban residents—collaborations of the sort that our contemporary citizen science hope to create, wherein experts and local lay persons shared authority. This paper interrogates the first phases of organized public health in Boston, Chicago, and New York City to reveal the forces that enabled productive collaborations between chemists and citizens, and to pinpoint how the demands of government and the law shifted the balance of power from local, embodied knowledge to quantitative measurement. For modern movements, these historic moments raise the question of how bodies can be mobilized as dissent—and of where scientists need to be physically located in urban environments and communities. Identifying and understanding the social and cultural factors that enabled collaborative dissent holds promise for contemporary urban environmental and health crises.

Outsourcing Turnover Analysis at PT Bank Negara Indonesia’s Digital Operational Division

This study aimed to determine the factors causing an increase in turnover of outsourced employees at PT Bank Negara Indonesia’s Digital Operational Division and to find out what policies and strategic steps were taken to reduce this turnover rate. The researcher used qualitative approaches and data were collected through observations, document analysis and interviews with key informants including the Head of the Digital Operations Division, deputy leaders in charge of employees in the Digital Operations Division, leaders of support groups who were responsible for the availability of employees, supporting managers who directly oversaw outsourcing, employment provider companies, and outsourcing personnel who were still working as well as outsourced staff who had left. The research was conducted at PT Bank Negara Indonesia’s Digital Operational Division. It was found that there were intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing the increased turnover of outsourcing personnel. These intrinsic factors included the challenges of the job itself, work progression of promotion/rank, responsibility for the assigned job, recognition of work results, achievement, employee productivity, education, work experience and age. Meanwhile, extrinsic factors included administration and company policies as well as government regulations, supervision, salaries, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, supply and demand for the number of jobs with the availability of labor, attachment to the organization and corporate culture.
 Keywords: outsourcing, turnover

Twice exceptionality in neoliberal education cultures: Implications for special educational needs co‐ordinators

‘Twice exceptionality’ describes the coexistence of a learning difficulty or disability (SEN/D) and exceptional performance in one area of learning. A popular discourse around autism and savantism in the United States promotes a hierarchical differentiation of the ‘twice exceptional’ based on measured intelligence and commodifies support for this group. Such support is designed to appeal to a neoliberal ethos of seeking competitive advantage in a marketised system. Alternatively, special educational needs co‐ordinators (SENCOs) could raise awareness and promote a non‐hierarchical understanding of ‘twice exceptionality’ in schools, thereby highlighting what is missed when allegedly science‐based discourses become hegemonic within education and when governmentally mandated accountability practices are prioritised over professional judgement and the interests of individual students. Calls for ‘twice exceptionality’ to be recognised as a SEN/D category risk additional pressures on SENCOs at a time when governmental demands on SENCOs throughout the COVID‐19 pandemic have served to heighten existing tensions associated with the neoliberalisation of education (commercialisation, commodification, decentralisation, and residualisation). Nevertheless, SENCOs could play a key role in addressing longer‐term processes affecting children with dis/abilities and learning difficulties such as stigmatisation and, in this instance, discriminatory configurations of ‘giftedness’.

Research on site combination optimization framework of distributed photovoltaic power station from dual perspectives

In order to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, one of China’s choices is to establish distributed photovoltaic power station (DPPS). the site combination optimization is important for DPPS. If the government’s opinions are not considered in the decision-making, the DPPS project will be aborted. Because the decision-making objectives of the enterprise and the local government are inconsistent and cannot compensate each other, it is necessary to build the decision index systems based on the respective decision-making objectives of enterprises and governments. The DPPS site combination optimization is the multi-objective programming (MOP) problem, but the MOP model is difficult to operate in the dual perspective environment, because the complexity of decision index system and the data type diversity and uncertainty of decision information. Therefore, the innovations of this paper are as follows: ① the DPPS site selection decision index system is established from the dual perspective of enterprises and governments, so as to ensure the interest demands of local governments and lay a foundation for win–win; ② The proposed site combination optimization model has better inclusiveness to the types of decision data with the help of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy number (IVIFN), so as to reduce the impacts of information loss and uncertainty; ③ and more importantly, the proposed model can solve the DPPS site combination optimization problem in the environment of complex decision index system with the help of IVIFN–TOPSIS method. The proposed decision index system and model form the site combination optimization framework, and its effectiveness is verified by a case study. This framework can provide a reasonable basis for cooperation negotiations, thereby promoting the further development of DPPS and providing the necessary reference for other types of new energy power stations.

MLCT: A multi‐level contact tracing scheme with strong privacy

AbstractWith the outbreak of Covid‐19, both people's health and the world economy are facing great challenges. Contact tracing scheme based on Bluetooth of smartphones has been regarded as a viable way to mitigate the spread of Covid‐19. The existing schemes mainly belong to the centralized or the decentralized structure, both of which have their own limitations. It is infeasible for the existing schemes to balance the different demands of governments and users for user privacy and tracing efficiency at different periods of the epidemic. In this paper, we propose a hybrid contact tracing scheme named MLCT (multi‐level contact tracing scheme) which is mainly based on short group signature. MLCT provides multiple privacy levels by applying anonymous credential technology and secret sharing technology to desensitize user identity privacy and encounter privacy. Comparing to the previous schemes, MLCT fully considers the different demands of the government, patients, and close contacts for user privacy and tracing efficiency in the different stages of Covid‐19. The experimental results show viability in terms of the required resource from both server and mobile phone perspectives. And the security analysis demonstrates that MLCT can achieve the five targets security goals. It is expected that MLCT can contribute to the design and development of contact tracing schemes.

Development and application of the R.I.S.E. model (relevance, impact, significance and excellence) in higher education in Macau

PurposeThe increasing societal requirement requests higher education institutions to be more responsive to socioeconomic needs and new governmental demands. This study aims to present a self-developed multidimensional quality assurance and assessment model for higher education institutions – R.I.S.E model (relevance, impact, significance and excellence) – as a tool for quality assessment in higher education institutions.Design/methodology/approachThe model was first described at a conceptual level, followed by the examination of its applicability by presenting a case of a university in Macau to substantiate the model with real-life evidence.FindingsResults showed that the model can be used as an assessment tool to analyze, evaluate and reflect upon the status quo of higher education institutions. Facilitators can use all or part of the model either as a useful baseline to assess performance and prioritize “next steps” or to compare performance across time to determine progress in achieving goals and objectives.Originality/valueThe new model proposed in this study presents multiple perspectives when assessing higher education systems, especially in the transforming stage of a university, to meet upgrading requirements from both the society and the academic community.