Good Reference Point Research Articles

≪고시원≫과≪고시기≫,≪채숙당고시선≫, ≪고시상석≫ 선시(選詩) 비교

In the term ‘Guyi’, ‘Gu’ implies the poetry from the prior era of Jin Dynasty (221– 206 BC) in China and ‘yi’ has a meaning of the poetry that were not listed in the ≪ Book of Odes≫. The compilers of all the times who fabricated the anthologies had diverse perspectives on the ‘Guyi’ because the ‘Guyi’ poems were old and no evident records were existed. On the other hand, the ‘Guyi’ poems sometimes can be a good reference point for comparison in researching other anthologies of poetry due to such diverse perspectives. This study selected an old anthology of poetry called ≪Gushiyuan≫, implying ‘Old Poem Source’ and other poetry anthologies, which are associated with that, afterwards, compared a diversity with the ≪Gushiyuan≫. The ≪Gushiyuan≫ is an old anthology of major poems in the Chung Dynasty of China and was significantly affected by the ≪Gushiji≫, which is a ‘Complete Anthology of Old Poems’ of the Myung Dynasty. It is necessary to pay attention to ≪Caishutanggushixuan≫ among old anthologies of the Chung Dynasty as an anthology that affected ≪Gushiyuan≫. In addition, the ≪ Gushishangxi≫ is an old anthologies of the Chung Dynasty that was affected by ≪ Gushiyuan≫ in the times after it. This study selected 4 poetry anthologies such as ≪ Gushiyuan≫, ≪Gushiji≫, ≪Caishutanggushixuan≫, and ≪Gushishangxi≫, and aimed to elucidate the associations among those anthologies by comparing the poems within Guyi section of each anthology. First of all, the perspectives of compliers for the Guyi poems were examined through the arrangement and volume of Guyi section in each anthology in terms of composition of those anthologies. The ≪Gushiji≫, which is a ‘Complete Anthology of Old Poems’ contained the Guyi poems in about 7% of the entire contents, ≪Gushiyuan ≫ and ≪Gushishangxi≫ showed twice of ≪Gushiji≫, 13.6% and 13.7%, respectively, whereas ≪Caishutanggushixuan≫ exhibited only 5.4% of entire volume, demonstrating a discrepancy in perspective. Furthermore, unlike that ≪Gushiyuan≫ and ≪ Gushishangxi≫ placed Guyi section at very first part of the entire composition, ≪ Caishutanggushixuan≫ was reflecting different perspective on the Guyi poems by arranging the Guyi section in the last part of the anthology. Afterwards, this study organized the list of Guyi section in each anthology. It was identified that other anthologies except ≪Gushiyuan≫ have had sub-units according to the intention of compliers and have listed based on the sub-units. This indicates that the selected anthologies were reflecting the characteristics of each anthology in accordance with the reference of compliers. As a different comparison result, this study examined an overlapping rate of poems in the Guyi section of other three anthologies based on ≪Gushiyuan≫. The poems except only two poems in ≪Gushiji≫ were overlapped with those in ≪Gushiyuan≫. Therefore, it was able to confirm that ≪Gushiji≫ was a ‘Complete Anthology of Old Poems’ that played a role as meaningful data in completing ≪Gushiyuan≫. The ≪ Caishutanggushixuan≫, which was completed slightly earlier than ≪Gushiyuan≫ in the same Chung Dynasty, also affected ≪Gushiyuan≫ with about 84% of overlapping rate. The ≪Gushishangxi≫, which was completed after ≪Gushiyuan≫, also showed about 67% of overlapping rate and the most similar tendency with ≪Gushiyuan≫ in arrangement of the Guyi poems. Based on the description so far, it is able to know that although 4 poetry anthologies such as ≪Gushiyuan≫, ≪Gushiji≫, ≪Caishutanggushixuan≫, and ≪ Gushishangxi≫ exhibited a discrepancy in the volume and arrangement of Guyi section in entire works of each anthology, the characteristics of each anthology, for instance, sub-units of each, were shown when comparing the list of Guyi section. Moreover, as shown in the overlapping rate in t

When blockchain meets Internet of Things: Characteristics, challenges, and business opportunities

Abstract Researches in Blockchain Technology (BCT) and Internet of Things (IoT) are experiencing exponential growth in recent years. They are being witnessed as mainstream technologies that have the potential of revolutionizing our society. However, these two contain technologically unrelated in philosophies. This article has a special interest in exploring how BCT and IoT can benefit in innovating business models. The purpose of this work is to understand the state of the art how BCT can be utilized within IoT context to create secure decentralized architecture. IoT is not secure by design, making its applications vulnerable especially to security and privacy threats. This hinders the proliferation of IoT applications in a large scale. With BCT capabilities, BCT can be used as integral part that can solve many shortcomings of IoT applications. Thus, existing businesses can be improved, and new business models can be brought into reality. Eliminating the need of third parties to guarantee trust of business transactions is a significant value towards business innovation in many areas, such as digital supply chain, vehicular systems, surveillance systems, and the creation of new business models, e.g. sharing economy, local energy trading, smart city, to name but a few. In an effort to understand the state of the art, this article (1) highlights intrinsic characteristics of IoT, (2) describes BCT modes and their characteristics to be considered for IoT integration, (3) presents a comprehensive survey on business opportunities based on the usage of BCT and IoT from a wide variety of literatures, (4) analyse strengths and weaknesses, and (5) discusses research possibilities that can be a solution to the problems. This paper will serve as a good starting and reference point to new researchers or those who are interested in adopting these technologies in businesses.

Teoria dos campos conceituais: visitando seus principais fundamentos e perspectivas para o ensino de ciências

A Teoria dos Campos Conceituais, desenvolvida por Gérard Vergnaud (1933), filósofo, matemático e psicólogo francês, é uma teoria cognitivista que se reporta à construção de conceitos como fundamento principal. Para Vergnaud o conhecimento de um indivíduo se constrói à medida que ele consegue estabelecer relações e conceitualizar determinadas situações ou problemas. Tendo em vista esses pressupostos, o objetivo desta produção foi traçar alguns fundamentos, trazidos por Vergnaud, que embasam a Teoria dos Campos Conceituais, tais como: campos conceituais, conceitos, situações, esquemas, invariantes operatórios e as representações. Para tal, foram consultadas suas produções iniciais e atuais. Mais que os pressupostos, a Teoria dos Campos Conceituais se mostra relevante para o entendimento dos processos de desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos científicos pelos indivíduos, além de se constituir um bom referencial para o estudo, elaboração e compreensão de práticas para o ensino de ciências.

First report on sensitivity of Caligus elongatus towards anti-louse chemicals and identification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I genotypes

Caligus elongatus is a generalist sea louse infesting a wide range of wild and farmed fish in the North Atlantic. Like its relatives Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus rogercresseyi, C. elongatus is a well known pathogen in farmed salmonids, and it also infests farmed cod. The mitochondrial gene cytochrome C oxidase I (mtCOI) is used as a marker for C. elongatus identification at the species and subspecies level, with two genotypes (possibly sibling species) being identified thus far. Sea lice can cause problems in farmed fish when abundant. Salmon farms use chemical, non-chemical and preventive treatments for controlling lice numbers. It is highly plausible that C. elongatus could develop resistance to chemical delousing treatments, similar to its related species, L. salmonis and C. rogercresseyi, which have developed reduced sensitivity against several anti-louse chemicals. In the current study, we aimed to provide data on C. elongatus sensitivity status towards four major anti-louse chemicals (azamethiphos, deltamethrin, emamectin benzoate and hydrogen peroxide). We collected a number of lice from wild saithe and farmed Atlantic salmon from three localities in the West coast of Norway. Lice were kept in lab culture and six-dose bioassays were carried out on the louse offspring for the four anti-louse chemicals. In addition, we screened the samples for the two mitochondrial genotypes using a TaqMan probe assay. The results showed that most of the C. elongatus specimens were sensitive to all the delousing chemicals tested. Lice from one of the farms had lower immobilization rate at the highest H2O2 concentration than lice from wild fish, which might be due to sensitivity loss. The mtCOI genotyping revealed the presence of only one genotype (genotype 1) in our sample set. The current study provides, for the first time, the baseline sensitivity levels of C. elongatus to four major anti-lice chemicals used on salmon farms. This would provide a good reference point for future studies or monitoring programs to keep a regular check on the sensitivity levels of this parasite.

Performance Probability Distribution Function for Modelling Solar Radiation in South Southern Nigeria: A Case Study of Yenagoa

This study has attempted to assess the performance of the most suitable statistical distribution function for modelling solar radiation over Yenagoa, Bayelsa State in Nigeria. The probability distribution functions are tested based on eleven years (2007-2017) solar radiation data obtained from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Six probability distribution functions are tested to ascertain the most appropriate one based on four different statistical tools and fitting accuracy. The associated parameters of the most appropriate fitted probability distribution function are calculated and the trends in the characteristic of the solar radiation are deduced. The result shows that logistic distribution presents the most suitable probability distribution function for modelling solar radiation over the selected environment with RMSE of 1.500 KWh/m2/day, MAE of 1.260 KWh/m2/day, MAPE of 22.000% and R2 of 0.880.When compared with the other five distribution functions, the same trend could be seen although with different values of RMSE, MAE, MAPE and R2. The estimated distribution location and scale parameters of the model vary with month and season. The overall result will be useful for predicting future solar radiation over the studied environment. It will also be a good reference point for the design of large solar power projects in Yenagoa in particular and south southern Nigerian environments at large.

Ex situ initial seedling development of Hymenaea courbaril L. (Fabaceae): a crucial phase to preserve the species

ABSTRACT Hymenaea courbaril L. is an important Neotropical species, with low population density, restricted to fragments of semideciduous forests, with low mortality and low recruitment. Thus, some questions guided the goals of this paper including the capacity of stored seeds to form normal seedlings. Seeds collected from ten mother plants in the Brazilian Cerrado region and stored during three years were mechanically scarified, sown and analyzed during 43 days. Intraspecific variability was observed for water content, seed biometry, and emergence process. The seedling emergence varied from 19 to 92%. Nine phases of development were observed. About 91% of the seedlings reached their complete autotrophy and this represents the success of the sample; the rest of the seedlings presented atypical morphology. This means that it is possible to store the seeds with the purpose of obtaining seedlings for ex situ cultivation. The great consumption of the cotyledon reserves occurred in the period that marks the alignment of cotyledons with hypocotyls (phases 1 to 4). For this species, if the seeds are scarified, the first 40 days after sowing are essential for the seedling establishment. After this time, the cotyledons fall signing a good point of reference for restoration projects because it indicates that the young plant is autonomous.

Retracted Article: Structural characterization of Momordica charantiaL. (Cucurbitaceae) oligopeptides and the detection of their capability in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells: induction of apoptosis.

Oligopeptides are rarely reported from Chinese herbal medicine because they are often present in very low concentrations in a complex matrix. Twenty-eight oligopeptides were recently identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS) from Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), and a septapeptide, FHGKGHE (Phe-His-Gly-Lys-Gly-His-Glu), named MCLO-12, showed the best anticancer activity against the non-small cell lung cancer A549 cell line in vitro, with an IC50 value of 21.4 ± 2.21 mM. The anti-proliferative activity assay results showed that MCLO-12 induced apoptosis of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of the cells with MCLO-12 (10.7–42.8 mM mL−1) caused strong intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) up-regulating activities and activated caspase expression. MCLO-12 also suppressed the Trx system and subsequently activated a number of Trx-dependent pathways, including the ASK1, MAPK-p38 and JNK pathways. Thus, our research provides a good reference point for anti-NSCLC research into oligopeptides.

Cultural branding in India: the case of Godrej “Storwel” cupboards (1944-1991)

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to outline the marketing history of the Godrej Storwel steel cupboard before India’s economic liberalisation in 1991 to find possible reasons for the brand’s iconic status and strong presence in the Indian public memory.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses archival material, secondary sources and the idea of cultural branding to analyse the marketing strategies used at various points in the history of Godrej Storwel.FindingsGodrej Storwel found cultural context in the two decades following India’s independence (1947) as a product that addressed the social and economic anxieties of the country, as well as embodied its aspirations at the time. In the following decades up to 1991, the product did not find similar cultural resonance with its consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThe unavailability of sales records of the Godrej steel cupboards meant that certain conclusions could not be made concrete.Social implicationsBecause Godrej Storwel has had such a long lifespan, it serves as a useful medium through which changing trends in marketing in India can be viewed. The paper is a good point of reference for those researching the steel industry, storage product histories and marketing in India and could encourage corporates to archive their histories.Originality/valueWhile a lot of nostalgia surrounds the Godrej Storwel in India, this is the first work that attempts to place the product and its marketing strategies in the context of Indian industry, culture and consumption.

Insights into Tissue-specific Specialized Metabolism in Tieguanyin Tea Cultivar by Untargeted Metabolomics.

Tea plants produce extremely diverse and abundant specialized metabolites, the types and levels of which are developmentally and environmentally regulated. However, little is known about how developmental cues affect the synthesis of many of these molecules. In this study, we conducted a comparative profiling of specialized metabolites from six different tissues in a premium oolong tea cultivar, Tieguanyin, which is gaining worldwide popularity due to its uniquely rich flavors and health benefits. UPLC-QTOF MS combined with multivariate analyses tentatively identified 68 metabolites belonging to 11 metabolite classes, which exhibited sharp variations among tissues. Several metabolite classes, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and hydroxycinnamic acid amides were detected predominantly in certain plant tissues. In particular, tricoumaroyl spermidine and dicoumaroyl putrescine were discovered as unique tea flower metabolites. This study offers novel insights into tissue-specific specialized metabolism in Tieguanyin, which provides a good reference point to explore gene-metabolite relationships in this cultivar.

Establishment of a low-dosage-IPTG inducible expression system construction method in Escherichia coli.

The lac operon is a delicate inducible gene expression element in bacteria. To efficiently induce gene expression, a sufficient dosage of an inducer, usually that of 500-1000 µM isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), is required to keep repressor LacI from its binding sites, which is a heavy cost burden in low-value-added products. So we propose a strategy to reduce the required dosage of IPTG by restricting LacI expression. To test this strategy, we employed a reconstructed IPTG inducible expression system based on lac operon, Promoter(lacO)-target gene-PtacL-lacI, where a modified promoter, Ptac, with a random synthetic library (PtacL) to instead of PlacI to optimize LacI expression in Escherichia coli. Finally, the PtacL mutant, PtacL4, which could maintain the same repression effect as the original PlacI while reducing the required dosage of IPTG from 500 to 20 µM, was selected. This method is simple and efficient and can be of a good reference point for attempts to reduce inducer concentration in the IPTG or similar inducible expression systems.

Tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear Groove Distance Shows no Change in Patients with or Without Knee Osteoarthritis.

The primary aim of this study is to compare tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TTTG) distance in patients with or without knee osteoarthritis. Additionally, the variability of tibial tubercle according to trochlear groove was evaluated. In this retrospective cohort study, TTTG distance was measured with two different methods on magnetic resonance (MR) images. TTTG distance was measured by the familiar method on 173 MR images, and by the novel method on 157 MR images of 175 patients totally. The patients were divided into two groups as group 1 (Kellgren Lawrence osteoarthritis grade <2) and group 2 (Kellgren Lawrence osteoarthritis grade ≥2). TTTG values measured by both methods were compared between groups. The coefficient of variation for all patients in TTTG values were calculated. A p-value <0.05 was considered as significant. The mean age, sex distributions, and side ratios were different between groups. There was no statistical difference in TTTG values between group 1 and 2. There was no statistically significant difference between the two measurement methods. The coefficient of variation for all patients in TTTG values were high (43.95% for familiar method and 44.64% for novel method). There was excellent interrater reliability for two measurement methods in both groups. The TTTG distance is similar in patients with/without knee osteoarthritis. The position of the tibial tubercle according to the trochlear groove is variable, so the tibial tubercle may not be a good reference point for rotational position of the tibial component in total knee arthroplasty.

Standards de qualité pour la pratique de l’examen écho-Doppler dans l’étude des malformations et tumeurs vasculaires. Rapport de la Société française de médecine vasculaire (SFMV) : actualisation 2018

To describe an optimal method of examination in relation to the clinical question and hypothesis. To homogenize practice, methods, glossary, and reporting. To provide good practice reference points, and promote a quality process. The 3 levels of examination; their clinical indications and goals. The reference standard examination (level 2), its variants according to clinical needs. The minimal content of the examination report; the letter to the referring physician (synthesis, conclusion and proposal for further investigation and/or therapeutic management). Commented glossary (anatomy, hemodynamics, semiology). Technical bases. Setting and use of ultrasound devices. Here, we discuss ultrasonography methods of using of ultrasonography for the assessment of peripheral vascular malformations and tumors (limbs, face, trunk).

Patriotyzm w ujęciu Jacka Woronieckiego: podpowiedzi dla współczesnej pedagogiki

W artykule została podjęta kwestia patriotyzmu jako elementu w systemie wartości. Analizę oparto o przemyślenia filozoficzne Jacka Woronieckiego (1878–1949), pokazując, że mogą być nadal dobrym punktem odniesienia dla pedagogów w poszukiwaniach podstaw teoretycznych wychowania do patriotyzmu. Odkrycie istoty patriotyzmu może być pomocne przede wszystkim w rozpoznawaniu sensu działań wychowawczych w konfrontacji z ideami globalizmu czy z procesami integracyjnymi, które dokonują się w Europie. Za Woronieckim określa się patriotyzm jako sprawność moralną, należącą do jednej z czterech cnót kardynalnych, tj. do sprawiedliwości. Wskazuje się na jego mocne komponenty emocjonalne, a zarazem podkreśla, że, jak każda cnota, buduje się na wewnętrznej wolności człowieka, służąc zarazem jej ochronie. Zdolność przejawiania postaw patriotycznych świadczy o dojrzałości osobowej: człowiek odkrywając spoiwo relacji społecznych, jakim jest kultura, staje się gotowy do służby na rzecz ojczyzny. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej części zostanie przedstawiony problem wagi wychowania uczuć patriotycznych, w drugiej – kwestia miłości ojczyzny jako cnoty moralnej.

Quality standards for duplex ultrasonographic assessment (duplex us) of abdominal aortic stent grafts

To describe an optimal level of examination adjusted to the indication or clinical hypothesis; to establish harmonious practices, methodologies, terminologies, results description and report; to provide good practice reference points and to promote a high quality process. The three levels of examination, indications and objectives for each level; the reference standard examination (level 2) and its variants according to indications; the minimal content of the exam report, the medical conclusion letter to the corresponding physician (synthesis, conclusion and management suggestions); commented glossary (anatomy, hemodynamics, signs and symptoms); technical basis; device settings. Here, we discuss duplex ultrasound for the supervision of the aortic stent grafts.

Serenoa Repens in the hands of the modern urologist

Background : Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland that affects around 50% of men between the ages of 50 and 60 years old. The application of Serenoa Repens in the treatment of the symptoms of stage I & II BPH is a therapeutic option that is present in the urologist’s agenta for nearly three decades. The purpose of this work is the complete evaluation of existing literature on Serenoa Repens (in-vitro experiments, clinical trials and institutional monographs), summing up clinical trial references in an appendix and raising the necessary issues as far as raw material quality is concerned, providing a good point of reference to the contemporary urologist Methods : A complete review of the available literature on the effect of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa Repens in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia was conducted. Studies were collected via Pubmed.org, and an analytical appendix was formed, providing the full spectrum of available data. Results : There are contradictions in the available literature, especially in between the results of 1984 to 2014 clinical trials and the available monographs. Contemporary clinical trial publications don’t make any reference to the specifications prescribed by European Pharmacopoieia, which are the only quality markers available. Conclusion : Future research should focus on and take into account the specifications available in European Pharmacopoieia concerning the content and method of production, providing thorough quantitative analysis of the contents of the extract used in trials.

Development of an e-learning system for teaching endoscopists how to diagnose early gastric cancer: basic principles for improving early detection

We developed an internet e-learning system in order to improve the ability of endoscopists to diagnose gastric cancer at an early stage. The efficacy of this system at expanding knowledge and providing invaluable experience regarding the endoscopic detection of early gastric cancer was demonstrated through an international multicenter randomized controlled trial. However, the contents of the system have not yet been fully described in the literature. Accordingly, we herein introduce the contents and their principles, which comprise three main subjects: technique, knowledge, and experience. Since all the e-learning contents and principles are based on conventional white-light endoscopy alone, which is commonly available throughout the world, they should provide a good reference point for any endoscopist who wishes to devise learning materials and guidelines for improving their own clinical practice.

Paramagnetic susceptibility and correlation functions of a [formula omitted]-dimensional classical Heisenberg ferromagnet via the two-time Green function method

In the present paper we investigate the paramagnetic susceptibility and the short-range order correlation functions of a d-dimensional classical isotropic ferromagnetic Heisenberg model with short-range exchange interactions by employing the two-time Green function method in classical statistical mechanics. Here we use Tyablikov–Callen-like decouplings for higher order Green functions and a formula for magnetization recently obtained by extension of the well known Callen method developed many years ago for the quantum isotropic Heisenberg model. Although our analysis is true for any temperature and dimensionality, we focus on one-, and some two- and three-dimensional lattices of experimental interest and derive asymptotic expressions for susceptibility and correlation functions within the paramagnetic phase close to the phase boundary and in the high-temperature regime. Besides, we present a Fourier series expansion method for deriving the high-temperature behaviors of the correlation functions. Our predictions, as obtained from a genuine classical many-body framework, may constitute a good reference point for the quantum counterparts emerging in the classical limit at the same level of approximation. Of course, although the classical spin models have unrealistic properties at sufficiently low temperatures, our classical analysis provides, in a relatively simple way as compared to a quantum treatment, an experimentally interesting scenario at finite temperature and dimensionalities d≥1.

Rainfall Simulator Experiments to Investigate Macropore Impacts on Hillslope Hydrological Response

Understanding hillslope runoff response to intense rainfall is an important topic in hydrology, and is key to correct prediction of extreme stream flow, erosion and landslides. Although it is known that preferential flow processes activated by macropores are an important phenomena in understanding runoff processes inside a hillslope, hydrological models have generally not embraced the concept of an extra parameter that represents ‘macropores’ because of the complexity of the phenomenon. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate the influence of macropores on runoff processes in an experimental small artificial hillslope. Here, we report on a controlled experiment where we could isolate the influence of macropores without the need for assumptions regarding their characteristics. Two identical hillslopes were designed, of which one was filled with artificial macropores. Twelve artificial rainfall events were applied to the two hillslopes and results of drainage and soil moisture were investigated. After the experiments, it could be concluded that the influence of macropores on runoff processes was minimal. The S90 sand used for this research caused runoff to respond fast to rainfall, leading to little or no development of saturation near the macropores. In addition, soil moisture data showed a large amount of pendular water in the hillslopes, which implies that the soil has a low air entry value, and, in combination with the lack of vertical flow, could have caused the pressure difference between the matrix and the macropores to vanish sooner and result in equilibrium being reached in a relatively short time. Nevertheless, a better outline is given to determine a correct sand type for these types of experiments and, by using drainage recession analysis to investigate the influences of macropores on runoff, heterogeneity in rainfall intensity can be overcome. This study is a good point of reference to start future experiments from concerning macropores and hillslope hydrology.

Low-cost bidirectional selector based on Ti/TiO2/HfO2/TiO2/Ti stack for bipolar RRAM arrays

In this paper, a low-cost Ti/TiO2/HfO2/TiO2/Ti stack structure is proposed as a selector for bipolar resistive random access memory (RRAM) cross-bar array applications. We demonstrate reproducible resistive switching characteristics with significant nonlinearity and good uniformity in the one selector and one resistor (1S1R) structure device that integrate the bidirectional selector with a bipolar Pt/Ti/HfO2/Pt RRAM device. These results provide a good point of reference for evaluating the potential low-cost applications in bipolar RRAM cross-bar array.

Reference-Free Displacements for Condition Assessment of Timber Railroad Bridges

Current railroad bridge inspection and rating practices include observing bridge movement under live loads to help assess bridge conditions. Recent research has shown that transverse displacements of timber trestle bridges can capture critical changes in bridge serviceability (the ability to safely carry out railroad operations) as a function of railroad loading, speed, and direction. Measuring bridge movement under trains in the field is difficult and expensive because a fixed reference point is not normally available, thus creating the need to erect independent scaffolding to create good reference points near a timber bridge. This research demonstrates the potential of using reference-free accelerations collected with wireless smart sensors to estimate railroad bridge transverse displacements under live train loads. Focus is placed on timber trestle bridges, which comprise approximately 24% of the total inventory length of railroad bridges in the United States. The results show that wireless smart sensors can estimate transverse displacements of timber railroad trestles and could become an effective tool for campaign monitoring of railroad bridges (with applications toward helping overall bridge assessment).