Government Costs Research Articles

The BharatPe debacle: growth at the cost of governance?

Learning outcomes The case is aimed at providing students with an opportunity to understand various aspects of corporate governance and the consequences of poor corporate governance. The case addresses the following objectives: The students need to assess the role of the board in implementing corporate governance. The students should be able to explain the conflicts experienced by various stakeholders in an organization. The students need to evaluate the balancing act of growth and governance in a startup. The students should be able to determine the current state of business sustainability of the high-growth startups in India. Case overview/synopsis The case presents the challenges faced by the CEO of BharatPe, Suhail Sameer. Beginning in 2022, Bharatpe was in deep trouble as there were allegations of financial mismanagement, toxic work culture and widening losses. Co-founder Ashneer Grover and his wife Madhuri had to leave the company following charges against them. As Grover was the face of the company, Sameer would have to quickly act on filling the void and reassuring investors. Because of the uncertainty, scores of employees had already quit or were looking for other jobs. Questions were also raised about the board’s inaction and lack of proactive measures. After a meteoric rise for three years, BharatPe was struggling to survive the whole episode and put its focus back on business. Complexity academic level The case is intended for MBA students in corporate governance, organizational behaviour, business ethics and strategic management areas. As the case reveals the impact of poor corporate governance, it can also be used for executive training purposes on corporate sustainability, governance and leadership with a special focus on Indian startups. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

Transaction costs in healthcare: empirical evidence from Portuguese hospitals

Transaction Cost Economics has been used in the healthcare context to discuss the make-or-buy dichotomy, focusing on minimizing production or governance costs, respectively. Nevertheless, it is important to recognize that there are other relevant costs, which influence these decisions in health care. Thus, the purpose of this research project was to study such additional variables which may significantly influence the dynamics of transaction costs in hospitals. Semi-structured interviewing was used to collect the data, complemented by some document analysis and observation in the visits made to the hospitals studied. The interviews were conducted during a period of three months, with directors and administrators of four Portuguese hospitals. A deeper study was developed in one of the hospitals where it was possible to get information from additional interviews and documents. Two important findings should be highlighted. Firstly, the internal transaction costs derived from the hospital’s own internal contracting process which generates retention costs of medical personnel and costs of control of the internal contract itself. Secondly, they were studied the intangible costs, particularly those related to the decision of carrying out a process that could deteriorate the patient’s health or her/his critical situation, making the total cost, including treatment and possible re-hospitalizations higher than the cost of having treated the patient internally since the initial cost was considered greater than treating the patient outside hospital facilities. These variables should be considered when studying or using TCE in hospitals, complementing and extending the traditional framework as it is discussed here.

The case for more NHS funding: the inconsistent triad

British Journal of Healthcare ManagementVol. 29, No. 6 EditorialThe case for more NHS funding: the inconsistent triadSteve BojakowskiSteve BojakowskiCorrespondence to: Steve Bojakowski; E-mail Address: [email protected]GenSight Biologics SA, Paris, FranceSearch for more papers by this authorSteve BojakowskiPublished Online:13 Jun 2023https://doi.org/10.12968/bjhc.2023.0056AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Mackie JL. Inventing right and wrong. London: Penguin Books; 1977 Google ScholarOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Hospital beds (indicator). 2023a. https://doi.org/10.1787/0191328e-en (accessed on 17 May 2023) Google ScholarOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Gross domestic product (GDP) (indicator). 2023b. https://doi.org/10.1787/dc2f7aec-en (accessed on 17 May 2023) Google ScholarSeely A, Foster D. Health and social care levy. 2022. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2021-0139/#:∼:text=In%20its%20Economic%20and%20Fiscal,%2F23%20to%202024%2F25. (accessed 17 May 2023) Google ScholarTidman Z, Carding N. Cost of government's promised ‘40 new hospitals’ revealed. 2023. https://www.hsj.co.uk/finance-and-efficiency/exclusive-cost-of-governments-promised-40-new-hospitals-revealed/7034583.article (accessed 17 May 2023) Google ScholarWeale A. Rationing of healthcare, a logical solution to an inconsistent trade. BMJ Volumes. 1998;316:410 Crossref, Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 June 2023Volume 29Issue 6ISSN (print): 1358-0574ISSN (online): 1759-7382 Metrics History Published online 13 June 2023 Published in print 2 June 2023 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Respite care: qualitative arts-based findings on the perspectives and experiences of families of children and youth with special healthcare needs residing in Manitoba, Canada

ObjectivesRespite for families of children and youth with special healthcare needs (CYSHCN) is essential for sustaining a family care environment. Lacking is an understanding of families’ respite experiences who reside...

Economic Consequences of the Cost of Government Borrowing in European Transition Economies

Abstract Given the need of transition economies to fund the investments necessary for development partly through borrowing, this paper investigates empirically the economic consequences of the government cost of borrowing for European transition economies during the period 2003-2016. The investigation analyses the impact of sovereign borrowing costs, in turn, on interest rates on loans to businesses and households, on the growth rates of investment and consumption, and, ultimately, on general economic activity. By utilizing a panel VAR technique our results indicate that consequent upon a positive shock to the cost of sovereign borrowing, the cost of borrowing for loans to both Non-Financial Corporations (NFCs) and households increases. We find that the price transmission from government borrowing costs to the private sector is at play with respect not only to borrowing rates but also to macroeconomic activity at large. Following an increase in sovereign borrowing costs, we observe substantial negative responses in the growth rates of investment, household consumption, and GDP growth. Also, while a price of borrowing increase for NFCs is found to negatively affect investment, household consumption is unaffected by an increase in household borrowing rates. These findings have valuable policy implications for policymakers and stakeholders in transition economies. Specifically, the results suggest that efforts to reduce the cost of sovereign borrowing could have a positive impact on the economy by lowering borrowing costs for households and businesses, promoting investment and consumption, and ultimately boosting economic growth.

Kindergarten conduct problems are associated with monetized outcomes in adolescence and adulthood.

Across several sites in the United States, we examined whether kindergarten conduct problems among mostly population-representative samples of children were associated with increased criminal and related (criminal + lost offender productivity + victim; described as criminal + victim hereafter) costs across adolescence and adulthood, as well as government and medical services costs in adulthood. Participants (N = 1,339) were from two multisite longitudinal studies: Fast Track (n = 754) and the Child Development Project (n = 585). Parents and teachers reported on kindergarten conduct problems, administrative and national database records yielded indexes of criminal offending, and participants self-reported their government and medical service use. Outcomes were assigned costs, and significant associations were adjusted for inflation to determine USD 2020 costs. A 1SD increase in kindergarten conduct problems was associated with a $21,934 increase in adolescent criminal + victim costs, a $63,998 increase in adult criminal + victim costs, a $12,753 increase in medical services costs, and a $146,279 increase in total costs. In the male sample, a 1SD increase in kindergarten conduct problems was associated with a $28,530 increase in adolescent criminal + victim costs, a $58,872 increase in adult criminal + victim costs, and a $144,140 increase in total costs. In the female sample, a 1SD increase in kindergarten conduct problems was associated with a $15,481 increase in adolescent criminal + victim costs, a $62,916 increase in adult criminal + victim costs, a $24,105 increase in medical services costs, and a $144,823 increase in total costs. This investigation provides evidence of the long-term costs associated with early-starting conduct problems, which is important information that can be used by policymakers to support research and programs investing in a strong start for children.

The impact of long Covid on people's capacity to work.

This commentary addresses the post-COVID-19 syndrome and its implications for workers' health. Post-COVID-19 syndrome consists of a set of physiological and psychological symptoms resulting from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, which occur continuously for several weeks or months. Therefore, it is an affectation that has multiple consequences for the recovery of people's health, and compromises the ability to perform daily activities, including work, whether in person or remotely. Although several studies have been published so far, and several long-term consequences on people's health have been demonstrated, most have not adequately delved into the implications for the health of workers, their families, and the socioeconomic cost for governments. The aim of this paper is to highlight this public health issue and to encourage more specialized research.

Contribution of skin cancer to overall healthcare costs of lung transplantation in Queensland, Australia

Skin cancers are a major source of morbidity in lung transplant recipients, but the relative costs associated with their treatment are unknown. We prospectively followed 90 lung transplant recipients from enrollment in the Skin Tumors in Allograft Recipients study in 2013-2015, until mid-2016. We undertook a cost analysis to quantify the health system costs relating to the index transplant episodeand ongoing costs for 4 years. Linked data from surveys, Australian Medicare claims, and hospital accounting systems were used, and generalized linear models were employed. Median initial hospitalization costs of lung transplantation were AU$115,831 (interquartile range (IQR) $87,428-$177,395). In total, 57 of 90 (63%) participants were treated for skin cancers during follow-up at a total cost of AU$44,038. Among these 57, total government costs per person (mostly of pharmaceuticals) over 4 yearswere median AU$68,489 (IQR $44,682-$113,055) vs AU$59,088 (IQR $38,190-$94,906) among those without skin cancer, with the difference predominantly driven by more doctors' visits, and higher pathology and procedural costs. Healthcare costs overall were also significantly higher in those treated for skin cancers (cost ratio 1.50, 95%CI: 1.09, 2.06) after adjusting for underlying lung disease, age on enrollment, years of immunosuppression, and the number of treated comorbidities. Skin cancer care is a small component of overall costs. While all lung transplant recipients with comorbidities have substantial healthcare costs, those affected by skin cancer incur even greater healthcare costs than those without, highlighting the importance of skin cancer control.

Impact of Public Debts Accumulation on Economic Growth in Nigeria: Issues and Implications for Economic Recovery

This paper interrogates the rationale behind federal government continued reliance on Keynesian’s fiscal policy prescriptions of deficit financing as a way of spurring sustained economic growth and development in Nigeria, especially when such ideology seems to contrast sharply with the realities of dwindling economic growth indices. In particular, this study investigates the extent both external debt and domestic debt impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Multiple regression method was adopted while Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was the main technique used in the analysis. The results of the ARDL model demonstrate that external debt (LEXD) and domestic debt (LDD) have a negative impact on LGDP. However, while external debt reveals a significant effect, domestic debt (LDD) has an insignificant impact on LGDP. Thus, the study recommends that government should discontinue the use of external debt to finance budget deficit in the economy, but look inward through aggressive internal revenue generation as well as embrace economic diversification policies, coupled with a drastic cut down on cost of governance in Nigeria.

Capacity optimization and economic analysis of PV–hydrogen hybrid systems with physical solar power curve modeling

Using photovoltaic (PV) power for hydrogen production presents an alluring prospect under humanity’s ongoing pursuit of carbon neutrality by mid of this century. An indispensable initial step in commissioning PV–hydrogen hybrid systems involves analyzing in-depth its capacity configuration, operation strategy, and economic benefits. With the objective of maximizing the annual profit of such systems, this work formulates a capacity optimization model and performs related economic analysis, with pre-determined installed capacity and plant layout. Two aspects distinguish this work from its predecessors: (1) The physical (i.e., model chain) modeling of PV is employed to narrate the behavior of the PV plant in a more refined fashion, and (2) the impact of government support on the configuration and economics of PV–hydrogen hybrid systems is analyzed by incorporating into the objective function environmental benefits subsidized by the government. Besides, sensitivity analysis is conducted for numerous parameters that can affect the configuration outcome. The proposed model is applied under the climate regime of Heilongjiang Province, China, and the veracity and validity of the proposed model are verified via case studies. The results reveal that a 1-MW PV plant requires a transformer of 226.9 kW, electrolyzers of 366.8 kW, and 3 compressors, when the physical modeling of PV is utilized. The exorbitant investment cost of hydrogen tanks and hydrogen fuel cells renders these devices unsuitable for use in PV–hydrogen hybrid systems. The advantages of physical modeling of PV enable an increase of 38.9% in the annual profit of the hybrid systems, compared to the conventional modeling of PV using only surrogate equations. Furthermore, it is found that government subsidy policy, various prices and costs, and the utilization rate of PV power are among the most influencing factors affecting the optimal capacity and economics of the hybrid systems. In solar-rich areas of Heilongjiang, it is preferable to equip electrolyzers with a larger capacity and to install a transformer with a smaller rating power, to achieve a higher annual profit. The levelized cost of electricity of PV–hydrogen hybrid systems is 0.03 $/kWh, the levelized cost of hydrogen is 2.9 $/kg, and the payback time is ∼11 years. These results could serve as a benchmark for future PV–hydrogen hybrid system development, and offer information that is of interest to policymakers, operators, and investors, thereby contributing to the realization of zero-carbon energy systems.

Impact of Corporate Subsidies on Borrowing Costs of Local Governments: Evidence from Municipal Bonds

Abstract We analyze the impact of $40 billion of corporate subsidies given by US local governments on their borrowing costs. We find that winning counties experience a 15.2 basis points (bps) increase in bond yield spread as compared to the losing counties. The increase in yields is higher (18–26 bps) when the subsidy deal is associated with a lower jobs multiplier or when the winning county has a lower debt capacity. However, a high jobs multiplier does not seem to alleviate the debt capacity constraints of local governments. Our results highlight the potential costs of corporate subsidies for local governments.

Government subsidy and firm's cost sharing in sustainable agriculture supply chain

SummaryThis paper studies an agriculture supply chain consisting of a government, a leading firm and a group of farmers. The government encourages farmers to make sustainable technologies' input by providing cost share or flat payment. The firm procures products from multiple farmers and shares a portion of input costs. The optimal sustainable technologies' input, wholesale price and government subsidy are determined, and the impacts of different parameters on the decisions with the endogenous or exogenous subsidy are analysed. The results show that when competition intensifies to a certain threshold, farmers will not invest in sustainable technologies. When the subsidy is endogenous, the firm will obtain less profit if he shares more costs because the optimal subsidy decreases with the cost‐sharing proportion. When the subsidy is exogenous, the farmers' optimal sustainable technologies' input under the government's cost share is higher, and the firm may obtain more profit with cost sharing if the subsidy is relatively high. The government provides a higher subsidy to motivate farmers to adopt sustainable technologies when the pollution is more environmentally damaging. The government's cost share is superior to flat payment because it alleviates the government's financial burden with the same effect on motivating sustainable technologies' input.

Evidential reasoning rule for environmental governance cost prediction with considering causal relationship and data reliability

Evidential reasoning rule for environmental governance cost prediction with considering causal relationship and data reliability

An evolutionary game study of cockroach control strategies in residential households

Cockroach control in Beijing's residential households is supported by the local government previously but now it is paid by the residents themselves. Under the new residential household cockroach control strategy, the evolutionary game theory is applied in this study to construct an evolutionary game model for the choice behaviour of both PCO (Pest Control Operation) enterprises and the local governments under government regulation. The evolutionary stabilization strategies under different situations were suggested and the key factors for the evolutionary game behaviour were analyzed through Matlab simulation. It was found that the benefits and costs of the local governments' promotion for the cockroach eradication activities, the incremental benefits of PCO enterprises through government publicity and the subsidies for the activities, and the additional costs of PCO enterprises to participate in cockroach eradication activities are the key factors. The incremental benefits from the publicity of the activities and the government subsidies can be used to incent the PCO enterprises’ activities, which may be failure without the government promotion. This study confirms the decisive role of the strategic choices of PCO enterprises and the government for effective cockroach eradication activities. Therefore, before the campaign is launched, it is necessary to take into account the economic benefits of PCO enterprises and the public interests of the governments so that the game system can evolve out of the "ineffective" and undesirable "locked" state and evolve towards the ideal state, while would be a basis for other anti- pest efforts.

Efforts to Reform State Civil Apparatus Management in the Face of Globalization

Currently, Indonesia's institutional structure is overweight with 34 ministries, 28 non-ministerial government institutions, and around 69 non-structural institutions with overlapping authority, indicating the complexity of government fragmentation in Indonesia. Globalization will intervene more in the field of government institutional restructuring when Indonesia's institutional situation is too hierarchical, fragmented, and over-procedural. This paper aims to discuss the importance of ASN management and how the government steps to actualize public values in ASN reform. This research uses a qualitative approach, which describes the efforts to reform ASN management in the face of globalization. The data collection technique used in this research is a literature study by collecting materials from books, journals, by describing the data through several experts' opinions. This paper proposes a recommendation that institutional downsizing is a logical consequence of the fragmented condition of Indonesian government institutions, the president should dare to reorganize the power structure in order to save the cost of governance. The quality of ASN in the face of globalization should be strengthened by recruiting younger employees who understand the dynamics of technological development, and educating ASN personnel by conducting special trainings in responding to globalization as a challenge that must be faced.

Islamic Finance-Based Financing Mechanism Proposals to Support Local Economic Development

In most countries, the main financing source for local governments for infrastructure projects comes from the central government’s budget. However, considering the growing urban population, this source will be insufficient to meet the likely increasing infrastructure expenditures in the future as it is now. Local governments must explore alternative financing methods, including accession to capital markets. Nevertheless, most local governments, especially the small and medium-sized ones, do not have access to capital markets, due to their low creditworthiness and insufficient technical and administrative capacity. For this reason, some supportive mechanisms to increase the creditworthiness of local governments within the scope of the conventional financial system have been developed in many countries. Aspired by the well-proven methods of the conventional financial system, this paper proposes some supportive financing mechanisms for local governments based on Islamic financial principles. These mechanisms could help local governments to access capital with higher creditworthiness and contribute to the development of Islamic capital markets. In order to lower the borrowing costs for local governments by giving them direct or indirect access to capital markets, this study suggests five possible Islamic financing methods. However, because to the novelty of the subject, it attempts to lay the groundwork for future research that will yield fresh perspectives on this issue.

CAUSES OF MIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY

Migration is a process with multi dimensions, which ambiguously effects on various components and individual parameters of the economic life of the host society. Furthermore, direction and intensity of this influence may be importantly different in each concrete case. Due to the specific of immigration, evaluation of its results is difficult task, which requires comprehensive and balanced analysis. It was traditionally considered that immigration provides host society with lost labor recourses and it significantly contributes in their economic development. Migrants often settle within their home region. However, a significant part of international migration takes place over long distances and, in particular, from emerging market and developing economies toward advanced economies. A major reason why people migrate is income differences between origin and destination countries. Richer countries attract more immigrants, especially from countries with younger populations. There is difficulty to evaluate effect of immigration on economic. This is impact on tax incomes and expenses of government. On one side, immigrants pay taxes, helping cover the cost of government. On the other side, they impose costs on the government, because their cars need roads to drive on, their children need schools to study in, and so on. Because many immigrants earn low wages and hence pay low taxes, some estimates suggest that immigrants cost more in additional spending than they pay in. Despite the above international policy coordination is needed to tackle the challenges from refugee migration. This includes sharing the costs from hosting refugees and fostering their integration with emerging and developing economies, such as language training and easier validation of professional titles, can help build even better outcomes from immigration in recipient countries. Keywords: War, labor migration, former international students as labor migrants, unemployment, specialization of agricultural production, protected schemes, increase of incomes.

Using Game Theory to Analyze the Carbon Quota Mechanism of China in New Energy Vehicle Manufacturing Industry

In China, with the promotion of sustainable development strategy, controlling carbon emissions of manufacturing industry and promoting energy transition have become important issues. Excessive carbon has contributed to climate warming and increased the cost of environmental governance. This paper will use the approach of evolutionary game to determine the conditions to reach the optimal equilibrium point by studying the decision-making behaviors and benefits of the three main participants: government, enterprises and consumers. And this article also analyzes the efficiency of carbon quota mechanism promoting enterprise transformation. This paper finds that the introduction of carbon quota mechanism can more effectively promote the automobile manufacturing industry to invest in the research and development and production of new energy vehicles. Moreover, according to the results, this essay gives some useful advice that it is necessary to continuously improve the carbon quota mechanism and carbon trading market system and pricing of carbon quota. It is effective to promote enterprise transformation through the market elimination mechanism.

Research on Social Governance of Network Public Opinion: An Evolutionary Game Model

Compared with the past, public opinion in the we-media era has become more difficult. How to incentivize social networking providers (SNPs) to participate in network public opinion governance and guide we-media practitioners (WPs) to standardize their dissemination are prominent problems that urgently need to be solved in response to network public opinion. This article supplements the perspective of network public opinion governance research and constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model including government, SNPs, and WPs. Then, after analyzing the influencing factors of the evolution of different agents’ strategies through model solving and numerical simulation, this article finds that reasonable rewards and punishments can promote SNPs to participate in network public opinion governance. Finally, this article proposes that the government should build a social governance system for network public opinion, which will effectively reduce governance costs and improve governance efficiency.

Pharmacoepidemiology and costs of medications dispensed during pregnancy: A retrospective population-based study.

To describe the pharmacoepidemiology and costs associated with medications dispensed during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiological study and cost analysis. Queensland, Australia. All women who gave birth in Queensland between January 2013 and June 2018. We used a whole-of-population linked administrative dataset, Maternity1000, to describe medications approved for public subsidy that were dispensed to 255 408 pregnant women. We describe the volume of medications dispensed and their associated costs from a Government and patient perspective. Prevalence of medication use; proportion of total dispensings; total medication costs in AUD 2020/21 ($1AUD = $0.67USD/£0.55GBP in December 2022). During pregnancy, 61% (95% CI 60.96-61.29%) of women were dispensed at least one medication approved for public subsidy. The mean number of items dispensed per pregnancy increased from 2.14 (95% CI 2.11-2.17) in 2013 to 2.47 (95% CI 2.44-2.51) in 2017; an increase of 15%. Furthermore, mean Government cost per dispensing increased by 41% from $21.60 (95% CI $20.99-$22.20) in 2013 to $30.44 (95% CI $29.38-$31.49) in 2017. These factors influenced the 53% increase in total Government expenditure observed for medication use during pregnancy between 2013 and 2017 ($2,834,227 versus $4,324,377); a disproportionate rise compared with the 17% rise in women's total out-of-pocket expenses observed over the same timeframe ($1,880,961 versus $2,204,415). Prevalence of medication use in pregnancy is rising and is associated with disproportionate and rapidly escalating cost implications for the Government.