Good Heat Resistance Research Articles

A novel combustion drying synthesis route of 3D WO3–SiO2 composite aerogels for enhanced adsorption and visible light photocatalytic activity

The 3D network nanoporous WO3–SiO2 composite aerogels were successfully synthesized by a novel combustion drying method. All the as-prepared composite aerogels were still with a typical three-dimensional network nanoporous structure, and exhibited high specific surface area with 486–667 m2/g and pore volume 2.0–2.68 cm3/g. Although samples were prepared by burning process, they still shown good hydrophobicity and heat resistance. The adsorption and photocatalytic properties of WO3–SiO2 composite aerogels showed that WO3–SiO2 composite aerogels realized the comprehensive utilization of the adsorption and photocatalysis, and the composite aerogels with high W content exhibited excellent adsorption performance and visible light photocatalytic activity. At last, the mechanism of synthesis of WO3–SiO2 composite aerogels by combustion drying technology was discussed. The results provide a new technical solution for the synthesis of composite aerogels photocatalysts.

Transparent, Heat-Resistant, Ductile, and Self-Reinforced Polylactide through Simultaneous Formation of Nanocrystals and an Oriented Amorphous Phase

Imparting polylactide (PLA) films with great heat resistance, transparency, and balanced mechanical performance simultaneous is a big challenge in academia and industry due to mutual exclusiveness of properties. In this work, a newfound strategy that combines elongational stress field and thermal field is proposed to reorganize the crystalline and amorphous structure of PLA films. It is discovered that the oriented PLA films with high draw ratios form a unique structure of the oriented amorphous phase restricted by the oriented nanosized crystal during thermal treatment at an appropriate temperature. Superb stiffness–toughness balance of the film is achieved as the elongation at break increases from 16 to 91.9% after the thermal treatment at 150 °C, while the yield strength increases from 50.0 to 76.0 MPa. It is worth noting that the PLA film also has excellent transparency, i.e., a transmittance as high as 86.6% (550 nm), owing to crystallites formed on the nanometer scale. Excellent heat resistance is also obtained, with the onset decline temperature increasing from 63.7 (for the unstructured casting film) to 77.1 °C due to increased crystallinity. Furthermore, a new understanding of the orientation of the amorphous phase promoted by the confinement effect to the toughening of PLA is obtained, and a phenomenal model for the thermal-treatment-induced toughening effect is proposed. This work could provide a significant guidance for the facile preparation of a PLA film with promising comprehensive properties of toughness–stiffness balance, high transparency, and good heat resistance.

Performance optimization of Ce:YAG sapphire films for high power density white laser-driven lighting applications

To withstand higher power density (PD), exhibit higher luminous efficiency (LE), use in smaller size and lower cost has become the direction of solid-state lighting technology. In the face of high-density laser irradiation and strong thermal shock, improving the performance of color conversion materials related to laser illumination has become a research hotspot. In this study, The Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ phosphor-in-glass film (Ce:YAG-PiF) was obtained by scraping method. The optimized Ce: YAG-PiF external quantum efficiency (EQE) reaches 74.7%, closing to the phosphor (EQE = 78.47%). Excitingly, at 573 K, the thermal conductivity of sample remains at 9.47 W m−1 K−1. Besides, the sample has an ultra-high LE of 256 lm/W @ 32.47 W/mm2. After recombining with the red phosphor CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ (CASN), the color rendering index (CRI) is 84.6, the correlation color temperature (CCT) is 5594 K, and the LE is 192.91 lm/W @ 39.87 W/mm2. More importantly, the relative intensity of laser module packaged by Ce:YAG & CASN-PiF decreased by 15% when tested at 4 W for 24 h. Besides, the packaged laser flashlight has good collimation within a visible illuminance. All the results show that the prepared sample can maintain high emission intensity at high laser PD and have a good heat resistance, which is a promising color conversion material in the field of solid-state laser illumination.

Preparation of degradable amphoteric surfactant and property evaluation of clean fracturing fluid

AbstractThe main agent of clean fracturing fluid, cationic quaternary ammonium salt surfactant, is difficult to degrade in natural conditions because of its long alkyl chain. In this study, a biodegradable amphoteric surfactant, stearate sulfobetaine (SESB), was synthesized by esterification of long‐chain stearic acid and N,N‐dimethyl ethanolamine followed by quaternization to serve as the main agent of clean fracturing fluid. The structure of the synthetic degradable surfactant was verified by infrared and 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. In addition, a series of indoor performance evaluations were carried out, including shear resistance, viscoelasticity, sand carrying capacity, and gel‐breaking performance. A series of experimental evaluations showed that the clean fracturing fluid prepared with 2% SESB and 0.4% EDTA‐4Na had an excellent comprehensive performance. The apparent viscosity was higher than 50 mPa s at 80°C for a shear rate of 170 s−1. It has good heat and shear resistance performance. In addition, the system processed high shear stability and recovery at room temperature. According to the viscoelastic test, the system mainly relies on elasticity to carry sand. The static settling velocity of sand was 0.042 mm/s under high‐temperature conditions of 95°C.

Organic phthalocyanine derivatives for NIR reflective coatings

Urban heat island effects are mainly caused by near infrared region (NIR) thermal radiation (700–2500 nm) produced by sunlight. To reduce accumulation of heat, cooling paintings containing NIR reflective pigments is one possible solution. In this research, 4-tert-butyl phthalocyanines were synthesized through environmentally friendly solvent-free methods. The NIR reflective behaviors could be readily tuned through modification of phthalocyanines structures, and it was found out that the distribution state of the electron in d orbit plays a key role in determining the intensity of NIR reflectance. 4-tert-butyl Cu(II) phthalocyanine showed the highest total solar reflectance (73 %) among all synthesized phthalocyanines, and It exhibited good heat resistance, weathering stability. Eventually, the film prepared by mixing polydimethylsiloxane and 4-tert-butyl Cu(II) phthalocyanine (PDMS-Pc) showed a temperature difference of 7.5 °C compared to pure polydimethylsiloxane film in the model house study, demonstrating potential applications as cooling coatings. This cooling coating material can reduce the energy consumption caused by cooling equipment such as air conditioners which will achieve energy conservation in the future.

Removal of RE3+, Cs+, Sr2+, Ba2+ from molten salt electrolyte by precipitation and solidification of glass-ceramics

Glass-ceramic is considered as a promising material for processing high-level radioactive waste. In order to treat the waste salt produced after electrolytic refining, the ceramics REPO4, Cs3PO4 and Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 were prepared. The analysis results indicated that RE and Cs were fixed in the ceramic lattice of REPO4 and Cs3PO4, and Sr and Ba were fixed in ceramic lattice of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, the Cl− from salt was fixed in the lattice of sodalite. Phosphate ceramics had good heat resistance, and Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 a dense tetrahedral structure. These ceramics were jointly embedded in borosilicate and iron phosphate glass, respectively. The maximum embedding rate of mixture of salt containing ceramics and zeolite 4A in the two glass matrices could reach 30 wt.%. To investigated the stability of the two types of glass-ceramics, the leaching rate of each element was measured, which indicated that all elements had good leaching resistance on the 28th day.

Research on diffusion wear mechanism of WC tool cutting Al2024 based on MD

Al2024 belongs to a typical Al-Cu-Mg series alloy. It has the advantages of high-strength, low-specific gravity, stress resistance, corrosion resistance, good heat resistance, and high fatigue resistance. It is widely used in aerospace, automobiles, ships, chemicals, and other fields. Aluminum alloys play a pivotal role in industry and manufacturing. Cemented carbide tools are often used in the processing of aluminum alloys, and diffusion wear is prone to occur during the processing. It is of great significance to study the diffusion phenomenon of WC tools in the process of cutting aluminum alloys for improving tool life and workpiece surface machining accuracy. In this paper, based on the molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method, the WC tool and the Al2024 model were established, the Morse potential parameters between the tool and the workpiece atoms were calculated, and the diffusion wear mechanism of the WC tool in the process of cutting Al2024 was studied. Through the displacement nephogram in the tool-worker X direction, it is found that the workpiece atoms have a tendency to diffuse to the tool. Using the mean square displacement (MSD) method, the diffusion velocities of Al, Cu, and Mg atoms in the workpiece were obtained. The results show that the activation energy of atomic vacancies at the grain boundary is smaller than that at the lattice, and the Al, Cu, and Mg atoms at the grain boundary of the workpiece are more likely to diffuse, and the diffusion rate of Mg atoms is the fastest. The total energy of single atoms in the cutting process was analyzed, and it was found that the energy required for Al, Cu, and Mg elements at the grain boundary of the workpiece to diffuse into the WC tool and the energy required for the Mg and Al elements at the workpiece lattice to diffuse into the WC tool were satisfied.

Enhanced crystallization, heat resistance and transparency of poly(lactic acid) with self-assembling bis-amide nucleator

The application of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is limited by its low crystallization rate. Conventional methods to increase crystallization rate usually result in a significant loss of transparency. In this work, a bundled bis-amide organic compound N′-(3-(hydrazinyloxy)benzoyl)-1-naphthohydrazide (HBNA) was used as a nucleator to prepare PLA/HBNA blends with enhanced crystallization, heat resistance and transparency. HBNA dissolves in PLA matrix at high temperature and self-assembles into bundle microcrystals by intermolecular hydrogen bonding at a lower temperature, which induces PLA to form ample spherulites and “shish-kebab-like” structure rapidly. The effects of HBNA assembling behavior and nucleation activity on the PLA properties and the corresponding mechanism are systematically investigated. As a result, the crystallization temperature of PLA increased from 90 °C to 123 °C by adding as low as 0.75 wt% of HBNA, and the half-crystallization time (t1/2) at 135 °C decreased from 31.0 min to 1.5 min. More importantly, the PLA/HBNA maintains good transparency (transmittance > 75 % and haze is ca. 27 %) due to the decreased crystal size, even though the crystallinity of PLA is increased to 40 %, which also led to good heat resistance. The present work is expected to expand the application of PLA in packaging and other fields.

Tough and Excellent Heat-Resistant Semiaromatic Polyamide Elastomer Containing Hierarchical Bonds: Synthesis and Synergistic Molecular Design

Thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) presenting outstanding mechanical properties and good heat resistance can serve as superior performers for engineering fields in elevated temperatures. However, there are no suitable polyamide elastomers that can comprehensively meet these requirements. Here, two kinds of isomeric diamines were used to regulate structure and performance for TPAEs, and newly synthesized TPAEs were constructed with hard segments containing strong bonds and weak bonds, which satisfy the demands of application in elevated temperatures. The results show that the melting temperature (Tm) and Vicat softening temperature (VST) of the resultant elastomers increase with the ratio of p-xylylenediamine (PXD) with a polyamide-rich phase increase. Meanwhile, when 60% of PXD was introduced, the TPAE exhibits an excellent tensile strength (34.8 MPa), toughness (157.8 MJ/m3), and Young’s modulus (86.1 MPa), which are much superior to the commercial product Pebax@5533 (tensile strength, 25.7 MPa; toughness, 133.3 MJ/m3; Young’s modulus, 71.5 MPa). In particular, it is worth mentioning that in contrast with the Pebax@5533 sample the TPAE-60% sample exhibits much better heat resistance and mechanical property stability in elevated temperatures. This work provides a facile method to develop high-performance TPAE materials by a synergistic molecular design in hard segments and paves the way for the development of ultraheat-resistant and tough TPAE elastomers, which can be applied in the sealing field especially for harsh conditions (such as high temperature and high stress).

Tannin-based wood adhesive with good water resistance crosslinked by hexanediamine

As a biomass material, tannins are used in the preparation of wood adhesives, but their poor strength and water resistance has greatly limited their application. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare tannin-based wood adhesives with good water resistance. In the present study, tannin and hexanediamine were simply mixed at room temperature to prepare tannin-hexanediamine (TH) adhesive and then used to prepare plywood. Effects of mass ratio of hexanediamine to tannin and pH value of TH adhesive are studied. The results indicating the effects of mass ratio and pH value are apparent on shear strength. When the mass ratio is above 25 % and the pH value is above 9, the plywood shows good water resistance. Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used to determine the structures of TH adhesive, confirmed the reaction between tannin and hexanediamine to form macromolecules. Simultaneous thermal analyzer (TG–DSC) and Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) are used to analyze the thermal properties, indicate TH resin contains a good storage module and heat resistance. Therefore, with its good shear strength and water resistance, this newly developed tannin-based adhesive has the potential to application in wood-based panel industry, as an alternative of formaldehyde-based adhesive.

Effect of lanthanum on thermal and mechanical properties of modified polyvinyl chloride film

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hybrid film containing cerium, tin and folic acid modified nano titanium dioxide is a new functional material with good compatibility, light resistance and heat resistance. In this work, the PVC hybrid film was prepared by replacing cerium with lanthanum. The hybrid film was characterized by thermogravimetric infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile strength and thermal aging. The results show that the initial thermal stability of the hybrid film containing lanthanum is slightly higher than that of the control sample (conversion α < 1.9%). For the same gaseous component plasticizer, the peak intensity of the ester based infrared characteristic group is higher than that of the hybrid film containing lanthanum, indicating that the intermolecular force between lanthanum and plasticizer is greater than that of cerium. In the range of 350 °C–575 °C and the wave number range of 2850–3100 cm−1, the peak height of the lanthanum containing film is significantly higher than that of the control sample, which may be due to the difference of the outer layer electrons. The peak intensity of O and C atoms on the surface of the hybrid film containing lanthanum is significantly lower than that of the control sample, indicating that the surface relative concentration of lanthanum atoms is lower than that of cerium atoms. The surface roughness RMS of the hybrid film containing lanthanum is significantly lower than that of the organic tin film, which is the result of the attraction between folic acid modified TiO2, lanthanum and tin and the carbon chlorine bond in PVC. It has the function of a potential ultrafiltration membrane. In addition, the hybrid film containing 1phr lanthanum shows good energy storage modulus and low temperature resistance. The prepared hybrid film shows the characteristics of a potential multi-functional material.

Research Progress on Multi-Component Alloying and Heat Treatment of High Strength and Toughness Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Aluminum Alloys.

Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast aluminum alloys have important applications in automobile lightweight due to their advantages such as high strength-to-weight ratio, good heat resistance and excellent casting performance. With the increasing demand for strength and toughness of automotive parts, the development of high strength and toughness Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast aluminum alloys is one of the effective measures to promote the application of cast aluminum alloys in the automotive industry. In this paper, the research progress of improving the strength and toughness of Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast aluminum alloys was described from the aspects of multi-component alloying and heat treatment based on the strengthening mechanism of Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast aluminum alloys. Finally, the development prospects of automotive lightweight Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast aluminum alloys is presented.

Research, test and evaluate fireproof materials for mixed solid fuels operating reliably in the temperature range -50÷50oC

This article presents experiment results on the manufacture of the flame retardant sheath for the based-rubber solid fuel bar-nitrile butadiene rubber NBR26. The flame retardant sheath is specified by high mechanical strength (tensile strength 19.2 MPa), good solvent resistance (swelling capacity in toluene 19.5%), good heat and cold resistance ensuring the working capability of the mixed solid fuel bar in the temperature range (-50÷50oC). The product’s calorific effect is high (over 3000oC) during the period of up to 12 s according to the design document. The results of this experiment play an important role in the development of the rocket industry in general and the mixed rocket solid fuel industry in particular in Vietnam in the next period.

Achieving superior dispersion-strengthening effect in an AA5xxx Al-Mg-Mn alloy by mico-alloying

5xxx Al-Mg based alloys are widely applied as non-heat-treatable alloys. In this work, we designed a dispersion-strengthening Al-4Mg-1Mn-0.3Fe-0.2Si-0.2Zr-0.2Cr (wt.%) alloy. By applying ramp heating and 400 °C isothermal aging, a significant dispersion-strengthening effect through the formation of various types of dispersoids was achieved. Detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed the precipitation behaviors of nanoscale Mn-rich dispersoids and Al3Zr nanoparticles during heat treatments. As a result, an increment of 48 MPa in yield strength was obtained compared with the reference 5182 alloy. Meanwhile, the modified alloy shows a good heat resistance at 400 °C with little loss of yield strength until 200 h of heating. This has been attributed to the further precipitation of Al3Zr particles which counteracts the coarsening of Mn-rich dispersoids. Moreover, the addition of peritectic element Cr was found to significantly promote the precipitation of Al6(Mn,Fe,Cr) in dendritic center regions, thus improving their global distribution across dendrite arms. The presence of dense dispersoids can also improve the recrystallization resistance of the deformed alloy during annealing, thus retaining the deformation fiber structure and significantly retarding the recrystallization behavior. This research demonstrates an effective strategy to develop high-performance 5xxx series alloys strengthened via dispersoids.

Preparation of fluorinated epoxy‐phthalonitrile resins with excellent thermal stability and low dielectric constant

AbstractFluoropolymers find applications in heat‐resistant cables, chemical‐resistant linings, electronic components, cladding materials, and weather‐resistant films. Therefore, it is imperative to improve their temperature resistance level and dielectric properties. In this study, a series of new fluorinated epoxy‐phthalonitrile resins with different mass ratios were prepared by adding phthalonitrile to the epoxy resin matrix, followed by a two‐step reaction of the amine with the epoxy resin at low temperature, and then by the reaction of the nitrile with the epoxy resin and the nitrile group at high temperature. The thermal stability and thermal oxidation stability of the cured products were improved; the initial decomposition temperature for 5% weight loss in air was 375.3°C, indicating good heat resistance performance. In addition, the glass transition temperature and storage modulus of the fluorinated epoxy‐phthalonitrile resins cured products increased with an increase in phthalonitrile content. The storage modulus remained above 1500 MPa until 150°C. The glass transition temperature of fluorinated epoxy‐phthalonitrile resins (at a mass ratio of 5:5) was 180°C, much higher than that of the epoxy resin (which was 140°C). Moreover, the dielectric constant of fluorinated phthalonitrile‐epoxy resin (5:5 mass ratio) was 2.01, which was 39.63% lower than that of fluorinated epoxy resin. The thermoset matrix has potential applications in the fabrication of a variety of low dielectric constant composites for electronic device related industries.

Stereoselective Polymerization of Aromatic Vinyl Polar Monomers

AbstractPolar vinyl polymers, a class of polymers with polar groups as side chains, have significant advantages over conventional nonpolar polyolefin materials in terms of viscosity, toughness, interfacial properties (dyeability and printability), and compatibility with solvents or other polymers. Among them, aromatic polar vinyl polymers are of interest because of their good heat resistance properties. In addition, stereoselective polymerization of aromatic polar vinyl monomers has been rapidly developed because the steric structure of the polymer has a significant impact on its physical properties. In this paper, we review the research progress of stereoselective polymerization catalysts for aromatic polar vinyl monomers in recent years, discuss in detail the influence of ligand structure, electronic effect of substituents, spatial site resistance effect, central rare earth metal species and polymerization solvents on the activity and stereoselectivity of polymerization reactions, and explore the possible mechanism of polymerization reaction.

Microstructure and morphology of the soldering interface of Sn–2.0Ag–1.5Zn low Ag content lead-free solder ball and different substrates

Eutectic Sn–Ag–Cu lead-free solder has limited applications due to cost and reliability issues. Sn–Ag–Zn solder has the advantages of low melting point, good mechanical properties and reliable welding interface. However, the research system of low silver content Sn–Ag–Zn solder is incomplete. In this paper, Sn–2.0Ag–1.5Zn low silver content alloy solder is soldered to different substrates. The interfacial reaction after soldering and the microstructure and reliability under different aging treatment conditions are studied. Sn–2.0Ag–1.5Zn solder is made into solder balls by direct melting method. The solder balls are placed in a solder strength tester to be heated and welded to the substrate, and then the solder joints are placed in a heating furnace for aging treatment. The results show that the solder is soldered to the bare Cu substrate, and a dense double-layer Intermetallic Compound (IMC) structure of Cu5Zn8 and Ag3Sn is formed at the interface after aging treatment. The double-layer structure blocks each other, limiting the development of copper-tin IMCs. The solder is soldered with the Cu substrate electroplated with Ni barrier layer, and the soldering interface forms a thin layer of Ni3Sn4 metal compound. After aging for 1000 h, the thickness of Ni3Sn4 is about 1 μm, the thickness of Ni barrier layer is kept at 2–3 μm, and the barrier effect of Ni barrier layer is stable. Sn–2.0Ag–1.5Zn solder has excellent loss performance in long aging treatment. It has good heat-resistance aging treatment, good quality of solder connection, high interface reliability and less environmental pollution. The low silver content in Sn–2.0Ag–1.5Zn solder results in a significant cost reduction. Coarse IMC Ag3Sn is not easily formed. The optimized ratio of Ag and Zn in Sn–2.0Ag–1.5Zn solder improves the strength and toughness of the solder joint. The performance has been improved, and it is a very promising alloy solder.

Multifunctional MXene-based composite films with simultaneous terahertz/gigahertz wave shielding performance for future 6G communication

The MXene/polyaramid composite film displays strong EMI shielding performance in both terahertz and gigahertz bands, ultrahigh tensile strength, good heat resistance and excellent harsh-environment stability.

Preparation and characterization of diphenyl silicone rubber/microfiber glass wool composite thermal control films.

Innovative research on the development of thermal control films for spacecraft surfaces is presented. A hydroxy-terminated random copolymer of dimethylsiloxane-diphenylsiloxane (PPDMS) was prepared from hydroxy silicone oil and diphenylsilylene glycol by a condensation reaction, and then liquid diphenyl silicone rubber base material (denoted as PSR) was obtained by adding hydrophobic silica. Microfiber glass wool (MGW) with a fiber diameter of ∼3 μm was added to the liquid PSR base material, which upon solidifying at room temperature, formed a 100 μm thick PSR/MGW composite film. The infrared radiation properties, solar absorption, thermal conductivity, and thermal dimensional stability of the film were evaluated. Moreover, the dispersion of the MGW in the rubber matrix was confirmed by optical microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The PSR/MGW films exhibited a glass transition temperature of -106 °C, thermal decomposition temperature exceeding 410 °C, and low α/ε values. The homogeneous distribution of MGW in the PSR thin film resulted in a notable reduction in its linear expansion coefficient, as well as its thermal diffusion coefficient. Consequently, it exhibited a significant capacity for thermal insulation and retention. For the sample with 5 wt% of MGW, the linear expansion coefficient and thermal diffusion coefficient at 200 °C were reduced to 0.53% and 2.703 mm s-2, respectively. Thus, the PSR/MGW composite film has good heat-resistance stability and low-temperature endurance, along with low α/ε values and excellent dimensional stability. Additionally, it facilitates effective thermal insulation and temperature control, and can be an ideal material for thermal control coatings on spacecraft surfaces.

3D printing of a recycled copolyester of terephthalic acid, cyclohexanedimethanol and tetramethylcyclobutanediol

2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol (TMCD) is a diol monomer for terephthalic acid (TPA) class of copolyesters that can increase the glass transition temperature and mechanical strength in comparison to conventional TPA polyesters. TMCD-modified poly (1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCTT) has been used to manufacture consumer products with good toughness, heat resistance and clarity. However, the suitability of PCTT in 3D printing had not been evaluated. Therefore, consumer plasticware was used as the starting material to investigate the suitability of this copolyester for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Chemical structure, mechanical properties, thermal behavior and viscoelastic properties of this copolyester were studied. NMR spectroscopy found that the copolyester had cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and TMCD contents at 76.5 mol% and 20 mol% of total diol, respectively. 280 °C printing temperature and 110 °C bed temperature were suitable conditions for printing. Tg of PCTT was 103 °C (25 °C higher than PETG). Young's modulus and impact strength of printed PCTT were at least 100% and 65% higher than printed PETG, respectively. The ease of printing, superior mechanical properties and Tg (103 °C) make the PCTT random copolyester highly applicable in additive manufacturing.