Good Surface Finish Research Articles

Controllable fabrication of monodisperse Fe-doped polystyrene spheres using microfluidic technology

Doped polymer spheres are essential for preparing targets for the inertial confined fusion (ICF) experiments since they can provide important information about the implosion. To prepare Fe-doped polystyrene (PS) spheres, ferrocene-doped PS spheres were successfully prepared by a straightforward method combining physical doping and microfluidic technology. The effect of ferrocene on the quality of the PS spheres was investigated and the relevant mechanism was discussed. Due to the compatibility of PS, ferrocene and fluorobenzene, the Fe-doped polystyrene spheres exhibited good monodispersity, sphericity and surface finish when the ferrocene content in the oil phase solution was lower than 3%. These properties can meet stringent design requirements for ICF. This study provides valuable insights for the preparation of doped polymer spheres for ICF experiments.

On morphology and roughness of upskin surfaces in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing – Contouring strategy effects

The surface quality of inclined parts made by Laser powder-bed fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing is inferior to those made by conventional formative and subtractive manufacturing techniques. The inherited step edges formed during such layer-by-layer fabrications and partially melted or non-melted particles attached to the newly formed surface are the major causes of poor surface finish of L-PBF parts. This study is a part of a research framework, in which the effects of different contouring strategies and scan parameters on the surface morphology of inclined parts are investigated by both experimental and numerical methods. In particular, the effect of two different contour scan strategies, namely pre-contouring and post-contouring, on the upskin surface roughness of 30⁰ inclined parts is analyzed. The inclined specimens were fabricated with Ti6Al4V powder using an EOS M270 system and the upskin surfaces were measured by a white light interferometer. In addition, a multi-track multi-layer numerical approach using coupled discrete element method and thermo-fluid simulation was also performed to understand the inclined surface formation in L-PBF.The findings show that the pre-contouring strategy with high linear energy density (LED) (0.4 J/mm) results in average surface roughness (Sa) as low as 7.43 µm, whereas the lowest LED (0.05 J/mm) resulted in the highest Sa of 33.74 µm. Larger melt pool dimensions were obtained in the high LED pre-contouring simulations, which indicates a better material fusion resulting in a good surface finish. The numerical simulation showed that the upskin surface roughness is also affected by the raster scan, if the raster scanning LED is higher than that of pre-contour scans. For the post-contouring strategy studied, higher and lower LEDs were used in inner and outer contour scanning, respectively. It is indicated that the inner contour scanning with a high LED reduces the surface roughness because of a larger melt pool size, irrespective of outer contour scanning. The lowest Sa obtained was 8.24 µm for the highest LED inner contour (0.05 J/mm) case and the highest Sa was 19.95 µm, for the parts made with the lowest LED inner contour scan (0.075 J/mm) strategy. The coupled discrete-element and thermo-fluid-based simulations offer insights into the sloped surface formation and the results supported the experimental findings in qualitative manner.

Untersuchungen zur Mindestspanungsdicke beim kryogenen Hartdrehen von Wälzlagerstahl

Abstract Cryogenic hard turning is used for finishing AISI 52100. Its high hardness, good strength and wear resistance make it ideal for the use in rolling technology. If no post-processing is carried out, a good surface finish must be achieved by turning at low cutting depths and feed rates. This paper analyzes the process forces and temperatures as well as the resulting surface roughness during cryogenic hard turning of AISI52100. The results indicate that the minimum chip thickness lies between 10 and 25 μm.

Investigation of the factors affecting the heat transfer mechanism of the centrifugal material casting

Abstract The material casting by centrifugal technique has several potential advantages over the traditional casting methods such as; time saving, accurate dimensions, good surface finishing, purities, faster solidification, and porosity. The heat transfer mechanisms of the centrifugal material casting technique is presently investigated because of its great influences in the productivity, facilities life and production energy of that technique. Consequently, the current study provides a semi-comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation for the heat transfer mechanisms of the centrifugal material casting. The present work shows that the thermophysical properties of the casting material, the rotational speeds of the centrifugal mold and the types of the centrifugal technique have deeply affected the centrifugal heat transfer mechanism. Eventually, the developing and improving the cooling systems of the centrifugal molds are indeed needs due to modify the material casting by centrifugal techniques.

Microscopic investigation on micro electric discharge milling of AA6063-SiC composites

Metal matrix composites (MMC) have found applications in places where the utilization of conventional materials is limited. This also includes areas of micro- and meso-applications. However, micromachining of metal matrix composites by conventional methods poses difficulties due to the heterogeneous nature of the material and the presence of hard reinforcement particles. Micro-ED milling is a versatile micromachining process used to machine hard engineering materials. It employs a simple cylindrical cross-section tool, which is rotated and fed in predefined paths to generate intricate 3D features with good dimensional accuracy and surface finish. In order to study the machining performance of micro-ED milling process on metal matrix composites, micro-ED milling of AA6063-4 wt.% SiC composite fabricated by ultrasonic-assisted stir casting was carried out. The tool feed rate and tool rotation speed are important parameters as they aid in debris evacuation and influence material removal. So, the effect of tool feed rates, tool rotation speeds and discharge energies on the surface morphology and surface roughness of the machined channels were studied. The surface roughness parameters, namely Sa and Sq, were considered for the study. The least surface roughness, Sa and Sq, was observed at 2 µm/s for all the investigated discharge energies.

Enhanced longitudinal spin Seebeck effect in Au/ Y3Fe5O12

We report enhanced longitudinal spin Seebeck coefficient in Au/polycrystalline Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) system in polycrystalline pellets with higher density of surface magnetic moments and a good surface finish. The surface finish, with low artifacts, of the YIG pellet was achieved by using the oxide polishing suspension for a single long-duration of time (1 h) with controlled pressure, in addition to the normal practice of diamond polishing. The longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) voltage (VISHE) for the Au/polycrystalline YIG system is found to vary sinusoidally as a function of external magnetic field direction (θ), and increases linearly with the applied temperature difference (ΔT). The observed values of longitudinal spin Seebeck coefficient S are 0.163 and 0.181 μV/K at ΔT = 11 and 19 K, respectively. The observed LSSE coefficient in the present study is ∼ 11.1 times of the reported value of 0.016 μV/K for Au/ polycrystalline YIG system (at ΔT = 10 K). The observed enhancement in VISHE has been ascribed to higher surface moment density and good surface quality.

Cryogenic Machining Performance of M303 at High Cutting Speeds

The material M303 is commonly used in the fabrication of machinery, automotive components, locomotive axle housings, and injection moulds. It is a stainless martensitic chromium steel known for its high strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the machinability of M303 under cryogenic conditions, specifically focusing on high cutting speeds. By exploring the effects of cryogenic machining on M303, the study aims to provide insights into the performance and characteristics of this material under extreme cutting conditions. This study investigates the influence of cutting parameters on the machinability of M303 in a cryogenic environment using liquid nitrogen (LN2) and coated carbide cutting tools in a high-speed turning process. The study focuses on high cutting speeds and examines essential machinability factors, including cutting forces, surface finish, and tool life. The experimental design utilises a Taguchi L4 orthogonal array to systematically study feed rates (0.1-0.2 mm/rev), depth of cut (0.2-0.6 mm), and high cutting speeds (260-340 m/min). Notably, at a low cutting speed of 260 m/min, coupled with low feed rates and depth of cut, the study reveals the longest tool life of 48.57 mintues was achieved. This condition is characterized by a good surface finish and low cutting forces with Ra of 0.9 µm and cutting force of 100 N respectively. The predominant wear occurs on the flank face, primarily due to fracturing and chipping, especially under high combinations of cutting parameters. Conversely, gradual wear is observed under low combinations of cutting parameters, resulting in an extended tool life. In conclusion, the application of LN2 proves effective under conditions of low cutting parameters. The study suggests that the risk of fracturing the cutting tool increases at higher feed rates and depths of cut, especially when combined with elevated cutting speeds. This research provides valuable insights into optimizing the machining of M303 for enhanced efficiency and tool longevity.

Influence of Pre- and Post-Contouring Strategies to Downskin Sloped Surfaces in Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (L-PBF) Additive Manufacturing.

Among various metal additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, L-PBF is known for fabricating intricate components. However, due to step edges and powder particle attachments, attaining a good surface finish is challenging, especially on downskin surfaces. Contour scanning has potential to improve surface quality because such scanning may dominate the surface formation of sloped features. This study evaluates the effects of pre- and post-contouring strategies on the sloped downskin surfaces fabricated using a commercial L-PBF system with Ti6Al4V powder. L-PBF parts printed at inclination angles 30°, 45° and 60° were investigated. A double-contouring approach with varying processing conditions was employed and surface characteristics were analyzed using data acquired by white light interferometry. The average surface roughness, Sa, surface skewness, Ssk, and percentage area of powder particles attached onto surfaces were statistically evaluated. The lowest Sa obtained for pre- and post-contoured samples is 14.08 µm and 18.88 µm, respectively. For both strategies, the combination of a low laser power and a high scan speed on the interface of downskin surface and underneath powder results in smoother surfaces. However, while comparing both strategies, pre-contouring gives better surface finish for samples built at similar processing conditions, with a difference of nearly 5 µm in Sa.

High-performance grinding of ceramic matrix composites

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are highly promising materials for the next generation of aero-engines. However, machining of CMCs suffers from low efficiency and poor surface finish, which presents an obstacle to their wider application. To overcome these problems, this study investigates high-efficiency deep grinding of CMCs, focusing on the effects of grinding depth. The results show that both the surface roughness and the depth of subsurface damage (SSD) are insensitive to grinding depth. The material removal rate can be increased sixfold by increasing the grinding depth, while the surface roughness and SSD depth increase by only about 10%. Moreover, it is found that the behavior of material removal is strongly dependent on grinding depth. As the grinding depth is increased, fibers are removed in smaller sizes, with the fiber length in chips being reduced by about 34%. However, too large a grinding depth will result in blockage by chip powder, which leads to a dramatic increase in the ratio of tangential to normal grinding forces. This study demonstrates that increasing the depth of cut is an effective approach to improve the machining efficiency of CMCs, while maintaining a good surface finish. It provides the basis for the further development of high-performance grinding methods for CMCs, which should facilitate their wider application.

Microstructural evaluation of interfacial intermetallic compounds between Sn58Bi and ENEPIG

BackgroundLow carbonization and Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) regulations have promoted the development of low-temperature lead-free solder. The solder and substrate are critical entities of joint connections. MethodsSn58Bi has been considered a promising low-temperature solder. Electroless nickel/electroless palladium/immersion gold (ENEPIG) is a good surface finish that prevents solder joints from oxidizing and extends the shelf life of the substrates. In this study, the interfacial reactions between the Sn58Bi solder and ENEPIG surface finish were systematically analyzed. Findings(Au,Pd,Ni)(Sn,Bi)4 was observed after reflow at 160 °C. Au and Pd dissolved into solder rapidly in the beginning. NiSn4 and Ni3Sn4 with small amounts of Au and Pd dissolution formed at the interface after aging. The morphology of NiSn4 evolved from block-like to needle-shaped and finally to a layered configuration as the aging temperature and time increase. Ni3Sn4 was observed between NiSn4 and substrate above 100 °C. This study established the growth mechanism of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the reaction between Sn58Bi and ENEPIG for low-carbon emitting processes.

Effect of grinding parameters and coolants on grindability of Ti grade 9 alloy

For many years, surface roughness has drawn considerable attention, and it is a crucial design element in a variety of circumstances, including components sensitive to fatigue stresses, precision fittings, fastener holes, and aesthetic demands. Grinding the is best conventional machining process to achieve a better surface finish on a given component. Titanium 3Al-2.5 V or Ti grade 9 alloy is primarily utilized in the biomedical, aerospace, and automotive sectors. But because of its low heat conductivity, high chemical reactivity and rapid work hardening, this alloy is known as a difficult-to-cut material. In grinding, the abrasives have low thermal conductivity and small chip sizes, which in turn more heat to being focused in the cutting zone. This heat harms the surface of the workpiece. Therefore, it's crucial to regulate the quantity of heat that the workpiece receives.In this context, this work examines the surface quality of the Titanium 3Al-2.5 V alloy following surface grinding with an Al2O3 wheel under various grinding settings, including surface roughness (Ra), microhardness and material removal rate (MRR) from the workpiece. Techniques for delivering coolant conventionally (flood coolant), dry and using MQL were used and grinding performance were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that the Ra varied from 0.32 to 0.594 µm and hardness on the machine surface varied from 61.7 to 72 HRC. The MRR varied from 0.09 to 0.42 g/minute for the changes in depth of cut, table feed and coolants. Overall, the MQL has produced a good surface finish, high MRR and moderate hardness on the workpiece.

Optimization of Surface Roughness of Aluminium RSA 443 in Diamond Tool Turning

Context—Rapidly solidified aluminium alloy (RSA 443) is increasingly used in the manufacturing of optical mold inserts because of its fine nanostructure, relatively low cost, excellent thermal properties, and high hardness. However, RSA 443 is challenging for single-point diamond machining because the high silicon content mitigates against good surface finishes. Objectives—The objectives were to investigate multiple different ways to optimize the process parameters for optimal surface roughness on diamond-turned aluminium alloy RSA 443. The response surface equation was used as input to three different artificial intelligence tools, namely genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution (DE), which were then compared. Results—The surface roughness machinability of RSA443 in single-point diamond turning was primarily determined by cutting speed, and secondly, cutting feed rate, with cutting depth being less important. The optimal conditions for the best surface finish Ra = 14.02 nm were found to be at the maximum rotational speed of 3000 rpm, cutting feed rate of 4.84 mm/min, and depth of cut of 14.52 µm with optimizing error of 3.2%. Regarding optimization techniques, the genetic algorithm performed best, then differential evolution, and finally particle swarm optimization. Originality—The study determines optimal diamond machining parameters for RSA 443, and identifies the superiority of GA above PSO and DE as optimization methods. The principles have the potential to be applied to other materials (e.g., in the RSA family) and machining processes (e.g., turning, milling).

Wire-EDM performance and surface integrity of Inconel 718 with unique microstructural features fabricated by laser powder bed fusion

Inconel 718 alloy is difficult to machine using conventional methods due to its physical properties. Thereby, additive manufacturing (AM) of IN718 components with near-net shapes has been extensively studied. Even though AM processes provide shape and size accuracy, there is still the need for the machining of the AM-processed components to achieve the final shape of a component. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has been successfully utilized to fabricate near-net shape IN718 components; moreover, the microstructure of LPBF-IN718 was unique owing to the AM processing, resulting in differences in grain size, grain boundary characteristics, and grain orientations. Furthermore, these microstructural characteristics are expected to alter the machining performance of IN718. Therefore, this study investigated the wire electro-discharge machining (WEDM) performance of LPBF-718 samples compared to wrought IN718 while focusing on the unique microstructure characteristics of LPBF-IN718 samples (lamella, single-crystal, ploy-crystal). Three different cutting strategies (rough, semi-finish, and finish) were implemented to understand the performance of the multi-pass cutting phenomenon and its effect on the surface of IN718. For all samples, rough (single pass) cutting displayed high roughness, while finish (three passes) cutting exhibited good surface quality. Compositional analyses on the machined surface showed debris formation including Zn and Cu-containing recast material, indicating wire erosion. The surface of single-crystal LPBF-IN718 after the WEDM process was smooth owing to its large grain size and less amount of grain boundary, resulting in slow cutting speed but a good surface finish. Thus, this study, for the first time, investigated the effect of unique microstructural characteristics of LPBF-fabricated IN718 on WEDM performance and machined surface quality.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF WIRE EDM PROCESS TO CREATE DIFFERENT GEOMETRICAL PROFILES IN METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Machining of accurate geometrical profiles like triangles, squares or circles with good surface finish and high productivity in metal matrix composites is required for various industrial applications. Thermoelectic principle-based wire electric discharge machine (WEDM) can be conventionally used to overcome the difficulty which occurs during the machining of composites due to the presence of hard abrasive particles. Therefore, in this investigation, three geometrical profiles possessing equal perimeters were produced in 5 mm thick aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) by WEDM. In order to analyze the effect of reinforcements three different AMMCs containing Al6061 as a matrix were produced by stir casting method. The fabricated composites, respectively, contain 10% alumina ([Formula: see text]), 10% silicon carbide (SiC) and a mixture of 5% [Formula: see text] with 5% SiC. The individual effect of various input parameters like pulse-on time ([Formula: see text] = 30-50 [Formula: see text]s), pulse-off time ([Formula: see text] = 6–12 [Formula: see text]s), current ([Formula: see text] = 1–5 A) and geometrical shapes (circle, triangle, and square) on cutting velocity (CV) and surface roughness (SR) were investigated. Furthermore, parametric analysis using regression models was also performed to evaluate the simultaneous effect of two interacting parameters on CV and SR. The study reveals that in the case of hybrid composite, CV decreases with [Formula: see text] and SR is always higher for triangular profiles when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] change. The regression plots indicate that the interaction effect of [Formula: see text] × [Formula: see text] plays a major role in CV for all three composites. Multiobjective optimization using a composite desirability approach reveals a marginal increase in CV (8.58%) and a significant reduction (57.72%) in SR at optimal input parameters for Al6061–10% SiC. The morphological analysis at optimal input parameters indicates a significant reduction in resolidified metal drops and microcraters.

Use of Compression Molding for the Production of Ternary Films Based on Poly (Lactic Acid), Montmorillonite, and Oregano Essential Oil

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA) is considered one of the most promising polymers. However, neat PLA films have limitations. An effective strategy to overcome these problems is incorporating clay or essential oils. Cloisite 30B (C30B) is an organoclay widely used to improve the properties of polymers. Notably, the development of films incorporating Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) has attracted significant attention. Compression molding manufactured neat PLA, PLA/C30B, and PLA/C30B/OEO films in this manuscript. The visual evaluation indicated that the films had a good surface finish, and the films thickness varied between 0.15–0.19 mm. The moisture content increased with the incorporation of C30B and OEO. Optical microscopy showed a good distribution of clay particles. The transparency of the films increased with OEO, while with C30B, it presented greater opacity. Incorporating C30B/OEO in the PLA matrix is a promising film proposal that can be directed to the packaging sector. However, other analyses must be done better to understand the films performance for such an application.

Experimental investigation and optimization of cutting parameters during dry turning process of copper alloy

Increasing the quality and productivity of machined components are the main issues of machining operations in metalworking industries. The copper alloys CuZr and CuCrZr generally find applications for current-carrying structural components, seam welder wheels, shafts, and bearings flash. The manufacturing of these components is still facing challenges in the form of machining process characteristics. One of the most common machining operations for removing material is turning that produces reasonably good surface finish quality, which is influenced by different factors (speed of cut, rate of feed, tool geometry, cutting fluid, cutting tool, etc.). This research has focused on experimental study and optimization of the cutting parameters viz. cutting speed, depth of cut, and feed, for best surface finish, material removal rate, tool tip temperature as well as surface morphology during dry turning of C15000 and C18150 copper alloy using High-Speed Steel (HSS) tool The plan and design of experiment has been performed through orthogonal Taguchi L9. array. The optimum cutting settings were discovered by using the Taguchi technique and using the performance index by applying a Grey Relational Grade (GRG). The best cutting parameters for both materials were a cutting speed 1200 rpm, feed rate 0.06 mm/rev, and depth of cut 1.25 mm. The optimum factors obtained from GRA for all responses (surface roughness, MRR, and tool temperature) at the best level of cutting parameters are the same for both materials. These cutting parameters values yielded the experimental result for each response like surface roughness, MRR, and tool tip temperature (2.5 µm,12,475 mm3/min, and 74 °C) for grade C15000 whereas (2.39 µm, 2590mm3/min and 68 °C) for grade C18150. The optimization of cutting parameters plays a vital role in the improvement of surface finish which minimizes mechanical failures caused by wear, corrosion, and thereby increasing the productivity of the products. This investigation is expected to help all researchers working in this area of applications.

A case study of hybrid manufacturing of a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy hip prosthesis

Hybrid manufacturing (HM) is a process that combines additive manufacturing (AM) and subtractive manufacturing (SM). It is becoming increasingly recognized as a solution capable of producing components of high geometric complexity, while at the same time ensuring the quality of the surface finish, rigour and geometric tolerance on functional surfaces. This work aims to study the surface finish quality of an orthopaedic hip resurfacing prosthesis obtained by HM. For this purpose, test samples of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V using two Power Bed Fusion (PBF) processes were manufactured, which were finished by turning and 5-axis milling. It was verified that, upon the machining tests, no differences in Ra and Rt were found between the various types of AM. Regarding the type of SM used, 5-axis milling provided lower roughness results with a consistent value of Ra = 0.6 µm. The use of segmented circle mills in 5-axis milling proved to be an asset in achieving a good surface finish. This work successfully validated the concept of HM to produce a medical device, namely, an orthopaedic hip prosthesis.As far as surface quality is concerned, it could be concluded that the optimal solution for this case study is 5-axis milling.

Atomic scale melting/solidification behavior and structural evolutions of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy in selective laser melting process

Comprehension of the evolutions and phenomena that occur on the atomic scale can become a bridge toward a greater understanding of the properties of materials on the macro scale. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate nano-structural evolutions in the SLM process of the near-equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy. Fifteen simulation systems were designed by altering laser power (400–800 eV/ps), scanning speed (0.2–2.0 Å/ps), and hatch spacing (5 and 10 nm) as the process variables for addressing their effects on the structure at the atomic scale. The results showed that the effect of parameters on the atomic displacement is decreased from laser power to scanning speed and hatch spacing, respectively. It was also indicated that the HCP stripes form due to the extreme cooling rates experienced in the process. Furthermore, the reduction of the hatch space can improve the surface quality by spreading the atoms accumulated in the fusion boundary of the previous laser track. These results indicate that controlling volumetric energy density (VED) by lowering laser power and scanning speed as much as possible, is beneficial to obtain the optimum crystal structure of the manufactured parts in this process. Although decreasing the hatch space has no considerable effect on the crystal structure, it can help to achieve a good surface finish which is essential in the SLM industry.

Enhanced electroless Ni-P plating quality on binderless tungsten carbide by atmospheric pressure plasma pretreatment

Precision glass molding (PGM) has been widely utilized in optical components production, during which binderless tungsten carbide (WC) is a popular mold material. Researchers have proposed the application of electroless nickel‑phosphorus (NiP) plating on WC molds, offering good surface finish, non-stick properties, and enhanced corrosion resistance, while typical NiP plating pretreatment is complex, time-consuming, carrying risks of surface damage and pollution. In this study, Atmospheric-pressure (AP) plasma surface processing has been proposed as an alternative pretreatment technique to enhance electroless NiP plating quality on binderless WC, contributing to the reduction of plating steps, time, smoothing of the plated NiP layer, and improvement in adhesion quality. The interaction mechanism between AP plasma and WC has been analyzed. The influence of AP plasma surface pretreatment on the surface quality of NiP plating has been investigated in detail. Surface characterization and adhesion test have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of AP plasma pretreatment method. Despite the fact the replication of substrate roughness exists in typical NiP plating process, the surface roughening and enhanced surface energy induced by AP plasma pretreatment can have a smoothing effect for the following electroless NiP plating process. The effectiveness of ICP AP plasma as an alternative pretreatment technique for high-quality electroless NiP plating on binderless WC has been validated.

Robotic Milling: A New Era of Machining

Abstract-Robotic milling is considered as an alternative solution of CNC milling, however there are significant difference between these two processes. CNC milling technologies enabled new possibilities in constructing complex digitally generates architectural shapes but have restricted working area and produce shape limitation. Industrial robot are an appropriate technology for developing flexible and reconfigurable, manufacturing systems. Which contribute to perform various automated operation such as milling, cutting, drilling , grinding, surface finishing etc. the work presented in this paper tackles some specific aspects regarding the cam techniques used for robotic milling to overcome the shape and size limitation of CNC In this paper we provide some comparative study about how changing the various parameter leads to change in functioning of robot to obtain good surface finish and to enhance the accuracy and repeatability of robotic milling. This document is designed to provide nowadays technology, future potential and technical constraints about the robotic milling and its advantages.