Google Books Research Articles

Перцептивные стереотипы в сравнениях русского и английского языков

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of Russian and English perceptual stereotypes. Their appearance is associated with cultural dominants and the peculiarities of the system of people’s perception. Stereotypes exist in minds in the form of images and language clichés. They are used automatically and are rarely changed. The relevance of the article is due to the necessity to study and compare the significant elements of national cultures and language systems. The perceptual stereotypes can be defined as the object of study, the verbalization of perceptual stereotypes in Russian and English comparisons being the subject of study. The material for the analysis was obtained from the national corpora of Russian and English languages, as well as from Google Books corpus. In total, 40 Russian and 37 English perceptual stereotypes were identified. They characterize the modes of perception, sense organs, perceptual actions, as well as perceptual features of the subjects of action. The study showed that in both cultures, perceptual stereotypes are more often formed about the features of the subject of action. Images for comparison are animals, inanimate objects and professions. In Russian culture, precedent names can also be an image for comparison. The stereotypes may not correspond or partially correspond to reality. The formation of comparisons with modes of perception is typical for the Russian language, while in English the comparisons of perceptual actions prevail. Stereotypes about the sense organs in both languages are formed on the basis of functional and external similarity. The knowledge of basic cognitive judgments about the sphere of perception contributes to successful interaction between representatives of different cultures.

A Review on Ayurvedic and Pharmacological Properties of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.)

Background: Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) of is one of the most useful plant in Ayurveda. Many pharmacological studies have been conducted to investigate the properties of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multi-purpose medicinal agent. The objective of this paper is to review the literature regarding Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) Specifically, the literature was reviewed for articles pertaining to chemical properties and therapeutic benefits. This review is in a narrative format and consists of all publications relevant to Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) that were identified by the authors through a Google scholar search and books from Central library and library of Dravyaguna Vigyan department of Sai Ayurved College, Hospital and Research Centre Sasure-Vairag-Solapur. Result shows that Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) possesses antimicrobial, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic and diuretic properties. The mechanisms of action for these properties are not fully understood. Preliminary studies have found various constituents of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) exhibiting a variety of therapeutic effects. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects. Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.)is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant which is mentioned in Ayurvedic classical books.it is one of the plant which According to Ayurveda this plant is having Ras-Katu, Veerya-Ushna, Vipaka-Katu, Vaatahar and Kaphahar and Sheet . Many pharmacological studies have been conducted to investigate the properties of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multi-purpose medicinal agent. The main aim of this article is to collect and analyze the scientific information related to traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Methods: Scientific information on Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) was retrieved from the online bibliographic databases (e.g. MEDLINE/PubMed, SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus) and books from central library as well as library of Dravyaguna department of Sai Ayurved College, Hospital and Research Centre Sasure-Vairag-Solapur. Results: Different plant parts of Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) were reported to be used for the treatment of natural hair color, cough, skin diseases, and antidote in various poisonous bites such as rat bite. Various extracts were evaluated for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hypolipidimic, antioxidant, thrombolytic property, hepatoprotective activity . Conclusion: The mechanisms of action Saireyaka (Barleria prionitis Linn.) for these properties are not fully understood. Preliminary studies have found various constituents of exhibiting a variety of therapeutic effects. These results are very encouraging and indicate this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects.

Have color representations in books changed over the past 200 years? An empirical analysis based on the Google Books Ngram corpus

AbstractColor significantly shapes our perceptions of the world, and extensive scientific research has explored various aspects of color, including color linguistics, aesthetics, color and marketing, color therapy, and color psychology. Notably, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the psychological domain of color in recent years. However, limited scholarly attention has been given to studying the changes in color representations and emotions over the decades. To address this gap, we utilized word embedding models of Google Books Ngrams corpus to examine the most strongly associated entities and traits with colors and their evolution in color emotions over 200 years. Analyzing three emotional dimensions—pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD), we found that red, green, white, black, orange, purple, brown, and pink were related to the exuberant type (+P + A + D) in PAD emotional space. In contrast, blue was linked to the relaxed type (+P−A + D), and yellow constituted the anxious type (−P + A−D). Among all basic English color terms, the emotion‐driven perceptions associated with white, brown, and pink have significantly changed over time.

Utilization of GeoAI Applications in the Health Sector: A Review

This research describes the use of GeoAI, a geospatial data-based artificial intelligence, to improve the understanding and management of health in a global context. GeoAI enables the integration of geographic data such as maps, satellite images, and environmental information with artificial intelligence technology to analyze disease spread, health risk factors, and health resource management more accurately. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The type of research used is a literature study. The literature review database used is by searching on Google Scholar, Scopus, and Google Book. The results of this study show that the basic concept of GeoAI involves more accurate spatial analysis, disease spread monitoring, disease outbreak prediction, and more efficient health resource management. However, challenges such as access to adequate data, lack of understanding among health professionals, and data privacy and security issues need to be addressed for GeoAI to be effectively implemented. In conclusion, GeoAI has great potential in improving public health and addressing global health challenges, but requires careful steps in its implementation.

Erazm Rykaczewski’s Dokładny słownik polsko- angielski… (1851) and its examples of usage: Inverting the translation principle

Erazm Rykaczewski’s Dokładny słownik polsko-angielski… (1851) was the first Polish- English dictionary. As well as English equivalents for Polish headwords, it offered a rich selection of Polish illustrative examples paired with their English counterparts to provide the user with information on the way the headwords are used in context. While making a bilingual dictionary requires fluency in both languages, Rykaczewski’s knowledge of English was somewhat less than perfect. In the light of the above, how he compiled the volume’s English side remains largely unresolved. This paper empirically tests the hypothesis that he drew on the works of other lexicographers. The research methodology was twofold. Firstly, Fleming and Tibbins’s Royal dictionary (1844-1845) was examined to ascertain whether it formed a part of Rykaczewski’s background material and, if so, to what extent. Secondly, English examples of usage unrecorded in the Royal dictionary were verified against Google Books, a gigantic corpus of texts, to identify potential sources.

Singing from the Margins: Anne Brontë’s Surprising Poetic Afterlife

Anne Brontë was the only hymn-writer in her family, and her hymns have had a successful afterlife in multiple hymnals from 1858 to 1997. Her hymns have been used by a variety of religious denominations and sects, in numerous countries, among various groups of people, from children to university students to the sick and suffering. Although Charlotte Brontë’s selection of poems for the 1850 reissue of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall was responsible for the publication of five of Anne’s seven published hymns, it was Anne’s own sensitivity to hymnody as a means of exploring religious faith that ensured her successful afterlife as a hymn writer. 1 Various digital and Internet resources such as Google Books, www.hymnary.org, and YouTube have made it possible to discover more about Anne as a hymn-writer, including the fact that her hymn ‘Believe not those who say’ has appeared in over sixty hymnals. This article provides an overview of the afterlife of Anne Brontë’s hymns with the hope of prompting further investigation into this topic. 2

Effect of climate change on the production of Cucurbitaceae species in North African countries

Climate change poses a significant threat to crop production and food security in North Africa and around the world. Intense heat, drought, and other climatic changes can significantly impact the yield of certain crops, such as cucurbits (e.g., melons, gourds, and pumpkins). Hence, the need to explore means to mitigate the adverse effect of change in climate on Cucurbits which are sensitive to heat stress and require a sufficient water supply to thrive. Cucurbits are plants mostly grown for their fruit or seeds, often eaten raw or pickled. Hence, providing economic incentives to farmers within North African countries such as Tunisia, Morocco and Egypt. This review aims to discuss the historical and current production trends of Cucurbitaceae species and the effect of climate change on Cucurbits in the northern region of Africa while also highlighting the significant role of Cucurbits as a source of food and nutritional security in the region. A literature search was conducted on electronic databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Books and Google Scholar. Results showed that due to climate change, the production of cucurbit crops may decrease by up to 10-15%, leading to reduced food availability and increased prices in some areas. Thus, impacting negatively on household food security. Similarly, the climate change implications for different types of cucurbit crops can vary substantially depending on the unique growing conditions of each country within the region.

Faculty Forum: Dermatology Residency and an Approach to the MD Examination: A Primer for Postgraduate Students

In this review, we will discuss the approach to dermatology residency year-wise and detail the books and resources that would be useful for the student. For each major domain, we carried out a Google Book search using the terms, ‘Dermatology,’ ‘Sexually transmitted disease,’ ‘Leprosy’ and books and then based on our own experience of the books that were thrown up in the search, we arrived at the ideal book set for MD training.

The Past, Present, and Future of Psychotherapy Manuals: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

Psychotherapy manuals are critical to the dissemination of psychotherapy treatments. Psychotherapy manuals typically serve several purposes, including, but not limited to, establishing new psychotherapy treatments, training providers, disseminating treatments to those who deliver them, and providing guidelines to deliver treatments with fidelity. Yet, the proliferation of psychotherapy manuals has not been well-understood, and no work has aimed to assess or review the existing landscape of psychotherapy manuals. Little is known about the breadth, scope, and foci of extant psychotherapy manuals. This scoping review aims to identify and explore the landscape of existing book-based psychotherapy manuals. This review aims to specify the defining characteristics (ie, foci, clinical populations, clinical targets, treatment type, treatment modality, and adaptations) of existing book-based psychotherapy manuals. Further, this review will demonstrate how this information, and psychotherapy manuals more broadly, has changed over time. This project aims to make a novel contribution that will have critical implications for current methods of developing, aggregating, synthesizing, and translating knowledge about psychotherapeutic treatments. This scoping review will review book-based psychotherapy manuals published from 1950 to 2022.This scoping review will be informed by guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute Scoping Review Methodology Group and prior scoping reviews. Traditional search and application programming interface-based search methods will be used with search terms defined a priori to identify relevant results using 3 large book databases: Google Books, WorldCat, and PsycINFO. This review will leverage machine learning methods to enhance and expedite the screening process. Primary screening of results will be conducted by at least 2 authors. Data will be extracted and double-coded by research assistants using an iteratively defined codebook. The search process produced 78,600 results, which were then iteratively deduplicated. Following deduplication, 50,583 results remained. The scoping review is expected to identify common elements of psychotherapy manuals, establish how the foci and content of manuals have changed over time, and illustrate coverage and gaps in the landscape of psychotherapy manuals. Results from this scoping review will be critical for future work focused on developing, aggregating, synthesizing, and disseminating knowledge about psychotherapeutic treatments. This review will provide knowledge about the vast landscape of psychotherapy manuals that exist. Findings from this study will inform future efforts to develop, aggregate, synthesize, and translate knowledge about psychotherapeutic treatments. DERR1-10.2196/47708.

How have music emotions been described in Google books? Historical trends and corpus differences

Human records can assist us in understanding real descriptions and expected ideals of music. The present work examined how have music emotions been described in millions of Google books. In general, positive adjectives were more regularly used to describe music than negative adjectives, demonstrating a positivity bias in music. The emotional depiction of music has shifted over time, including a decrease in the frequency of emotional adjectives used in English books over the past two centuries, and a sudden surge in the usage of positive adjectives in simplified Chinese books during China’s Cultural Revolution. Negative adjectives were substantially less employed to describe music in simplified Chinese books than in English books, reflecting cultural differences. Finally, a comparison of different corpora showed that emotion-related adjectives were more frequently used to describe music in fictional literature.

Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kepala Sekolah dalam Mengambil Keputusan

This study aims to determine the factors that influence school principals in making decisions. This type of research is a literature study by utilizing various sources such as Google Scholar, Mendeley, and books. The findings of this study are that there are several factors that influence school principals in making decisions, namely organizational culture, self-concept, position/position, problems, situations, conditions, goals, internal organizational conditions, external organizational conditions, availability of necessary information, personality and decision-making skills.

Detecting directional forces in the evolution of grammar: A case study of the English perfect with intransitives across EEBO, COHA, and Google Books

Languages have diverse characteristics that have emerged through evolution. In modern English grammar, the perfect is formed with have+PP (past participle), but in earlier English, the be+PP form also existed. It is widely recognised that the auxiliary verb BE was replaced by HAVE throughout evolution, except for some special cases. However, whether this evolution was caused by natural selection or random drift is still unclear. Here we examined directional forces in the evolution of the English perfect with intransitive by combining three large-scale data sources: Early English Books Online (EEBO), Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), and Google Books. We found that most intransitive verbs exhibited an apparent transition from be+PP to have+PP, most of which were classified as ‘selection’ by a deep neural network-based model. These results suggest that the English perfect could have evolved through natural selection rather than random drift, and provide insights into the cultural evolution of grammar.

Cultural Application of Accounting and Economic Systems: An Islamic Perspective

The spirit of Islamic economics has recently developed in Indonesia, which is the context of this study evaluating the culture of using conventional accounting and economic systems. The objective of this study is to determine how the Islamic economy applies mainstream accounting and financial systems culturally. Our study explored the applicability of standard accounting and economic systems from an Islamic perspective. Initially, we gathered data on accounting information systems and Islamic Sharia from journals, conferences, books, and other relevant sources. Then, we used a comprehensive evaluation and interpretation coding system to acquire pertinent information to answer the project's concerns. We scoured Google Books, Taylor & Francis, Sage Publications, Elsevier, and other domestic scientific publications for information on the assessment and interpretation coding factors. The Islamic Sharia economic system is a system or mechanism that is regulated according to Islamic Sharia law, for example, in regulating business activities, classifying data, summarizing data, preparing reports, and analyzing finances and businesses using principles and rules that are derived from the Qur'an, hadith, and the understanding of scholars in order to realize a just and equitable society.

Heterogeneous Classroom Management Strategies Through Culturally Responsive Education

The cultural complexity of students in urban areas has influenced schools in the teaching and learning process. Classroom management becomes a concern for educators in managing a heterogeneous class. This becomes one of the important tasks for teachers in creating and maintaining an effective classroom condition. On the other hand, if the heterogeneity of students is not managed properly, it can become a source of various problems in the class. Starting from bullying, uncontrolled learning atmosphere, even attitudes of antipathy towards diversity that trigger other negative attitudes such as discrimination and injustice. This study aims to determine the teacher's strategies in managing a heterogeneous class. This research method uses a qualitative approach and applies the method of library research using sources from Google Scholar, Sage, Garuda, and books. The analysis technique used in this research is content analysis. The results of this study obtained strategies for managing a heterogeneous class, namely 1) the Teacher's understanding of equality and equity, 2) Self-understanding in relation to others, 3) the Teacher blending into the students' world. So when teachers face a heterogeneous class, they can use these three strategies to create an effective and conducive heterogeneous class.

Perbandingan Pendapatan Usahatani Stevia Dengan Menggunakan Eco-Enzyme Dan Tanpa Eco-Enzyme

This study aims to analyze the differences in revenue and income from the use of Eco-enzyme and without Eco-enzyme in Stevia plants. The research was conducted for 3 months from December 2022 to February 2023 at Stevia farm, Kolongan Atas II Village, Sonder District, Minahasa Regency. This research is a continuation of the Student Creative Program activities in 2022 funded by Sam Ratulangi University. The research data were collected using primary data obtained through structured observation, documentation, and data recording of all Stevia plant farming activities observed from upstream to downstream. The collection using secondary data was obtained through literature studies of previous research sourced from the internet such as google scholar, journals, books, and online newspapers based on the data needed in the study. Variables measured are the amount of Stevia leaf production, price, production costs, fixed costs, variable costs, revenue, income. The data analysis method used in this research is quantitatively by calculating the income from Stevia farming activities then the results that have been obtained are described in descriptive form. The results showed that there were differences in income results between the use of Eco-enzyme fertilizer and without Eco-enzyme. Stevia farming income with a planting area of 39 m2 using Eco-enzyme obtained IDR22.413,32 and without Eco-enzyme obtained -IDR71.566,68. Comparison of income results showed that Eco-enzyme is more profitable to be used in Stevia farming because of the increase in production which increases income.

I Did You a Favor By Taking Your Work: Reconsidering the Harm-Based Approach To the Fourth Fair Use Factor

American copyright law is predominantly utilitarian. Fair use—codified to promote copyright’s utilitarian goals—has emerged as one of the most nebulous doctrines in American law. This is partially by design. Passing the Copyright Act of 1976 (the “Act”), Congress sought to endorse “the purpose and general scope of the judicial doctrine of fair use,” but made clear that “there is no disposition to freeze the doctrine in the statute, especially during a period of rapid technological change.” This judicial deference—combined with the case-by-case nature of fair use determinations—has led to evolving and inconsistent applications of section 107.
 Interpretation of section 107(4), which instructs courts to consider “the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work,” is illustrative. Though a plain reading of section 107(4) leaves room for consideration of all market effects, most courts and commentators agree that the inquiry into this factor concerns only deleterious effects on the copyright owner’s actual or potential markets. Some have expressed hostility toward consideration of positive market effects on the ground that an infringing use that might improve sales of a copyrighted work is also likely to invade the market for derivative works.
 In limited circumstances, courts and commentators have recognized the relevance of an unauthorized use providing financial gain for a copyright holder. In Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google Inc., Judge Chin indicated that Google Books increased exposure and sales for the copyright holders, concluding that “the fourth factor weighs strongly in favor of a finding of fair use.” While the Second Circuit declined to adopt Judge Chin’s explicit reasoning, Authors Guild remains a powerful endorsement of the plain reading of section 107(4). In Google LLC v. Oracle Am., Inc., the Supreme Court indicated that analysis of the fourth factor should weigh public benefits against private harms, endorsing a more holistic balancing of interests. In the wake of a reinvigorated fourth factor, it is worth reassessing whether economic benefits from infringement have any place in the market impact inquiry.
 This Note addresses the current status of market benefits: monetary gains conferred upon a copyright holder by a third party’s unauthorized use of a copyrighted work. While courts are still unwilling to treat market benefits as dispositive, they are moving away from the view that the fourth factor concerns only market harm. Expanded analysis of a fourth factor now balances private economic effects, public benefits, and in some cases, non-monetary concerns related to the value of a work. Market benefit proponents assert that their inclusion is more in line with the text and history 1976 Act, as well as the overall goals of copyright. Further, weighing market benefits against market harms helps to address problems related to circularity.
 This Note considers the viability of market benefits as both a dispositive and a relevant component of fourth factor interpretation. Part I provides a basic overview of the traditional approach to the fourth factor before defining and distinguishing between different types of market benefits. Part II analyzes recent caselaw acknowledging market benefits and proposes a framework for proving market benefits as part of a reinvigorated fourth factor. Part III addresses the viability of market benefit arguments across different sectors of copyrighted works and the possible implications of increased acceptance. It concludes that, despite enhanced recognition, market benefits still lack widespread applicability and are unlikely to change the outcome of any present fair use determination.

Macroglossia in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome: A Narrative Review

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome has a wide spectrum of clinical features, namely macroglossia, defects in the abdominal wall and an increased risk of developing embryonal tumors during childhood. Macroglossia can cause several disorders such as airway obstruction, dysphagia, drooling, speech difficulties and other disorders. To determine the etiology and clinical picture and to differentiate macroglossia in BWS from macroglossia in other diseases so as to be able to make a diagnosis and plan the right treatment. Collecting and analyzing relevant references in the form of journals and textbooks accessed through the Google Scholar, Google Books, PubMed and Science Direct databases. Macroglossia in BWS and macroglossia in other diseases can be distinguished if an appropriate diagnosis is made by means of a complete clinical and physical examination so that clinical symptoms and possible etiological factors can be identified.

Blockchain technologies in accounting: bibliometric analysis

The purpose of the paper is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of scientific literature on the use of blockchain technologies in accounting for the period 2013–2022 based on the use of a number of special methods and tools, including Scopus and WoS, VOSviewer, Publish or Perish, Google Trends, and Google Books Ngram Viewer. Based on the results of the bibliometric analysis of relevant scientific publications, a map of the relationships between the concepts of «blockchain» and «accounting» with other categories was formed, which allowed identifying seven clusters. Based on the results of the analysis of the evolutionary time block of blockchain technology research, it was possible to identify several main periods during which the main accents in this area changed. It has been proven that it was in 2020–2021 that the interest of researchers was directed to considering blockchains as tools for working with financial and accounting information. An analysis of the space-time dimension of bibliometric analysis in Ukraine showed that the publication activity of research on the use of blockchain technologies in accounting has intensified since the second half of 2021. Analysis using Google Books and Google Trends confirmed the absence of analogies in the dynamics of changes in search queries «blockchain» and «accounting». The use of bibliometric analysis tools allowed identifying the most relevant works by the searched terms. Relevance was mostly determined by the significance of the scientific work and the scientific cluster. On the basis of these works, key theses are presented, which will become the basis for further empirical research on the chosen topic.

Poe in Cyberspace: The Pleasure Principle Revisited

Poe in Cyberspace: The Pleasure Principle Revisited

Increasing digitalization is associated with anxiety and depression: A Google Ngram analysis.

The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression are rising worldwide. Studies investigating risk factors on a societal level leading to these rises are so far limited to social-economic status, social capital, and unemployment, while most such studies rely on self-reports to investigate these factors. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate the impact of an additional factor on a societal level, namely digitalization, by using a linguistic big data approach. We extend related work by using the Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) to retrieve and adjust word frequencies from a large corpus of books (8 million books or 6 percent of all books ever published) and to subsequently investigate word changes in terms of anxiety disorders, depression, and digitalization. Our analyses comprise and compare data from six languages, British English, German, Spanish, Russian, French, and Italian. We also retrieved word frequencies for the control construct "religion". Our results show an increase in word frequency for anxiety, depression, and digitalization over the last 50 years (r = .79 to .89, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words (r = .98, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and digitalization words (r = .81, p < .001), and a significant correlation between the frequency of depression and anxiety words (r = .81, p < .001). For the control construct religion, we found no significant correlations for word frequency over the last 50 years and no significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words. Our results showed a negative correlation between the frequency of depression and religion words (r = -.25, p < .05). We also improved the method by excluding terms with double meanings detected by 73 independent native speakers. Implications for future research and professional and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.