Good Leadership Skills Research Articles

The impact of peer assisted learning on mentors’ academic life and communication skill in medical faculty: A systematic review

Peer assisted learning (PAL) was initiated to support the first-year students. In medical faculty, first-year students often find starting new academic life challenging. The impact from the peer mentors’ aspect is not widely explore. The aim of this study was to review studies that reported the impact of PAL programs on peer mentors in medical faculty, particularly on their academic life and communication skill. The DOAJ, PubMed Central, SciELO, and Science Direct databases advanced search used to conduct a systematic literature searching. Systematic search was performed according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) checklist recommendations. Five studies were included. All of the reviewed studies shown the impact of PAL programs on mentors’ academic life. Three studies have shown both the impact of PAL programs on mentors on their academic life and communication skill. Studies in this review have shown positive impacts on mentors’ academic life and communication skill. Good communication skills, empathy, leadership and teaching skills will promote individual abilities and skills as a doctor, be it as a practitioner, or as an educator.

Leadership and Economic Development of Ghana

The relationship on leadership quality and its impact on skewed economic development in Ghana have been investigated. This investigation has been carried out in Ghana and its neighbouring countries that attained independence around the same time, under similar pattern of political governance. A comparative analysis is used to differentiate between these countries economic policies and their leadership styles used. It reveals that Ghana remains static and underdeveloped for many years despite changes in leadership and political governance. Evidently, while at the time of their independence, Ghana’s per capital income in 1960 was higher than Nigeria, India and Egypt. Ghana’s development has been sluggish whilst the rest of the countries have accelerated at a faster rate with fantastic economic policies combined with good leadership skills.

Are the Leadership Style and Motivation Influence the Work Performance of Health Center Personnel?

Background: The performance of an orga­nization is largely determined by the human resources in it. If the human resources are highly motivated, creative and innovative and are led by leaders who are responsible and have good leadership skills, their performance will be good. This study aims to analyze the influ­ence of the leadership style of the head of the puskesmas and the work motivation of the em­ployees on the performance of the employees of the Puskesmas Ciamis District. Subjects and Method: This study was con­ducted using a cross sectional research design. The study was conducted in Ciamis Regency in November – December 2020. Sampling was carried out using random sampling with a total of 200 puskesmas employees in Ciamis Regen­cy. The dependent variable is employee per­form­ance. The independent variables include leadership style, work motivation, job satisfac­tion, education, treatment status, employee status, length of work. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using a multi­level multiple logistic regression. Results: Good leadership style (b=3.58; 95% CI= 1.11 to 3.80; p= 0.000), high work moti­va­tion (b=3.12; 95% CI= 0.83 to 3.65; p= 0.002), have job satisfaction (b= 2.89; 95% CI= 0.67 to 3.53; p= 0.004), higher education (b= 2.89; 95% CI= 0.60 to 3.13; p= 0.004), inpatient care status (b= 2.66; 95% CI= 0.47 to 3.12; p= 0.008), health personnel status (b=3.68; 95% CI= 1.46 to 4.80; p= 0.000), and length of ser­vice 3 years (b=2.07; 95% CI= 0.78 to 2.76; p= 0.038) increase the possibility of the perform­ance of puskesmas employees. Variations at the puskesmas level show that there is a contextual effect on employee performance (ICC= 11.75%). Conclusion: There is a positive and statis­tically significant effect on leadership style, work motivation, job satisfaction, educa­tion, treatment status, employee status, length of work on the performance of puskesmas employees. Variations at the puskesmas level show that there is a contextual effect on employee performance. Keywords: employee performance, leadership style, health center, Correspondence: Latty Indriastuti.Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: lattyindria.drg@gmail.com. Mobile: +628999976544. Journal of Health Policy and Management (2021), 06(03): 168-181 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2021.06.03.02

A Theory-Based Self-Management Training Program for Older Adult Peer Leaders with Diabetes: A Feasibility Assessment.

ObjectiveTo improve the quality of peer leader training, this study developed a theory-based self-management training program for older adult peer leaders with diabetes and assessed its feasibility.BackgroundCurrent self-management programs are designed mainly to be implemented by healthcare professionals, but healthcare staff may not fully perceive the needs and obstacles of older adults in disease management due to a lack of similar illness experience. To target this problem, peer leaders with successful self-management experiences, similar cultural backgrounds and languages, and related illness experiences are trained to guide and mentor peer patients in self-management programs.Study Design and MethodsThis study was conducted in two stages. In stage 1, a peer leader training program was developed based on experiential learning theory as the framework and self-regulation theory as the activity design strategy. In stage 2, program feasibility was assessed via participants’ feedback toward the training program by three indicators: attendance, future willingness to lead the peer-led self-management program, and leadership skills evaluated by a peer leader training assessment tool.ResultsIn this study, peer leaders demonstrated good leadership skills by expressing active willingness to lead self-management programs in the community. Peer leaders’ feedback indicated that the program’s training content was helpful in preparing peer leaders to guide older adults in learning self-management skills and in improving the abilities and confidence of peer leaders in mentoring self-management.ConclusionFindings in this study showed that peer leader training can impact the effectiveness and success of self-management in older adults with diabetes. Even in a small-scale study, the impact was evident, which demonstrated the feasibility of the program. More large-scale studies on the effectiveness of various peer leader training programs in diverse disciplines are recommended.Clinical Trials RegistryClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04298424 (the Peer-Led Self-Management Program).

Leadership skills among medical interns - a cross sectional study in a medical college in South India

Introduction: Leadership skills among medical students, plays an important role in making them competent and bringing success in their clinical practice. Physician’s professional activities require them to be good team leaders. But there is a leadership crisis among medical doctors in India and leadership skills within their curricula. Objectives: To assess the leadership skills among interns and identify possible influencing factors among them. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among 110 interns in a medical college. Leadership skills were assessed using Modified Leadership Inventory for Medical Education (LIME). Unpaired t test for association of various factors with mean scores of leadership and Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient for correlation between the scores of subcomponents of leadership skills were used. Results: Among the interns, 77.3% had a chance to be a leader during school/college days but only 20% had undergone leadership training. 87.3% of them had their leadership scores above average, suggesting good leadership skills. Interns who had been a leader in school/college, enrolled in Scouts/ Guides/ NCC and those who underwent leadership training had statistically significant higher mean scores. Majority had positive attitude towards leadership. There was a statistically significant, moderate correlation between the components of leadership skills.Conclusion: Participants had good leadership skills and there was significant association between former leadership experience and current leadership scores. Most of them had positive attitude towards leadership.

Medical Students' perceptions and attitudes toward Medical Leadership and Management.

Objectives:To find out medical students’ perceptions and attitudes toward medical leadership and management (MLM).Methods:A total of 336 medical students from the 2nd to 6th academic years from King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), were included in this cross-sectional study. This study was conducted in January-February 2020. The students were asked about their perceptions, attitudes, and interests in the leadership of medical care and clinicians. A four-part questionnaire was used for collecting data. SPSS-21 was used for analysis.Results:The participants included 172 (51.2%) males and 164 (48.8%) females. In total, 105 (31.3%) participants agreed that they had been very well educated about their perception, behavior, and interest in the field of medical leadership and clinic management, and 175 (52.1%) students agreed that clinicians should influence management decisions in a healthcare setting. Overall, 167 (49.7%) students agreed that management/leadership skills are important for clinicians. In total, 145 students (43.2%) desired to have more leadership training in medical school, and 129 (38.4%) students agreed to seek additional leadership/management training in their postgraduate research studies. When asked about their self-perception of good leadership skills, the students indicated that good leadership skills included integrity (47.9%), conflict resolution (46.7%), organization (44.4%), confidence (41.9%), communication (40.5%), self-reflection (40.2%), time management (33.6%), the ability to motivate others (36.9%), and the ability to keep calm under stress (33.3%).Conclusion:Many students were well aware of the MLM concepts. However, students agreed that management/leadership skills are important for clinicians, and there should be more leadership training in medical schools.

Self-management in face-to-face peer support for adults with type 2 diabetes living in low- or middle-income countries: a systematic review

BackgroundPeer support has been recognised as a promising strategy to improve self-management in patients living with chronic conditions, such as Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The purpose of the review was to synthesise the best available evidence on face-to-face peer support models for adults with T2D in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe searched Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, Literature Academic Search Ultimate, PsycINFO, CAB s, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, SPORTDiscus, Africa-Wide Information, MasterFILE Premier, SocINDEX, ERIC, PsycARTICLES, Open Dissertations, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Health Source-Consumer Edition and Google Scholar for the period January 2000 to December 2017. Reference list checking and contact with authors were additional sources of data. Screening of papers, critical appraisal and data extraction were carried out independently by at least two reviewers.ResultsFrom 3092 abstracts retrieved from database searches, data was extracted from 12 papers. There was no consistency in design, setting, outcomes or measurement instruments amongst the papers. The papers were associated with improvements in various clinical and behavioural outcomes. Diabetic patients and community health workers (CHWs) were identified as two common face-to-face peer support models. The recruitment and selection of diabetic patients as peer supporters focused on patients from the community, with good glycaemic control and/or leadership skills, who were recommended by healthcare professionals. Recruitment of CHWs as peer supporters was done from an existing infrastructure of CHWs in the community and, thus, selection criteria were poorly described. The training of peer supporters featured as an important component, highlighting who provided training and the duration and content covered in training. Motivational interviewing was the most common theory basis of training used in the peer support interventions. Face-to-face, group and/or individual-based peer support was often supplemented by other peer support methods. The supervision of peer supporters was generally poorly described.ConclusionsThe comprehensive synthesis of the best available evidence has led to new insights regarding face-to-face peer support as a self-management strategy for patients with T2D in LMICs. Face-to-face peer support may be implemented in innovative ways to improve the quality of life of patients with T2D.Trial registrationPROSPERO trial registry number, CRD 42018103261.

Nollywood and the leaders of tomorrow: interrogating film content and character formation of the Nigerian child

The intellectual discourse on the influence of films in shaping a child’s ideological leaning is a topic that has generated interest in different parts of the world. The supposed proposition that inapt behaviours, nonchalant attitudes, moral decadence, and violence among children are outcome in most films produced in Nollywood Film Industry calls for serious examination. Hence, to examine the effects which film contents could have on educational development and character formation of a Nigerian child remains the aim of this study. Objectives include; to ascertain the potentials of films content in creating a standard for good leadership skills for the Nigerian child, and to advocate possible ways through which Nollywood movies can be produced to achieve all round development of the Nigerian child. The study through the adoption of observation, and content analysis approaches of qualitative research method, evaluated the influence of films on children. The study utilized George Gerbner’s Cultivation theory in examining the influence of film environments in child’s learning and leadership skill and found out that most Nollywood films have themes of Mischief, adult chauvinisms, hatred, demonic possessions, and violent politicking, among other social vices which pose serious threats to the child’s ideal leadership purview. The researcher therefore recommends, establishment of a film unit that should provide adequate censorship of children films. The unit should be empowered to sieve, dissect and scrutinize all children film contents in Nollywood Film Industry so as to make sure that the filmmakers produce films relevance to the academic and character formation needs of Nigerian children. Hence, children are the leaders of tomorrow.

The Effect of Teaching Nontechnical Skills in Advanced Life Support: A Systematic Review.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of nontechnical skills (NTS) training on performance in advanced life support (ALS) simulation. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the ideal frequency of training sessions for an optimal retention and the value of debriefing. A systematic search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, WoS, ERIC, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library conducted through August 1, 2018. All primary studies mentioning NTS in ALS education were included. Three reviewers independently extracted data on study design and outcome. The MERSQI approach was used to evaluate the overall quality of evidence. Of the 10,723 identified articles, 40 studies were included with a combined total of 3,041 participants, ranging from students to experts. Depending on the focus of the study, articles were categorized in NTS (n=25), retention (n=8), and feedback (n=10). Incorporating NTS during ALS simulation showed significant improvements in timing for performing critical first steps. Furthermore, good leadership skills had a favorable effect on overall technical performance and teamwork during simulation improved team dynamics and performance. Finally, debriefing also had a beneficial effect on team performance. One particular type of debriefing does not appear to be superior to other types of debriefing. Team simulation training resulted in improved NTS and a reduction in the time required to complete a simulated cardiac arrest. Therefore, a formal NTS program should be introduced into ALS courses. Feedback and repetitive practice are key factors to train NTS. The impact of training on team behaviors can persist for at least 3 to 6months. In conclusion, understanding and improving NTS may help to create more effective teams. The effect on patient outcome requires further investigation.

Refection on our leadership during COVID‐19: challenging our resilience

Refection on our leadership during COVID‐19: challenging our resilience

Decentralized Health System Leadership: Are District Health Management Teams in Good Hands? Perspectives of 4 districts in Sierra Leone

Background : Evidence is abound that good leadership and management practices can improve the performance of health system Conversely, poor leadership practices from health leaders have detrimental effects on the performance of the health system. Decentralized district health system is the cornerstone of a country’s health sectors. This is the more the reason the post Ebola health system strengthening in Sierra Leone had a component on staff leadership development for personnel at both central and district levels. In this study, the leadership styles of the District Medical Officers (DMOs) are examined to assess their influence on the performance of DHMTs in Sierra Leone. Methods : The was a cross-sectional quantitative study that targeted the heads of units within the District Health Management Teams of Bo, Kailahun, Kenema, and Kono. A self-administered questionnaire using Likert Scale was provided to the subordinates ( n =23) to rate the leadership and management practices of their DMOs. SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data. Results: The leadership and management practices of the DMOs are rated as democratic by the majority of the subordinates. However, the subordinates also reported that their DMOs are domineering and are also encouraging favouritism within the teams. The study did not find any statistically significant difference among the four districts on the influence of leadership of the DMO and DHMT performance ( p >.05). Conclusions: The leadership style of the health managers can influence the performance of the DHMT. In this study, the leadership style of the DHMTs is largely perceived to be democratic by their subordinates. The good leadership skills of the DMOs in the surveyed districts might be responsible for the relative effectiveness and efficiency of the operations of their DHMTs. However, the majority of the subordinates in all the districts testified that their DMOs are domineering and also encourage favouritism. These practices are considered autocratic and divisive. These are areas for the MoHS leadership to actually examine and address for optimal DHMT performance. Keywords: healthcare, leadership styles, management and leadership theories, health system, health system strengthening, health system performance, district health system, district health management, decentralization, and devolution DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/76-02 Publication date: June 30th 2020

Medical Student Leadership in Emergency Medicine.

Emergency medicine is a profession that requires good leadership skills. Emergency physicians must be able to instill confidence in both the staff and patients, inspire the best in others, have the enthusiasm to take on a surplus of responsibilities, and maintain calmness during unexpected circumstances. Accordingly, residency program directors look carefully for leadership qualities and potential among their applicants. Although some people do have a predisposition to lead, leadership can be both learned and taught. In this article, we provide medical students with the tools that will help them acquire those qualities and thus make them more desirable by program directors.

Determinants of Success and Sustainability of Farmer Organizations in the North West Region of Cameroon

Aims: This article seeks to evaluate the determinants or factors that contribute to the success of Farmer Organizations and their sustainability.
 Study Design: The research method was based on field surveys.
 Duration of Study: The study was carried out between August 2018 and October 2019.
 Methodology: Sample: Data was collected through face-to-face interviews and 299 respondents (255 Farmer organisations members, and 44 community members) were selected using the multi-stage cluster and purposive sampling techniques. Data from the study was analysed using descriptive statistics.
 Results: Results revealed that the main problems witnessed by Farmer Organisations which slow down their growth include capital accumulation (86.4%), unavailability of loan (79.5%), and lack of skilled personnel (65.9%) and high illiteracy level of members (43.2%). While mismanagement of group funds by leaders (13.6%), government interference (29.5%), was of low impact. Factors that contribute to the success and sustainability of farmer organisation among others are good group leadership skills (90.2%) members, meeting the needs of the members (84.3%), assist in community development (58.8%) other factors include origin of group, assistance, communication and members involvement in decision making, membership participation, guiding principles and regulations, type of activity and profitability.
 Conclusion: For farmer organizations to be successful and sustainable government agencies and NGOs in the sector should help the farmer organizations by providing financial assistance, farm inputs and seeds, provide post harvest infrastructures, regular extension services and the Farmer organizations should be market and advocacy oriented.

Creative-Thinking Skills in Explanatory Writing Skills Viewed from Learning Behaviour: A Mixed Method Case Study

Creative thinking involves the activities of complex skills and cognitive abilities, personality factors and motivations, styles, strategies, and metacognitive skills. Therefore, creative-thinking skills can reflect the students’ personality considered as unique individuals. On the other hand, the effectiveness of education can be seen from teaching practices and class climate. The application of guided inquiry learning (GIL) and problem-based learning (PBL) models is one effort to improve the effectiveness of education. This research is a mixed-method case study that aims to describe the behaviour of groups of students, studying with GIL and PBL, with high, moderate, and low creative-thinking skills. The mixed-method analysis applied is a concurrent embedded strategy that combines primary data (qualitative) and secondary data (quantitative) to complement each other. The results showed that the application of the GIL and PBL models was proved to be effective for learning explanatory writing skills. In terms of the creative-thinking skills, the higher the students' creative-thinking skills are, the higher their explanatory writing skills will be. Students who have high creative-thinking skills also exhibit prominent attitudes during the learning process, such as intensity of asking frequently with substantive questions on the subject matter and having good opinion and leadership skills.

Unpicking the Emperor's New Clothes: Perceived Attributes of the Captain in Sports Teams.

Much importance has been assigned to the role of the team captain. In this article, we test whether today’s team captains live up to these high expectations. Furthermore, we provide greater insight into the selection procedures leading to a captain’s appointment and assess how this process impacts upon the captain’s perceived leadership qualities. Adopting a mixed methods design, a total of 398 participants (226 players and 172 coaches) listed the attributes of both their current team captain and their ideal captain. Altogether, participants listed 635 attributes for their current team captain and 919 attributes for their ideal team captain. Both inductive and deductive approaches were used to analyze these qualitative data. Furthermore, quantitative data were obtained on the perceived influencers in the captain’s selection process. The results indicated that, although players and coaches expect their team captains to have good motivational and social leadership skills, the selection process is often underpinned by non-leadership factors, such as experience, sport-specific competence, or irrelevant attributes, such as being the daughter of the club president. This discrepancy held for both coaches’ and players’ perspectives, for male and female teams, across sports, and across competition levels. Although coaches were identified as main influencers in the selection process, giving players the deciding vote did not result in captains with better perceived leadership skills. The significant gap between participants’ expectations of the captain and reality highlights the need for implementing a structure of shared leadership. Furthermore, evidence-based leadership development programs are needed to maximize the team’s leadership potential.

Emigration of the Intelligentsia and Its Effects on the Socio-Economic Development of Zimbabwe

This paper discusses skills emigration of the intelligentsia and its effects on the socio-economic development of Zimbabwe. Skills flight has been a huge challenge to the developing countries and this has contributed much to their under development. Since the turn of the millennium, Zimbabwe has lost key skilled and talented people who left the country due to economic hardships. Several studies have shown that there are very high levels of emigration among the young and the very highly skilled people of Zimbabwe. Skills flight or brain drain is a very old phenomenon in human history and usually takes place for various reasons. Some of these reasons are social, economic and sometimes of a political nature. The aforementioned reasons either push people to leave or pull people if these are seen to be better in other countries. Globalization has also resulted in an increase of movement of people from one country to another. The world has become a global village with very little to separate countries. Skills flight has merits and demerits, and this paper will try to unpack these issues so that there is some clarity. While some schools of thought argue that the sending countries lose because of skills flight, it is not always the case because these people help in the development of their native countries by sending money back home (diaspora remittances) that is used for developmental projects and assist in improvement of foreign currency earnings for their countries. It also denies the remaining population the opportunity to benefit from their highly skilled compatriots (skills and knowledge transfer) who in most cases would have benefitted from state funding. However, for the host countries, they benefit by having the best brains who are usually very intelligent and have good leadership skills. These emigrants help to develop the economies of host counties. In some cases, there are tensions and conflict that arisen the host countries as a result of the skilled people who would have migrated to these countries, for example, there have been cases of xenophobic attacks on foreigners in South Africa, racism (in Europe), among other problems caused as a result of immigrant labour. It is argued in this paper that skills emigration in Zimbabwe has affected the performance of the Zimbabwe economy and development agenda.

OA116] Education and training for leadership in medical physics: An EFOMP-EUTEMPE collaboration

Purpose Good leadership, managerial and strategic planning skills have become crucial in today’s rapidly changing and highly competitive world. Leadership is of concern to all professions and essential for small professions such as Medical Physics. EFOMP and EUTEMPE-NET are collaborating to produce what are perhaps the most comprehensive modules for Medical Physics leadership worldwide. Methods A SWOT analysis for the Medical Physics profession was carried out. This was followed by a comprehensive review of the literature regarding leadership in the medical and healthcare professions. Themes relevant to the profession were identified and guide the content of the modules. Results Teaching leadership should be done in two ways: first by direct interaction with successful leaders who would share their experiences (role modeling) and secondly through formal learning. The modules provides examples of both. European leaders present their own experiences of leadership and present practical ‘to do’ lists for successful leadership. The formal learning is delivered using a combination of online and face-to-face phases. The online component consists of a series of sets of compulsory readings, followed by online discussions involving real-world case studies. The online phase is asynchronous so that participants would not need to take time off their clinical duties and there will not be a problem with time zones. This is followed by an onsite phase which includes discussions in which participants can discuss challenges they are facing in their own country with a panel of established leaders. Total learning time (readings, presentations, online fora etc) is 80 h. The modules can be described as ‘Mini MBAs for Medical Physicists’. Conclusions The first module ‘Leadership in Medical Physics - Development of the profession and the challenges for the Medical Physics Expert in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology’ ( http://eutempe-net.eu/modules/ ) has already been run successfully twice. The next run of the module starts online November 2018 whilst the onsite phase will be in Prague February 2019. Applications close September 30th 2018. Similar modules are projected for Radiation Oncology and Nuclear Medicine.

Diagnosis of innovative organizations: a study in the Center of the Industries of the State of São Paulo

The article was aimed to diagnose the competencies of innovative organizations at Centro das Industrias do Estado de Sao Paulo (CIESP). This is a quantitative, descriptive study. The research method adopted was the survey, and a structured questionnaire was applied to 62 companies affiliated to CIESP. Data were analyzed using Excel software. We used the descriptive statistics to analyze them. As a result, the companies demonstrate good leadership skills management and strategic intent, innovative medium and people, but have slightly lower scores when it comes to the process of innovation and results.

Community-based education: The influence of role modeling on career choice and practice location

Introduction: Research findings in medical education support the importance of positive role models in enhancing learning and influencing the career path of medical students and graduates. The authors explored the characteristics of positive and negative role models during Community-Based Education and Service (COBES), as well as their effect on trainees’ career paths.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted by means of a questionnaire among medical students to explore the characteristics of positive and negative role models during COBES. Associations between gender, choice of specialty, and practice location were assessed using the chi-square test. All qualitative data analysis was performed using the principles of primary, secondary, and tertiary coding.Result: The majority of the students indicated that role modeling during COBES will affect their choice of specialty and practice location with a significant gender difference in terms of practice location (p < 0.005). Qualitative data supported the finding that positive role modeling during COBES may influence graduates willingness to work in rural area.Conclusion: The desire and willingness to work in a rural community combined with good communication and excellent interpersonal skills as well as good leadership skills are attributes of good role modeling that could influence medical students’ career choice during COBES.

Leading article: how can I optimise my role as a leader within the surgical team?

Leadership is uncommonly taught formally at any level in surgical training, and is not often evaluated formally either within assessment programmes or during appraisal. Good leadership skills in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) include professionalism, technical competence, motivation, innovation, ability to communicate, resilience, and effective teaching. They also include the recognition of when and how to “follow” when appropriate. Such skills can be developed through experience, observation, and education using a framework that can include mentoring, coaching, and feedback. This review provides some guidance in how to improve leadership skills in OMFS, which we hope will to improve the quality of training and care of patients.