Government Compensation Research Articles

A survey of patient and caregiver experience with malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare cancer with poor prognosis. As there is little information on the lived experience of MPM, our aim was to document the experience of MPM patients and their caregivers. Surveys for MPM patients and caregivers were developed from previous interviews with patients, caregivers, and health professionals, about treatments and decision-making. Participants were recruited from two hospitals, government compensation body, and support groups. Survey responses were received from 78 MPM patients and 106 caregivers from January to September 2014. 85% male, median age 69years, median time since diagnosis 15months. Caregivers: median age 68, 91% female, 90% spouse of MPM patient, 95% bereaved. Most participants felt informed about treatment options but only 69% thought all treatment options were discussed. Chemotherapy was discussed most frequently (92-95%); ~80% had sufficient information for decision-making. Decision regarding chemotherapy was made by patient considering doctor's opinion (24%), doctor and patient equally (18%), and doctor (17%). Participants 'agreed'/'strongly agreed' that they made the right decision about chemotherapy (patients 81%, caregivers 60%), but 5% and 16%, respectively, regretted the decision. Most participants received 'sufficient' support (71%). A quarter reported seeing cancer nurse specialists. Palliative care referral: 31% patients, 85% caregivers. Caregivers would have liked to talk to someone by themselves (41%), more time with doctors (30%), psychological support (29%), and clearer information (31%). Bereaved caregivers requested grief counselling (39%) and post-death consultation with specialists (23-25%). Satisfaction with treatment was high, but participants identified need for improved communication and quality information, discussion about all treatments, end-of-life assistance, and caregiver support after the patient's death.

Empirical research on the correlation between Real Earnings Management of state-owned enterprises and executive compensation — from the perspective of executive structural power

This paper focuses on the impact of the executive compensation of state-owned enterprises and executive power on Real Activity Earnings Management (REM). Furthermore, this paper discusses the differences of impacts mentioned above between the central government holding enterprises and the local government holding enterprises, in order to test the impact of the government compensation regulation and the executive compensation of different types of enterprises on the enterprise accounting behavior. The empirical research shows that executive compensation can induce accountings to implement REM, which is more notable in local state-owned enterprises than in central enterprises.

Palm oil and dietary change: Application of an integrated macroeconomic, environmental, demographic, and health modelling framework for Thailand

Palm oil is a cooking oil and food ingredient in widespread use in the global food system. However, as a highly saturated fat, palm oil consumption has been associated with negative effects on cardiovascular health, while large scale oil palm production has been linked to deforestation. We construct an innovative fully integrated Macroeconomic-Environmental-Demographic-health (MED-health) model to undertake integrated health, environmental, and economic analyses of palm oil consumption and oil palm production in Thailand over the coming 20 years (2016–2035). In order to put a health and fiscal food policy perspective on policy priorities of future palm oil consumption growth, we model the implications of a 54% product-specific sales tax to achieve a halving of future energy intakes from palm cooking oil consumption. Total patient incidence and premature mortality from myocardial infarction and stroke decline by 0.03–0.16% and rural-urban equity in health and welfare improves in most regions. However, contrary to accepted wisdom, reduced oil palm production would not be environmentally beneficial in the Thailand case, since, once established, oil palms have favourable carbon sequestration characteristics compared to alternative uses of Thai cropland. The increased sales tax also provokes mixed economic impacts: While real GDP increases in a second-best Thai tax policy environment, relative consumption-to-investment price changes may reduce household welfare over extended periods unless accompanied by non-distortionary government compensation payments. Overall, our holistic approach demonstrates that product-specific fiscal food policy taxes may involve important trade-offs between nutrition, health, the economy, and the environment.

Greek Government Bonds Immunity Case

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Greek sovereign debt crisis — Distinction between acta jure imperii and acta jure gestionis — Greek debt restructuring law as acta jure imperii — Issuing of government bonds as acta jure gestionis — Plaintiffs’ claims based on performance of terms of issue of government bonds or compensation for their non-performance following debt restructuring — Whether State immunity applicableJurisdiction — gBrussels I Regulation — Lawsuits demanding performance of terms of issue of government bonds or compensation for their non-performance — Whether “civil matter” under the Brussels I Regulation — Whether Brussels I Regulation applicable — The law of Austria

Revisiting Background Principles in Takings Litigation

The U.S. Supreme Court’s 1992 decision in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council was celebrated by libertarian property rights enthusiasts as a landmark decision that would revolutionize interpretation of the Constitution’s takings clause and finally fulfill its potential as a vehicle for deregulation. Over a quarter-century later, the Lucas decision has failed to meet those expectations. A major reason is that Justice Scalia’s opinion created an exception that effectively swallowed the rule that Lucas established. The Lucas case held that land use regulations whose effect on landowners’ property produced a total loss of economic value were per se, categorical takings. However, Justice Scalia qualified the categorical rule by creating an exception if the regulation merely replicated “background principles” of property or nuisance law. His Lucas opinion explained that an examination of background principles was a “logically antecedent inquiry” in takings cases because it defined the nature of the alleged “private property” taken by the regulation. Over the years, courts have interpreted the background principles rule expansively, while the per se taking rule has rarely applied. Background principles, as an inquiry antecedent to takings claims, demand analysis of applicable property and nuisance law because they determine the nature of the “private property” alleged to have been taken. Consequently, this examination is step 1 of any claim for compensation — regardless of whether an alleged physical occupation or appropriation, an economic wipeout, or a regulatory taking subject to judicial balancing. Step 2 — whether there has been a taking requiring government compensation—cannot proceed until a court conducts the initial inquiry into the alleged property right. This article surveys recent background principles cases, building on earlier studies. The survey reveals that courts have continued to recognize common law background principles like the public trust doctrine, the navigation servitude, customary rights, and even burial rights. In addition to common law background principles, courts have found numerous statutory background principles — including public ownership of wildlife and water, zoning, and federal mining regulations. Other cases have rejected some statutes as background principles, including wetland regulations, environmental impact statement requirements, and flood control operations. Background principles are likely to continue to be a dynamic area of property and constitutional takings law for the foreseeable future because the issue will be raised early in every takings case, and the results may be as varied as the states’ interpretation of their property and nuisance laws. Background principles should prove a fruitful source of state court modern interpretations of vintage doctrines like the public trust, customary rights, and public ownership of wildlife and water, even rights to access burial grounds. These cases will likely make takings law a vibrant area of property law for years to come.

基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于化肥施用控制的稻田生态补偿标准研究——以南京市溧水区为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201809172020 作者: 作者单位: 南京农业大学公共管理学院 南京,南京农业大学,南京农业大学公共管理学院 南京 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 公益性行业（农业）科研专项经费项目（201503121）；南京市软科学研究计划项目（2017sr206007）；广东省环境污染控制与修复技术重点实验室开放基金资助项目（2018K01） Ecological compensation standards for paddy fields based on the control of chemical fertilizer application-Lishui District, Nanjing as an example Author: Affiliation: Public of administration, Nanjing Agricultural University,,Public of administration, Nanjing Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:农田生态补偿作为一种控制化肥用量与面源污染的公共政策工具，其补偿标准将决定政策内化外部效应的实际效果。以南京市溧水区水稻种植户为对象，综合运用成本收益法、能值分析法和双边界二分式CVM法，测定基于政府和农户双重视角下的稻田化肥减施生态补偿标准。研究结果表明：化肥污染环境成本量化视角下南京市水稻种植过程中的折纯化肥投入参考值为268.75 kg hm-2 a-1，相比2017年南京市的实际化肥用量312.48 kg hm-2 a-1仍有约14%的下降空间；绝大多数种植户愿意在接受平均补偿标准为882.49元hm-2 a-1的前提之下减少化肥投入至参考用量；受教育程度越高、家中务农人数越多、化肥投入成本越高的稻农更倾向于接受生态补偿，而种植面积较大的农户以及年长男性种植户对减施化肥持更谨慎的态度。研究结果为南京市农业面源污染防治和稻田生态补偿标准制定提供了一定的理论支撑，在实际补偿发放过程中，单一的补偿标准无法保障公平公正，需建立与作物种植类型、化肥减施成效相挂钩的分级生态补偿制度，从而激励农户尽可能减少化肥投入。 Abstract:Ecological compensation is a public policy tool that can be used to cope with excessive fertilizer application and agricultural non-point source pollution; the amount of compensation significantly influences the actual level of policy implementation. This study examined government compensation for a reduction in the amount of fertilizer applied by rice farmers in Nanjing. We used cost income, energy value analysis, and double-boundary contingent valuation methods and constructed a fertilizer reduction compensation standard using the dual perspectives of the government and the farmers.. The results showed that from the perspective of environmental cost quantification resulting from chemical fertilizer pollution, the reference value for application of pure fertilizer to rice cropping systems in Nanjing is 268.75 kg hm-2 a-1, which is still approximately 14% lower than the actual amount of fertilizer applied 312.48 kg hm-2 a-1 in 2017 in Nanjing. The vast majority of growers were willing to reduce the amount of fertilizer to the reference dosage on the premise of accepting an ecological average compensation standard of 882.49 yuan hm-2 a-1. Finally, rice growers with higher education, larger households, and higher fertilizer input costs tended to accept ecological compensation as well as related obligations, whereas older male farmers and those with larger planting areas tended to be more cautious about reducing fertilizer use. Our results provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution in Nanjing and the formulation of an ecological compensation standard for paddy fields. In the actual compensation and distribution process, the single compensation standard cannot guarantee fairness and justice and it is necessary to establish a hierarchical ecological compensation system that is linked to the crop planting type and the effects of chemical fertilizer reduction. Farmers should reduce the input of chemical fertilizer as much as possible. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Disaster risk insurance: A comparison of national schemes in the EU-28

This paper analyses the insurance schemes against losses from natural disasters, in place in the EU-28 for residential properties, showing their complexity and variety. The comparison leads to the following conclusions. First, very high insurance penetration rates are usually associated with the direct involvement of the Government in the scheme, while they are not strictly correlated to its voluntary or compulsory nature, also because many intermediate solutions have been developed by EU countries. Second, since the link between insurance and risk reduction is not automatic, creative supporting measures are being tested by insurance schemes across the EU. Their success is, anyway, often disputed and needs to be further investigated. Third, the way ex post Government compensation is shaped does not directly impact on insurance penetration rates, but a certain degree of coordination between ex post Government compensation and insurance programs has the advantage of improving the efficient allocation of financial resources in risk management.

Would government compensation of living kidney donors exploit the poor? An empirical analysis.

Government compensation of kidney donors would likely increase the supply of kidneys and prevent the premature deaths of tens of thousands of patients with kidney failure each year. The major argument against it is that it would exploit the poor who would be more likely to accept the offers of compensation. This overlooks the fact that many poor patients desperately need a kidney transplant and would greatly benefit from an increased supply of kidneys. The objective of this study is to empirically test the hypothesis that government compensation of kidney donors would exploit the poor. Exploitation is defined by economists and several noted ethicists as paying donors less than the fair market value of their kidney. Exploitation is expressed in monetary terms and compared with the economic benefit recipients receive from a transplant. Data are from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients and the United States Renal Data System annual data reports. Educational attainment is used as a proxy for income. We estimate that if the government rewards living donors with a package of non-cash benefits worth $75,000 per kidney, donors would not be exploited. Much more important, this compensation would likely end the kidney shortage, enabling many more patients with kidney failure to obtain transplants and live longer and healthier lives. The value of kidney transplantation to a U.S. recipient is about $1,330,000, which is an order of magnitude greater than any purported exploitation of a living donor (zero to $75,000). Consequently, the aggregate net benefit to the poor alone from kidney transplantation would increase to about $12 billion per year from $1 billion per year currently. Most of the benefit would accrue to poor kidney recipients. But poor donors would receive the fair market value of their kidney, and hence would not be exploited. If the government wanted to ensure that donors also received a net benefit, it could easily do so by increasing the compensation above $75,000 per donor.

Residential relocation and the remaking of socialist workers through state-facilitated urban redevelopment in Chengdu, China

This article discusses the unevenness in the social effects of state-facilitated urban redevelopment in China by examining the social transformation experienced by the housing class of socialist workers in two inner-city redevelopment projects in Chengdu. After government compensation schemes, former public tenants and subsidised owners associated with socialist work-units are far more privileged through cash compensation or relocation in new self-owned apartments than two other housing classes – migrant tenants and homeowners of commodity or rural housing – impacted by the same urban redevelopment. The objective and subjective transformation of socialist workers during the process of resettlement are examined from field interviews, with their status changing from welfare recipients in danwei compounds to proprietors in new gated communities. We conclude that state-facilitated urban redevelopment in the Chinese city is interdependent with, and mutually reinforced by, state-led working-class transformation in market society, so as to balance the two critical national objectives of economic growth and social stability. State dominance in conferring variable opportunities via launching unequal housing trajectories among social groups determines the significant disparity of impacts from urban redevelopment in China.

Compensation mechanism for urban water environment treatment PPP project in China

The urban environment is the basis for the survival of urban residents. Thus, the government must improve its governance given the unoptimistic urban water ecological environment. The progress on the urban water environment treatment project (UWETP) is slow because of government financial pressure, efficiency of governance, and other problems. New approaches are provided for urban water environment treatment with the development and application of a public–private–partnership (PPP) model. However, designing a government compensation mechanism under the water environment treatment PPP projects relates to the effect of the water environment treatment. In accordance with the characteristics of the urban water environment treatment PPP projects, two standards are established in this paper. “Basic standard” indicates the minimum social and ecological benefits that the water environment treatment project should meet, and “demonstrative standard” denotes the ideal effect that the UWETP is expected to satisfy. A governmental compensation method for urban water environment treatment PPP projects is also formed from this incentive perspective. Furthermore, the economic benefits of the urban water environment treatment are considered, and game theory is adopted to solve the incentive coefficient. Therefore, a comparatively effective governmental compensation mechanism is established to provide a reference to implementing urban water environment treatment PPP projects.

Expressive attitudes to compensation: The case of globalization

Using survey data from the World Values Survey and the Comparative Manifesto Project, we empirically study attitudes towards the proposal that government compensation should be provided for individuals adversely affected by globalization. We include roles for personal experience with globalization and ideology of individuals and political parties, noting also the general problem of expressiveness in survey data, where responders who favored compensation did not actually have to pay to help. Findings indicate that attitudes to actual compensation depend on exposure to globalization but are substantially qualified by ideology.

Zero-Sum Madison

Has the fabric of American constitutional law been permanently distorted by the Framers' preoccupation with protecting private property against redistribution? Jennifer Nedelskyl thinks so. In this provocative study of how the idea of property shaped the political thought of the Framers and the institutions they designed, she argues that James Madison's constitutional philosophy was driven by fear that a future propertyless majority would seek to expropriate the holdings of a minority. To combat this danger, Madison sought to create a structure of government that would ensure the dominance of the propertied elite. Madison's obsessive fear of redistribution spread to the newly created federal judiciary, which elevated private property to the status of a legal boundary limiting the political power of majorities. Although judicial protection of property has waned in recent decades, Nedelsky believes that Madison's legacy continues to limit our ability to construct a more egalitarian and participatory constitutional order. Nedelsky's thesis suffers from a double hyperbole: she both overstates and understates the role of property in American public life. In explaining the past, she overstates the extent to which a constitutionalized property has served as a barrier to a more communitarian or egalitarian polity. Indeed, much of her analysis rests on a play on what it means to property. Although the historical record reveals that Madison wanted the Constitution to protect specific rights in property and contract from retroactive impairment, it does not support the far more drastic proposition that Madison thought property in the sense of shares of general wealth should be frozen. The dominant pattern in judicial protection of property has similarly been to require government compensation for interference with distinct investment-backed expectations,2 but not to bar efforts to redistribute general wealth. Thus, constitutionalized property has at most impeded attempts at targeted interference; it has not posed any barrier to systemic redistribution.

Validity of generalized compensation contract for PPP project with consideration of private fair reference depending on concession profit

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of private investor's fair preference on the governmental compensation mechanism based on the uncertainty of income for the public-private-partnership (PPP) project.Design/methodology/approachBased on the governmental dilemma for the compensation of PPP project, a generalized compensation contract is designed by the combination of compensation before the event and compensation after the event. Then the private investor's claimed concession profit is taken as its fair reference point according to the idea of the BO model, and its fair utility function is established by improving the FS model. Thus the master-slave counter measure game is applied to conduct the behavior modeling for the governmental compensation contract design.FindingsBy analyzing the model given in this paper, some conclusions are obtained. First, the governmental optimal compensation contract is fair incentive for the private investor. Second, the private fair preference is not intuitively positive or negative related to the social efficiency of compensation. Only under some given conditions, the correlation will show the consistent effect. Third, the private fair behavior’s impact on the efficiency of compensation will become lower and lower as the social cost of compensation reduces. Fourth, the governmental effective compensation scheme should be carried out based on the different comparison scene of the private claimed portfolio profit and the expected revenue for the project.Originality/valueThis study analyzes the effects of private investor's fair preference on the validity of governmental generalized compensation contract of the PPP project for the first time; and the governmental generalized compensation contract designed in this study is a pioneering and exploratory attempt.

How can the efficiency of corporate governance in Serbian state-owned enterprises be increased?

This paper focuses on the practical coexistence of agency and stewardship theories. By analysing the three dimensions of government structures, compensation schemes, and monitoring activities, we show that this coexistence is possible due to several situational factors. Using field research data, we examine the causes of this coexistence and the effects it has on the efficiency and effectiveness of corporate governance, and question the practical sustainability of this dualism. We conclude that coexistence is possible but is unsustainable, and it would be wrong to support such a situation for a long period of time. We discuss paths of potential action and their implications for key stakeholders.

Public Wage Bills in the Middle East and Central Asia

Analysis of policies for managing public sector wage bills in the Middle East and Central Asia region. While some work has been done recently at the Fund on issues related to government employment and compensation, to our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically examine, with a focus on the Middle East and Central Asia region, the recent trends and drivers of public wage bills in the region and to identify key policy implications.

Experts’ perceptions of the sloping land conversion program in the Loess Plateau, China

China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is the world’s largest payment for ecosystem services program for improving ecological conditions and farmers’ livelihood. Communicating the SLCP outcomes across diverse stakeholder groups in ecological, socio-economic, political and institutional contexts can facilitate the effective implementation of the new round of the SLCP. Experts from various fields involved in the SLCP have developed good connections with governments, agencies, and farmers; therefore they can play an invaluable role in informing urgent policy changes. This study is based upon 24 interviews with the SLCP experts with the aims of assessing their perceptions of ecological, economic, political and social impacts of the SLCP on the Loess Plateau of China, and then gathering their policy recommendations to ensure that the new round of the SLCP would be implemented efficiently. Content analysis based on the grounded theory is used in present study. Judging from expert-based consensual statements from this study’s interviews, the main concerns about the first round of the SLCP on the Loess Plateau are that the dramatic increase in the farmer’s income and livelihood is mainly from off-farm sources rather than the SLCP subsidy, that equitable government compensation is dependent on the outcome of the SLCP, that the aggressive SLCP causes soil drought which have negative effects on ecological restoration, and that the stakeholders’ interaction could be improved. Based on the analyses of the experts’ interviews, the recommendations are summarised as follows: strengthening the farmers’ environmental awareness and vocational skills, establishing multi-source financial supports and flexible compensation mechanisms, establishing participatory planning that requires stakeholder involvement especially farmers and insisting that scientific studies on the ecological restoration of the Loess Plateau must be shared with local governments and farmers.

Globalization and Multifaceted Welfare State Attitudes: Evidence from South Korea

How does economic globalization influence individuals’ welfare attitudes? We part ways with the literature whose focus has been on identifying the losers and exploring whether and to what extent they demand government compensation. By intersecting two dimensions of globalization perceptions – (1) winners and losers and (2) national and individual effects –, we propose four types of citizens: collective winner, lone winner, lone loser, and collective loser. We argue that the typology allows us to systematically explore how economic globalization provokes three widely-discussed, distinctive motives behind welfare demand: insurance-seeking, equality-seeking as well as compensation-seeking. We examine our theoretical expectations with the case of South Korea, where we survey social spending preferences under different hypothetical scenarios of fiscal constraint and recipient targeting. We find consistent support for the insurance-seeking motive: lone winners who see potential risks of economic globalization are most likely to support welfare spending as an attempt to insure against the vagaries ex-ante. Our findings have implications for the direction of welfare state development under globalization.

Costs of Livestock Depredation by Large Carnivores in Sweden 2001 to 2013

Livestock depredation by large carnivores entails economic damage to farmers in many parts of the world. The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare the costs of livestock depredation by carnivores in Sweden across different carnivore species and counties. To this end, we estimate the government's compensation cost function using Swedish data on the county level over the period of 2001 to 2013. Compensation costs due to depredation by three large carnivores are considered: the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the wolf (Canis lupus) and the lynx (Lynx lynx). The results show that a 1% increase in the density of the carnivores leads to a 0.3–0.4% increase in compensation costs, whereas a 1% increase in the density of sheep results in a 0.8 and 1.1% increase in the compensation costs for brown bears and wolves, respectively. A larger share of unfenced pastures is associated with higher compensation costs for brown bear. The marginal cost of an additional carnivore individual varies considerably between counties, ranging between 1 and 82 EUR for lynxes, 0 and 266 EUR for brown bears, and 52 and 1067 EUR for wolves.

A Dynamic Model for Simulation of the Scale of Industrial Chain of Construction Waste Reclamation in China

The scale of the industrial chain for construction waste reclamation in China is still at a small magnitude with a relatively slow development rate, yet to form an industrial chain that is mature. With the industrial chain theory, this paper takes Guangzhou as an example to construct a simulation model of the scale of industrial chain of construction waste reclamation based on system dynamics. As the results show: (1) though the subsidy policy carried out by the government has a significant effect on the development of the industrial chain of construction waste reclamation, a greater amount of compensation will not necessarily lead to a larger scale of industrial chain of construction waste.(2) The inventory optimization management is conducive to promote the development of industrial chain of construction waste. (3) The governmental compensation amount of RMB 50,000 per 10,000 tons in the next 5 to 10 years will be the optimal to ensure the rapid development of the industrial chain of construction waste. (4) The scale of the industrial chain of construction waste reclamation, the inventory of the dealers and the inventory of resource-oriented enterprises interact and mutually constrain, implying that with the expansion of the production scale of resource-oriented enterprises, the oscillation amplitude of the inventory of the dealers will become greater while the frequency will be smaller .The conclusion of the study provides reference value and theoretical basis for the development of industrial waste resource industry chain.

Living on the edge: characteristics of human–wildlife conflict in a traditional livestock community in Botswana

Context Conflicts between wildlife and humans have occurred for millennia, and are major drivers of wildlife decline. To promote coexistence, Botswana established buffer zones called wildlife-management areas (WMAs) adjacent to National Parks and Reserves where communities assume stewardship of wildlife and derive financial benefits from it. In contrast, communities outside WMAs are generally excluded from these benefits despite incurring ‘coexistence costs’, including crop damage and livestock depredation, although they may receive compensation for these losses. Aims To investigate the perceptions and actions of a livestock farming community outside (but surrounded by) WMAs in northern Botswana, especially in relation to predator management. Methods We conducted standard-format interviews with 62 heads of households (cattleposts), and evaluated responses using descriptive and multivariate statistics. Key results Almost half (46%) of respondents expressed negative perceptions of predators, with 67% reporting losses to predation. After disease, predation was the most commonly reported source of livestock losses. Increased age of the head of household was the strongest predictor of reported predation. Few households employed husbandry beyond kraaling at night, but some (21%) reported conducting lethal control of predators. Reported use of lethal control was independent of the household experience with predation and whether they derived financial benefits from wildlife. Instead, households with larger herds were more likely to report using lethal control, despite the most educated farmers tending to have larger herds. Lethal control was almost twice as likely in households previously denied government compensation for losses (42%) than in those granted compensation (23%). Perhaps as a result of perceived failures of the government compensation scheme, most households (91%) supported the development of an independent insurance program, with 67% expressing willingness to pay a premium. Conclusions Our results challenge the assumption that deriving financial benefit from wildlife increases tolerance. A measurable disconnect also exists between the willingness of a household to employ lethal control and their experience with predation, suggesting that lethal control was used pre-emptively rather than reactively. Implications Efforts must be made to connect the financial costs incurred during farming alongside wildlife with the financial benefits derived from wildlife. Where compensation schemes exist, timely payments may reduce retaliatory killing.