Good Response Time Research Articles

Direct ink writing of nickel oxide-based thin films for room temperature gas detection

The rapid industrial growth and increasing population have led to significant pollution and deterioration of the natural atmospheric environment. Major atmospheric pollutants include NO2 and CO2. Hence, it is imperative to develop NO2 and CO2 sensors for ambient conditions, that can be used in indoor air quality monitoring, breath analysis, food spoilage detection, etc. In the present study, two thin film nanocomposite (nickel oxide-graphene and nickel oxide-silver nanowires) gas sensors are fabricated using direct ink writing. The nano-composites are investigated for their structural, optical, and electrical properties. Later the nano-composite is deposited on the interdigitated electrode (IDE) pattern to form NO2 and CO2 sensors. The deposited films are then exposed to NO2 and CO2 gases separately and their response and recovery times are determined using a custom-built gas sensing setup. Nickel oxide-graphene provides a good response time and recovery time of 10 and 9 s, respectively for NO2, due to the higher electron affinity of graphene towards NO2. Nickel oxide-silver nanowire nano-composite is suited for CO2 gas because silver is an excellent electrocatalyst for CO2 by giving response and recovery times of 11 s each. This is the first report showcasing NiO nano-composites for NO2 and CO2 sensing at room temperature.

Development of Sustainable Electronic Device for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing through Extended-Gate-Based Organic Field Effect Transistors

Diabetes is one the most common problem and can lead to kidney failure and other deadly medical conditions if not monitored properly. The pre-existing techniques for monitoring diabetes utilize enzymes, which makes the technique costly, sophisticated, and temperature-dependent storage restricts its broad utilities and to circumvent this drawback of pre-existing techniques, label-free detection of glucose is highly desired. Thus, in this study, CuO/MXenes were synthesized by adopting an ex-situ synthesis approach. Initially, CuO nanoparticles were synthesized using Annona squamosa seed extract as per the previous report. Then, MXenes were synthesized and mixed with CuO nanoparticles in equal ratios, then the mixed solution was kept for stirring at 600 rpm for 8 hours in an inert atmosphere at 80oC. Further, the synthesized CuO/MXenes nano-composites were initially characterized for its optical, structural, and morphological characteristics and then screen printed on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate for utilizing it as an extended-gate electrode. Further, the organic field effect transistor (OFET) was then fabricated by utilizing three different conjugated polymers, namely RR-P3HT, NR-P3HT, and DPP-TTT as a semiconductor material in the bottom gate top contact device architecture and utilized as a transducer for the label-free sensing of glucose via CuO/MXenes nanocomposite. The sensing electrode was connected to a transduction unit (OFET) by extending the gate and all the experiments were performed by applying gate voltage via the reference electrode (schematically shown in Figure 1) under optimized pH condition of 50 mM phosphate buffer saline (PBS; 0.9% NaCl; pH 7) solution containing 5 mM [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. The main objective of this study is to understand the mobility effect on sensing characteristics, so three different OFETs were fabricated from low to high mobility (order 10-1 to 10-3). Moreover, before sensing glucose, the operation of the OFET was validated before connecting to the extended gate and after connecting to the extended gate (with a blank PBS solution), which demonstrated typical p-type OFET characteristics associated with various polymers. Further, during sensing studies in the presence of glucose solution, there was a clear shift in the threshold voltage (Vth). These extended gate OFETs demonstrated a good response time, but the higher mobility OFET demonstrated rapid determination of glucose in just 20 seconds. There was a linear shift in the threshold voltage (Vth) as a function of the increasing glucose concentration varying from 2 to 100 mM. Details about sensitivity and selectivity will be discussed in detail during the presentation; apart from the mentioned studies, we have also compared the performance of our fabricated transduction unit with the commercially available electrochemical transduction unit for sensing glucose. However, from the results of this study, it is evident that the mobility of OFETs plays a major role in sensing. Figure 1

A novel colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for the highly specific detection of Cu2+ and glyphosate based on a quinolimide-Schiff base

As common pollutants, Cu2+ and glyphosate (Gly) pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. There is an urgent need to develop tools for monitoring Cu2+ and Gly. Herein, a novel quinolimide-Schiff base, 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-5-butyl-9-(2-((2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino)ethylamino)-4,6-quinolimide (BDSYQ), was prepared for specifically detecting Cu2+ and Gly through colorimetric and fluorescent dual-modes. After binding Cu2+, BDSYQ exhibited the changed color from chartreuse to orange-brown and quenched fluorescence with the detection limit (LOD) of 66.8 nM. Job's plots, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and theoretical calculations revealed the 1:1 stoichiometry of BDSYQ with Cu2+. Subsequently, the BDSYQ-Cu2+ complex had the excellent selectivity, convenient visualization, good anti-interference ability, low LOD (73.3 nM), and short response time (within 60 s) for sensing Gly through the competitive coordination. Meanwhile, test strips contained BDSYQ were successfully utilized for visually detecting Cu2+ and Gly in daylight and 365 nm ultraviolet light. And high selectivities of BDSYQ for Cu2+ and Gly were also clearly observed by fluorescence RGB analysis. Notably, BDSYQ had accurately monitored Cu2+ and Gly in real water and agricultural product samples, and had successfully imaged Cu2+ and Gly in living cells.

A highly selective and recyclable fluorescent sensor based on a Salamo-Salen-Salamo type ligand for continuous detection of Al3+ and phosphates in drug

In this work, a fluorescence chemical sensor continuous detection Al3+ and phosphates by a Salamo-Salen-Salamo type compound (SL) was employed. The sensor continuously recognized Al3+ and phosphates with good selectivity and fast response time, and a low limit of detection of 0.25 μΜ and 0.96 μM, at the same time accompanied by a naked-eye identification specificity. The detection mechanism of SL towards Al3+ is due to the chelating fluorescence enhancement effect and ICT effect, and continuously towards phosphates is due to the collapse of the SL-Al3+ and coordination interaction between Al3+ and phosphates, by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, other spectral characterization and DFT calculation as evidence. In addition, the sensor had good recyclability and reusability. The distribution of Al3+ and phosphates in zebrafish cells was effectively monitored by confocal microscopy based on the good biocompatibility and tissue permeability of SL. Furthermore, the feasibility of using sensor SL to detect the content of Al3+ and phosphate ions in certain drugs was quantitatively analyzed through experiments. It was found SL had a good result in practical application.

A Simple and Rapid Colorimetric Method for Methanol Determination Using Sodium Nitroprusside

Introduction: Methanol (CH3OH) exposure can be highly toxic to humans, resulting in severe clinical manifestations and even deaths if left untreated. Therefore, it is vital to estimate the amounts of methanol quickly and accurately to avoid its adverse health impacts. The main goal of the current study was to develop a simple, fast, reliable, and cost-effective colorimetric method for determining methanol amounts in some alcoholic and non-alcoholic samples. Materials and Methods: A sodium nitroprusside-based colorimetric method was established to detect methanol in hand sanitizers, alcoholic beverages, and herbal distillations. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry apparatus was applied to evaluate the efficacy of the Kit. Results: The naked eye saw the color change in the presence of methanol. The established method revealed a good sensitivity (0.077%) and accuracy for methanol determination in different samples. Besides, this colorimetric method was precise, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variations less than 10%. Notably, the recovery percentages were 96.5% to 108%, indicating the acceptable accuracy of the studied method. The quantitative detection of methanol was finally validated by comparing it with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results. Conclusions: This colorimetric method has great potential for methanol detection due to advantages such as good sensitivity, acceptable accuracy, and fast response time.

Fabrication of a graphene@Ni foam-supported silver nanoplates-PANI 3D architecture electrode for enzyme-free glucose sensing.

Reliable and cost-effective glucose sensors are in rising demand among diabetes patients. The combination of metals and conducting polymers creates a robust electrocatalyst for glucose oxidation, offering enzyme-free, high stability, and sensitivity with outstanding electrochemical results. Herein, graphene is grown on nickel foam by chemical vapor deposition to make a graphene@nickel foam scaffold (G@NF), on which silver nanoplates-polyaniline (Ag-PANI) 3D architecture is developed by sonication-assisted co-electrodeposition. The resulting binder-free 3D Ag-PANI/G@NF electrode was highly porous, as characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The binder-free 3D Ag-PANI/G@NF electrode exhibits remarkable electrochemical efficiency with a superior electrochemical active surface area. The amperometric analysis provides excellent anti-interference performance, a low limit of deduction (0.1 nM), robust sensitivity (1.7 × 1013µA mM-1cm-2), and a good response time. Moreover, the Ag-PANI/G@NF enzyme-free sensor is utilized to observe glucose levels in human blood serums and exhibits excellent potential to become a reliable clinical glucose sensor.

A Study Based on the First-Principle Study of the Adsorption and Sensing Properties of Mo-Doped WSe2 for N2O, CO2, and CH4

As industry continues to develop rapidly, the greenhouse effect is becoming increasingly severe. CO2, CH4, and N2O are the three primary greenhouse gases, making their effective monitoring a crucial step in reducing emissions. This paper investigates the gas sensing performance of Mo-doped WSe2 for these three gases, through a theoretical study. First, using first-principles calculations, the doping behavior of Mo in WSe2 is examined. Subsequently, the adsorption properties of Mo-WSe2 for CO2, CH4, and N2O are analyzed by calculating adsorption energy, charge transfer, the electron localization function (ELF), Hirshfeld partition (IGMH), and the density of states (DOSs), culminating in an analysis of its sensing properties. The results indicate that when Mo is positioned above the upper Se atom, the structure is most stable. Therefore, this position is selected as the optimal adsorption site for studying the adsorption of the three gases. The adsorption energies for CO2, CH4, and N2O are 1.349 eV, −1.194 eV, and −0.528 eV, respectively, with corresponding charge transfers of 0.418, 0.450, and 0.115. In the N2O and CO2 adsorption systems, significant adsorption energy and charge transfer are observed, leading to relatively better adsorption compared to the CH4 system. Additionally, considering the adsorption performance, Mo-WSe2 demonstrates good sensor response and desorption times for N2O and CO2 at temperatures above 298 K. The findings of this research provide theoretical guidance for the application of Mo-WSe2 as a gas sensing material for detecting greenhouse gases.

Bistable soft jumper capable of fast response and high takeoff velocity.

In contrast with jumping robots made from rigid materials, soft jumpers composed of compliant and elastically deformable materials exhibit superior impact resistance and mechanically robust functionality. However, recent efforts to create stimuli-responsive jumpers from soft materials were limited in their response speed, takeoff velocity, and travel distance. Here, we report a magnetic-driven, ultrafast bistable soft jumper that exhibits good jumping capability (jumping more than 108 body heights with a takeoff velocity of more than 2 meters per second) and fast response time (less than 15 milliseconds) compared with previous soft jumping robots. The snap-through transitions between bistable states form a repeatable loop that harnesses the ultrafast release of stored elastic energy. On the basis of the dynamic analysis, the multimodal locomotion of the bistable soft jumper can be realized: the interwell mode of jumping and the intrawell mode of hopping. These modes are controlled by adjusting the duration and strength of the magnetic field, which endows the bistable soft jumper with robust locomotion capabilities. In addition, it is capable of jumping omnidirectionally with tunable heights and distances. To demonstrate its capability in complex environments, a realistic pipeline with amphibious terrain was established. The jumper successfully finished a simulative task of cleansing water through a pipeline. The design principle and actuating mechanism of the bistable soft jumper can be further extended for other flexible systems.

V2G Grid-Tied Inverter System based on LCL Filter with Control Strategy

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology has been hotly discussed in recent years because of its broad prospects in load transfer and regulation. This article proposes a grid-connecting inverter system with LCL filter and control strategy for use in electric vehicle (EV) applications. A review of designation of LCL filter’s parameter and mathematic modelling is given in part 2. An explanation of control strategy is given in part 3. Part 4 gives a comparison of active damping and passive damping control strategies with calculated parameters and gives the simulation results based on MATLAB. The results show with parameters calculated with method in article, both strategies have good tracking performance and similar response time. For the critical steady state, passive damping shows higher amplitude of oscillation. This phenomenon gives a new view proof that active damping method is superior than passive damping control strategy. The article is also of some reference value for determining LCL filter’s parameters and proportional, integral coefficient of similar control strategy.

A complete control structure based backstepping controller design for stacked multi-cell multi-level SPWM VSC STATCOM

Currently, the installation of FACTS (Flexible Alternative Current Transmission System) devices such as synchronous static compensators (STATCOM) represent a very useful solution to improve both network stability and power quality. The effectiveness of these devices is principally determined by the used static converter (topology and the switching strategy) and the adopted dynamic law characterizing the controller structure. This paper illustrates the stacked five-level, multi-cell STATCOM compensator performances governed by a Backstepping controller technique compared to the use of the conventional PI controller (SPWM) for controlling voltage variation (sags or overshoots) affecting a given network point. The interest in using stacked multi-cell converters topology is to increase the number of voltage levels in order to ensure a good quality voltage waveform at the specified connection point. Therefore, the proposed backstepping controller based on the use of Lyapunov control functions presents a simplified structure and a reduced computational load compared to many others advanced control approaches. The proposed system is verified by running a simulation analysis with Matlab Simulink environment. The simulation results obtained show that the proposed STATCOM configuration ensures good voltage regulation at the common connection point (PCC), correction of the unity power factor on the grid side and good response time via reactive power compensation under variable load conditions.

Tailoring optical properties and humidity sensing response of multilayered Tb(Sal)3Phen and Eu(DBM)3Phen complex nanofibres

In this work, we investigate the opto-humidity sensing and colour tuning in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymeric electrospun nanofibres dispersed with Tb(Sal)3Phen (TSP) and Eu(DBM)3Phen (EDP) complexes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and photoluminescence analysis were used to thoroughly analyse the structural, morphological, and spectroscopic features of the synthesised nanofibres in single and stacked multilayer nanofibres. A spectroscopic analysis was performed on all configuration schemes. Under UV excitations, the synthesised TSP complex and EDP complex inhibited nanofibres yield green and red emission corresponding to 5D4→7Fj (j = 4, 5, 6) and 5D0→7Fj (j = 0, 1, 2, 3) transitions attributed to Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions, respectively. The EDP nanofibres presented better UV radiation absorption than TSP, which was attributed to higher absorptivity of DBM than Sal. Additionally, the photoluminescence intensity ratio of characteristic emission peaks i.e. 544 nm (5D4→7F5)/615 nm (5D0→7F2) is function of humidity exposure and excitation wavelength. The stacked multilayer nanofibres exhibit good response and recovery times, 35 and 52 s, negligible hysteresis, and cyclic stability.

UV-activated CH4 gas sensor based on Pd@Ni/ZnO microspheres

Developing methane (CH4) gas sensors with low working temperatures and high response has garnered substantial interest in reliably monitoring CH4 and achieving intrinsic safety. In this work, we combined photo-activation with bimetallic doping to explore CH4-sensing performance. ZnO, Pt/ZnO, and Pt@Ni/ZnO composites with different contents of Pt@Ni were synthesized. Their morphology, structure, and optical properties were characterized using various techniques. Subsequently, their CH4 sensing performance was systematically evaluated under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. The results show that the sensor based on 3Pt@Ni/ZnO composite demonstrated superior CH4 sensing performance among all sensors under UV illumination, presenting a low working temperature of 60 °C, a high response (904.04), which is approximately 60 times higher than pure ZnO (14.97) toward 5000 ppm CH4, and good response and recovery times of 4/174 s. The improved gas-sensing mechanism of the 3Pt@Ni/ZnO sensor was discussed and ascribed to the UV illumination, the synergistic effect of the bimetallic Pt@Ni, and the hollow structure of the ZnO. This study provides a promising gas-sensing material for CH4 detection at a low temperature assisted with UV illumination.

Mitigating blade erosion damage through nowcast-driven erosion-safe mode control

The erosion-safe mode (ESM) is a novel mitigation strategy that reduces rainfall-induced erosion damage by lowering the tip-speed of the turbine during precipitation events. The ESM requires accurate information about future expected rainfall for its control. In current research, it is debated what method or source should be used to this end. This study explores the effectiveness of driving the ESM using a state-of-the-art weather-radar-based probabilistic rainfall nowcast provided by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI). The performance of the nowcast is assessed for various lead times with an impingement-based damage model for three sample sites in the Netherlands and for two distinct ESM strategies. The results show that the quality of the nowcast degrades with increasing lead times, where the 5- and 15-minute lead times exhibit sufficiently good accuracy and response time for adjusting turbine speeds. Overall, the results highlight that the probabilistic information in the nowcast can be employed to improve the efficiency and viability of the ESM.

Mechanistic Insights into the Synthesis of Nickel-Graphene Nanostructures for Gas Sensors.

Toxic gases are used in different types of industries and thus, present a potential health hazard. Therefore, highly sensitive gas sensing materials are essential for the safety of those operating in their environments. A process involving electrospinning polymer solutions impregnated with transition metal ions are developed to yield nanofibers that are annealed to form graphitic carbon / nickel nanoparticle-based fibers for gas sensing applications. The performance of these gas sensors is strongly related to the ability to control the material parameters of the active material. As the formation of these nanostructures, which nucleate within solid carbon scaffolds, have not been investigated, the growth mechanisms are look to understand in order to exert control over the resulting material. Evaluation of these growth mechanisms are conducted through a combination of thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reveal nucleation of nickel at the onset of the polymer scaffold decomposition with subsequent growth processes, including surface diffusion, aggregation, coalescence and evaporation condensation, that are activated at different temperatures. Gas sensing experiments conducted on analyte gases demonstrate good sensitivity and response times, and significant potential for use in other energy and environmental applications.

Visualizing Electrochemical CO2 Conversion via the Emerging Scanning Electrochemical Microscope: Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives.

With the rapid development and maturity of electrochemical CO2 conversion involving cathodic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), conventional ex situ characterizations gradually fall behind in detecting real-time products distribution, tracking intermediates, and monitoring structural evolution, etc. Nevertheless, advanced in situ techniques, with intriguing merits like good reproducibility, facile operability, high sensitivity, and short response time, can realize in situ detection and recording of dynamic data, and observe materials structural evolution in real time. As an emerging visual technique, scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) presents local electrochemical signals on various materials surface through capturing micro-current caused by reactants oxidation and reduction. Importantly, SECM holds particular potentials in visualizing reactive intermediates at active sites and obtaining instantaneous morphology evolution images to reveal the intrinsic reactivity of active sites. Therefore, this review focuses on SECM fundamentals and its specific applications toward CO2RR and OER, mainly including electrochemical behavior observation on local regions of various materials, target products and onset potentials identification in real-time, reaction pathways clarification, reaction kinetics exploration under steady-state conditions, electroactive materials screening and multi-techniques coupling for a joint utilization. This review undoubtedly provides a leading guidance to extend various SECM applications to other energy-related fields.

Atomically dispersed Ru on three-dimensionally-ordered macroporous In2O3 for highly sensitive detection of triethylamine and the freshness of seafood

As a volatile organic compound, triethylamine (TEA) is extensively employed in industry. Besides, seafood releases gases such as organic amines during the spoilage process, making the detection of TEA of great significance. In this work, three-dimensionally-ordered macroporous (3DOM) indium oxide (In2O3) sensing materials decorated with ruthenium (Ru) dopants were synthesized. The TEA-sensing properties of the Ru/In2O3 were significantly improved than those of the pure In2O3 and the results reported in the literature. Notably, the 0.5Ru/In2O3 sensor had a high response (∼1943) to 50 ppm TEA at 220 °C with good selectivity, long-term stability, and fast response time. In addition, the 0.5Ru/In2O3 sensor had a response value of 14 to a low concentration of 1 ppm TEA. The exceptional TEA-sensing performance was ascribed to the remarkable pore structure of the 3DOM material, facilitating the efficient adsorption and diffusion of TEA. The atomically dispersed Ru increased the amounts of active sites, resulting in enhanced adsorbed oxygen content, reduced activation energy, and improved sensing response. Consequently, incorporating relatively cheap Ru with the 3DOM structure presents a novel approach to enhance the TEA-sensitive performance of metal oxide semiconductor sensors.

In situ growth of TiO2 on Ti3C2Tx MXene for improved gas-sensing performances

In this study, in situ prepared multiple semiconducting TiO2 in a metallic Ti3C2Tx channel were investigated, which were derived from the Ti3AlC2 MAX phase by oxidation treatments. Several tiny TiO2 particles were in situ formed on the Ti3C2Tx MXene surface when it was heated to 150 °C at ambient conditions. The phase transformation of pristine Ti3C2Tx MXene to oxidized TiO2 was accelerated when the gas-sensing channel was heated to higher temperatures up to 200 °C, yielding a TiO2/Ti3C2Tx composite. The experimental results revealed that the heat-treatment temperature played an important role in the gradual development of the morphology and gas-sensing activity of the TiO2/Ti3C2Tx sensing channel. In particular, the optimal heating temperature of the composite resulted in a good response and recovery time for NO2 molecules. Furthermore, first-principles calculations indicated the good sensing ability of the TiO2/Ti3C2Tx composite for NO2 than for other gases. These results suggest a new strategy for developing gas-sensing ability by forming a Schottky barrier through a simple process.

Visual and rapid fluorescence sensing for hexavalent chromium by hydroxypropyl chitosan passivated bismuth-based perovskite quantum dots.

Hydroxypropyl chitosan-Cs3Bi2Cl9 perovskite quantum dots (HPCS-PQDs) weresynthesized by a simple ligand-assisted reprecipitation method via green hydroxypropyl chitosan as the ligand and used as the specific signal of a fluorescence probe to achieve the highly sensitive detection of hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI)) and compared with chitosan-Cs3Bi2Cl9 QDs (CS-PQDs). HPCS-PQDs with multiple active hydroxyl passivations were found to enhance the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) by 90%. After being placed in aqueous solution and irradiated with ultraviolet light for 96h the fluorescence intensity of HPCS-PQDs remained above 60%. The blue emission ofHPCS-PQDs hasa good selectivity and short response time (30s) for Cr(VI). Agood linear relationship is established between the fluorescence quenching rate of the HPCS-PQDs and concentration of Cr(VI) from 0.8 to 400µM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.27µM. Thefluorescence quenching mechanism is the static quenching and internal filtration effect caused by HPCS-PQDs forming a non-fluorescent ground-state complex with Cr(VI). Thesensor cannot only be used to detectCr(VI) in water samples with high accuracy but canalso be prepared as a test paper for the detection for Cr(VI).

Response Time Perawat Berhubungan Dengan Kecemasan Pasien Di UGD Puskesmas Dinoyo Kota Malang

Patients in the emergency room (ER) often experience anxiety due to acute or severe pain, which may indicate a life-threatening condition, leading them to expect immediate treatment from nurses. Nurse response time plays a critical role in saving patients and has a direct impact on their anxiety levels. Patients who experience delays in receiving services from healthcare providers may feel afraid and worried about their condition. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between nurse response time and patient anxiety in the ER at the Dinoyo Health Center, Malang City. The study employed a correlation research design using a cross-sectional approach. The population included all 50 patients in the ER, with a sample of 47 patients selected using systematic random sampling techniques. The independent variable was response time, while the dependent variable was patient anxiety. The instruments included response time observation sheets and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results indicated that the majority of nurses exhibited good response times (70.2%), and the majority of patients reported no anxiety or were within the normal range (63.8%). A significant relationship was found between nurse response time and patient anxiety within p-value = 0.000 (0.05). Suggestions for future research include identifying patient anxiety levels in the ER based on factors such as the level of emergency, payment method, and availability of family assistance.

Chemically sprayed pristine and Cd 2+ incorporated Co2SnO4 thin films for low ppm level enhanced chemi - resistive behaviour towards dimethylamine detection at room temperature

The surge in hazardous volatile organic liquid emissions driven by the rapid growth of the manufacturing industry has compelled a rising demand for gas sensors, which exhibit remarkable sensitivity, selectivity, and room temperature operation. Ternary metal oxide spinel has indeed garnered significant attention in chemi-resistive gas sensors due to their large reactive surface area, physicochemical, and other unique properties. In this work, we have studied chemically sprayed pristine and Cd 2+ incorporated Co2SnO4 thin film as a sensing layer under room temperature (300 K) conditions. The 5 wt% Cd 2+ incorporated Co2SnO4 films unveiled a high sensor response to dimethylamine (DMA) gas (S = Igas/Iair = 6153 at 1 ppm), which was boosted by 8.89-fold times compared to pristine Co2SnO4 film, due to the large reactive surface area and enhanced defective oxygen vacancies. It has superior selectivity towards DMA gas, good response time (154 s) / recovery time (90 s), superior pro-longevity (S = 6138) after 60 days, stable repeatability (7 cycles), excellent cross-selectivity, and relative humid resistance at 300 K. This research work provides insights on Cd 2+ incorporated Co2SnO4 thin films and their feasibility in real-time gas sensing devices.