Good Dissolution Research Articles

Doping Mn2+ in a New Layered Halide Double Perovskite PPA4NaInCl8 (PPA+ = C6H5(CH2)3NH3+): Dimensional Reduction Accelerating Mn2+ Dissolution and Separation for Efficient Light Emission

AbstractMn2+‐activated halide double perovskites (HDPs) are found to show promising luminescent behavior and have great potential for optoelectronic applications. However, such interesting materials hitherto are only limited to compounds with a monotonous three‐dimensional structure and show a low photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Herein, an Mn2+‐doped two‐dimensional (2D) layered HDP PPA4NaInCl8 (PPA+ = C6H5(CH2)3NH3+) showing promising photoluminescence properties is reported. The large separation between the adjacent inorganic sheets and the good dissolution of Mn2+ in the layered structure endow PPA4NaInCl8:Mn2+ with efficient red emission and a record PLQY of 69.90%. The spectroscopic analyses and density functional theory calculations indicate that the inherent absorption and luminescence stem from the inserted organic cations PPA+ in PPA4NaInCl8. An energy transfer process occurs between the singlet excitons from PPA+ and Mn2+, resulting in tunable emission accompanied by the variation of Mn2+ concentration. These results provide several new fundamental insights on doping and doped 2D layered HDPs, which enhances the understanding of structure−property relations in this important family.

Partial Replacement of Dimethylformamide with Less Toxic Solvents in the Fabrication Process of Mixed-Halide Perovskite Films

The technology of perovskite solar cells (PSC) is getting close to breaching the consumer market. Yet, one of the current challenges is to reduce the toxicity during their fabrication by reducing the use of the toxic solvents involved in the perovskite fabrication process. A good solubilization of lead halides used in hybrid perovskite preparation is required, and it is only possible with polar solvents. A mixture of dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the most popular solvent combination for a perovskite precursor solution. DMF is necessary to ensure a good dissolution of lead iodide, but it is also the most toxic solvent. In this paper, we study the replacement of the dimethylformamide with presumably less toxic alternatives, such as N-methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) and ethyl acetate (EA), for the preparation of the K0.1FA0.7MA0.2PbI2.8Cl0.2 (KFAMA) hybrid perovskite. The perovskite thin films were investigated by various characterization techniques: X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy, while the photovoltaic parameters were determined by measuring the IV curves of the corresponding solar cells. The present study shows that by keeping the same deposition parameters as when only DMF solvent is used, the partial solvent substitution with NMP and EA gives promising results for reducing the toxicity of the fabrication process of KFAMA-based PSCs. Thus, with no specific optimization of the deposition process, and for the maximum possible partial substitution of DMF with NMP and EA solvents, the loss in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) value is only 35% and 18%, respectively, associated with the more structural defects promoted by NMP and EA.

Study on dissolution behavior in vitro of an osteoporosis treatment drug: eldecalcitol soft capsule

Objective：To establish a method for the dissolutions profile determination of Eldecalcitol softgels, evaluate the in vitro dissolutions behavior between domestic Eldecalcitol soft capsules and the original preparation。Methods：The effects of different stirring apparatus, different dissolutions medium, different agitation speeds on the dissolutions behavior of Eldecalcitol soft capsules were investigated, cumulative dissolutions were calculated by measuring the dissolutions samples with HPLC-MS/MS method. Results：The dissolutions test of Eldecalcitol soft capsules was carried out by rotating basket method, agitation speed of 75 rpm, temperature of 37℃ in four mediums。Conclusion：This dissolutions method can be effectively applied to the dissolutions test of soft Eldecalcitol capsules. and the selected generics have good dissolution consistency with the original drugs. Keywords：Eldecalcitol soft capsules；dissolutions method；dissolutions behavior；consistency evaluation

Nano-Spray-Dried Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride with Mucoadhesive Carriers and Cyclodextrins for Nasal Administration

Antihistamines such as levocetirizine dihydrochloride (LC) are commercially used in oral tablets and oral drops to reduce allergic symptoms. In this study, LC was nano-spray-dried using three mucoadhesive polymers and four cyclodextrin species to form composite powders for nasal administration. The product was composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose polymer, including LC as a zwitterion, after neutralization by NaOH, and XRD investigations verified its amorphous state. This and a sulfobutylated-beta-cyclodextrin sodium salt-containing sample showed crystal peaks due to NaCl content as products of the neutralization reaction in the solutions before drying. The average particle size of the spherical microparticles was between 2.42 and 3.44 µm, except for those containing a polyvinyl alcohol excipient, which were characterized by a medium diameter of 29.80 µm. The drug was completely and immediately liberated from all the samples at pH 5.6 and 32 °C; i.e., the carriers did not change the good dissolution behavior of LC. A permeability test was carried out by dipping the synthetic cellulose ester membrane in isopropyl myristate using modified horizontal diffusion cells. The spray-dried powder with β-cyclodextrin showed the highest permeability (188.37 µg/cm2/h), as this additive was the least hydrophilic. Products prepared with other cyclodextrins (randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylated-beta-cyclodextrin sodium salt and (hydroxypropyl)-beta-cyclodextrin) showed similar or slightly higher penetration abilities than LC. Other polymer excipients resulted in lower penetration of the active agent than the pure LC.

Investigation of sludge disintegration using vortex cavitation circulating fluidised grinding technology

Waste-activated sludge (WAS) is regarded as a source of hazardous waste pollution from sewage treatment plants. To efficiently deal with WAS, vortex cavitation circulating fluidised grinding technology (VCCFGT) was proposed as a novel circulating fluidisation technology (CFT) to disintegrate WAS. To be specific, we investigated the effects of disintegration duration, pressure, and filling ratio of mill balls on sludge disintegration. The results of chemical and physical evaluation showed that the values of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), disintegration degree (DDSCOD), DNA, protein, carbohydrate, and NH4+-N increased with the increase in the filling ratio of the mill balls. Under a pressure and filling ratio of 0.30 MPa and 1.6%, respectively, the maximum effect was achieved after 60 min of treatment. Compared to those in the treatment without mill balls, the values of SCOD, DDSCOD, DNA, protein, carbohydrate, and NH4+-N in the treatment using mill balls increased by 218, 229, 230, 177, 371, and 190%, respectively. As a result of this technology, the temperature of the sludge dramatically increased, rising approximately 42.9 °C. Compared to that of the raw sludge, the sludge particle size after treatment was reduced by 83.25% at most, and the morphology of the sludge comprised smaller flocs. Compared to that of the ball-milling method, the mill balls filling ratio of VCCFGT reduced by 93.60–98.12%. Compared to that of sludge disintegration by the vortex cavitation method, VCCFGT indicating good disintegration degree (increased by 229%) and economic feasibility. VCCFGT has good application prospects for sludge disintegration. The main mechanisms of sludge disintegration and organic release include centrifugal force, grinding, shear force, cavitation, and cyclic fatigue effects, among which grinding plays a leading role. This study concluded that CFT can effectively disintegrate sludge flocs and disrupt bacterial cell walls.

Effect of natural binder (okra, wheat, fragrantmanjak) concentration on thehardness and disintegration time of tablet

Binders are added in tablet formulation to increase the inter-particulate bonding strength with in the tablet. Binders are promoting the ingredient in a tablet to mix together.The main aim of this work to formulate a new excipient that is fragrant manjakfor future use as binding agent in tablet formulation, also check their effect on tablet concentration and disintegration time. Binder is employed to impact cohesiveness to the granules. Natural binder like different starch, gum, mucilage, dried fruit possesses binding capacity as well as some other properties like filter, disintegration and natural polymer are safe and economical than polymer like PVP.In this research work we evaluate the adhesion ability of fragrant manjak which had a good property as tablet binder. By this purpose fragrant manjak used as binder. Estimate for their properties including hardness, friability and disintegration rate. The prepared by fragrant manjak having a good disintegration time. These study concluded that fragrant manjak having a good binding ability. It could be used as binder in pharmaceutical industries.

Formulation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Tablet of Irbesartan

The main aim of present work was to formulate and evaluate controlled release matrix tablets of Irbesartan. It releases drugs at fixed and expected rate in a controlled manner either by dissolution and diffusion control mechanism. The matrix tablet was prepared by wet granulation method using by various concentration of HPMC and ethyl cellulose with combination of various release retardant polymer. The powder mixtures were subjected to various pre- compression parameters such as angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density and Carr’s index shows satisfactory result and the compressed tablets are evaluated for post- compression parameters such as weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, drug content and in- vitro dissolution studies. In- vitro dissolution studies were carried out for 24 hours using 0.1N HCL for first 2 hours and ph 6.8 phosphate buffers for 24 hours and the result showed that formulations F3 and F4 show good dissolution profile to control the drug release respectively. The drug content of the formulation was determined by using 0.1 N HCL at 262nm. The drug content was maximum with formulation F5 and minimum with formulation F3.

Isolation, Characterization of Banana Starch and its Evaluation as a Disintegrating Agent in Dispersible Lornoxicam Tablet

Objective: The present study was designed to isolate, characterize, formulate, and evaluate the disintegration properties of banana starch in dispersible Lornoxicam tablet formulation. Methods: The alkaline extraction method used sodium hydroxide as a lye solution to isolate starch from unripe banana fruit. Starch was subjected to characterization for physicochemical properties, viscosity and flow properties, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray crystallography (XRD) study. Flow properties of starch were determined as per the standard procedure. Tablets were formulated by a wet granulation method using starch as a disintegrant, and the in-vitro release characteristic of the prepared tablets was analyzed. Different concentrations of isolated starch were studied for disintegrating properties compared to corn starch. Results: Studies indicate that starch obtained is qualitatively and quantitatively comparable to corn starch. SEM, FTIR, DSC and XRD data confirmed the polysaccharide nature of the starch. The physicochemical properties of starch passed the prescribed evaluation tests for tablets. These tablets also confirmed the disintegration and dissolution specifications as per Indian Pharmacopoeia. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that starch obtained from banana shows qualitatively and quantitatively good disintegration characteristics compared to corn starch. These tablets also confirmed a significant degree of dissolution as per the standards. Evaluations also specified that banana starch possesses acceptable disintegrating characteristics compared to corn starch and can be used as a disintegrant in tablet formulation.

Preparation and characterization of astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules and its application in effervescent tablets.

Astaxanthin is a type of keto-carotene with potential health benefits. However, astaxanthin has poor solubility and stability, resulting in its low oral bio-availability. Microcapsules can be used to improve the water solubility, stability and oral bio-availability of lipophilic bioactive compounds. Effervescent tablets can further improve the stability, smell and taste of microcapsules, and are more easily accepted by consumers. Astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules were prepared by layer-by-layer assembly and freeze-drying technologies. Sodium caseinate and κ-carrageenan were applied as wall materials. The prepared microcapsules had good flow properties and encapsulation efficiencies (> 85%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that the mechanisms of layer-by-layer self-assembly between sodium caseinate and κ-carrageenan might be electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding. The preparation process and excipients did not affect the antioxidant effect of astaxanthin. The in vitro simulated digestion study showed that microcapsules were mainly dissolved and digested in the simulated intestinal solution. Compared with its raw material, microencapsulation could improve the bio-accessibility of astaxanthin greatly. Then, astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules were incorporated into effervescent tablets by wet granulation and tablet-pressing methods. The dissolution of astaxanthin from effervescent tablets was over 90% in 2h, which indicated a good dissolution effect. A cytotoxicity study revealed that astaxanthin loaded effervescent tablets had a good biocompatibility. Encapsulating astaxanthin-loaded microcapsules in effervescent tablets can improve its chemical stability. Effervescent tablets containing microcapsules could be used to improve the solubility, stability and bio-accessibility of lipophilic bioactive compounds. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Predictive solubility of amino acids in deep eutectic solvents for chicken feather waste valorisation

Waste chicken feathers can be potentially utilized by its dissolution in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to extract keratin. Keratin in chicken feathers is composed by a series of amino acids which can be categorized into negatively charged, positively charged, hydrophobic and hydrophilic natures. As the DESs are also composed by polar and non-polar moieties, their capability to dissolve amino acids needs to be investigated. In this study, the relative solubility of these amino acids in DESs were screened using Conductor-like Screening Method for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). Five DESs were selected from literature as the targeted solvents, i.e., choline chloride:urea (ChCl:Ur (1:2)), choline chloride:oxalic acid (ChCl:OA (1:2)), choline chloride:ethylene glycol (ChCl:EG (1:2)), sodium acetate:urea (NaAc:Ur (1:2)) and urea:acetate (Ur:Ace (1:2)), to dissolve amino acids in keratin according to the reported compositions. Additionally, the performance of these DESs were benchmarked with other common volatile organic solvents. It was found that the hydrophobic amino acids, particularly cystine, are highly soluble in ChCl:Ur (1:2), ChCl:OA (1:2) and Ur:Ace (1:2). The selected DESs were also predicted to have good dissolution capacity towards the hydrophobic amino acids. It was concluded that the use of DESs in dissolution and extraction of keratin provides more flexible dissolving capability and more environmentally friendly compared to the conventional organic or acidic solvents. This study provides positive insights on the potential of valorising chicken waste feathers using DESs.

Optimized Rapid Disintegrating Tablets produced through Central Composite Design

Abstract The work is aimed at producing fast disintegrating diclofenac potassium tablets to relieve pain and tenderness by applying a quality-by-design approach. Diclofenac potassium (DP) is of BCS class II and has issues of minimal oral bioavailability. This can be overcome by complexing DP with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG). The attempt was to optimize DP tablets by applying central composite design (CCD). Nine different DP tablet formulations were created and assessed for physicochemical constraints, disintegration time and drug dissolution at the end of 30 min. The separate and mutual consequences of β-CD and SSG on the disintegration time of DP tablets are highly significant (P<0.01). The DP tablets made with β-CD in 150 mg disintegrated rapidly within 39±2 sec, and gave very rapid drug dissolution (96.35±2.36%) at the end of 30 min. These DP tablets (F-8) contain β-CD (150 mg) and SSG at 32.07 mg. The intermittent levels of β-CD and higher levels of SSG gave good dissolution of DP tablets. The polynomial equation linking the response, i.e. disintegration time in sec (Y1) and the levels of β-CD (A) and SSG (B) based on the pragmatic results, is Y1=45-3.14277A- 2.46599B-1.25AB+1.75A2-0.5B2. In contrast, the DP release at the end of 30 min was expressed as Y2 = 88.57 + 4.09333A + 3.27837B + 1.2525AB - 2A2 + 0.8875B2. The study concludes that SSG decreases the disintegration time with its concentration and β-CD concentration ingresses the drug release from the formulation.

A microscopic computational model based on particle dynamics and evolutionary algorithm for the prediction of gas solubility in polymers

Solubility is one of the key physicochemical properties of foaming materials and plastic membrane materials, which are commonly used in the processing, preparation, and modification of various new materials. It is challenging to develop a good dissolution behavior calculation model. A novel particle dynamics evolutionary algorithm (DP-PD-EA) is developed to simulate the movement of molecules in the process of dissolution at the microscopic scale. DP-PD-EA deeply combines particle dynamics with evolutionary algorithm so that particles evolve iteratively under the action of the potential energy field. The prediction experiments of the solubility of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) in three polymers confirmed that DP-PD-EA had the better prediction performances than other models. The proposed model can be used in the solubility calculation of foaming materials and has theoretical and practical values in many fields, such as the prediction of physical/chemical properties and the calculation of multi-scale theory.

Physico-mechanical and durability properties of new eco-material based on blast furnace slag activated by Moroccan diatomite gel.

Natural diatomite, an amorphous siliceous rock, was used as a source of silica for the synthesis of a silicate gel to replace commercial sodium silicate gel in the synthesis of geopolymers from blast furnace slag at room temperature. Nine diatomite gels were synthesized by varying the diatomite content in the gel by 0, 10, and 15% and the NaOH molarity by 6M, 8M, and 10M. The chemico-mineralogical and microstructural characterization results of the elaborated geopolymers showed that the blast furnace slag activation by diatomite gel under optimal conditions (8M NaOH molarity and 10% diatomite) leads to a good dissolution and polycondensation of the precursor by forming amorphous gels of C-A-S-H type, as well as the mineral phase hydrotalcite, which are the same geopolymerization products detected in the case of the use of conventional silicate gel, and consequently, the obtaining of a geopolymer with interesting physical-mechanical characteristics: compressive strength of 42MPa, density of 1. 61g/cm3, ultrasonic pulse velocity of 3855m/s. Thus, this new approach used in this work proved to be successful in reducing the cost and environmental impact of geopolymers.

Optimization of Cyclodextrin Loaded Lornoxicam Fast Dissolving Tablets Using Box- Behnken Design

The present investigation was undertaken in the design and evaluation of fast dissolving tablets of the Non-Steroidal antiinflammatory drug Lornoxicam. Lornoxicam is an orally bio available oxicam derivative with anti inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties upon oral administration. The main aim of this study is to prepare mouth dissolving tablets of hydroxyl propyl ß cyclodextrin loaded lornoxicam by Box-Behnken design. The main objective is to enhance the solubility, palatability of Lornoxicam by using cyclodextrin as a complexing agent and optimize the formulation by using Box-Behnken design.The inclusion complexes of Lornoxicam were prepared by physical mixture and solvent evaporation method by using drug and HP ß cyclodextrin in various ratios (1:1 and 1:2). Dissolution study was carried out for the 2 ratios of kneading method and solvent evaporation method. 1:1 ratio of solvent evaporation method was selected for the optimization by Box-Behnken design. The selected inclusion complexes were then utilized for the preparation of tablets by direct compression. The independent variables are lactose, sodium starch glycolate and crospovidone. The dependent factors studied were wetting time, in vitro disintegration, in vivo disintegration and in vitro dissolution. Optimized Formulae were prepared and evaluated for in vitro dissolution characteristics, in vitro disintegration time, wetting time, and their physico-mechanical properties. The predicted formula formulated with the Box-Behnken statistical design consisted of lactose, sodium starchglycolate and crospovidone at the optimum levels of 30, 20 and 20 mg respectively which is considered as the best optimized formulation with good dissolution profile. The bioavailability has been increased from the optimized formulation. The formulation was evaluated for stability.From the research a taste masked mouth dissolving tablet formulation is selected to increase patient compliance with enhanced solubility, dissolution and stability.

Bis-chalcone polyphenols with potential preventive and therapeutic effects on PD: Design, synthesis and in vitro disaggregation activity against α-synuclein oligomers and fibrils

α-Syn fibrils, which are neurotoxic, play a key role in the development of PD. Maintaining α-Syn proteostasis by suitable molecule ligands is an effective approach to prevent aggregation. Disintegrating the existed oligomers and fibrils into individual α-Syn by small molecular compounds is a more efficient way to treat PD. This work designed and synthesized two series of bis-chalcone polyphenol compounds, which possess a sheet-like conjugated skeleton with stronger H-bonding, π-stacking, and hydrophobic interaction with α-Syn protein residues. Some compounds have shown high α-Syn aggregation inhibitory activities in vitro with IC50 down to 0.64 μM. The inhibition goes throughout the aggregation process from the lag to the stationary phase by stabilizing α-Syn proteostasis conformation and preventing β-sheets aggregation, especially in the lag phase. In addition, the inhibitors present good disintegration abilities against the existed α-Syn oligomers and fibrils. The preliminary mechanism studies suggest that the inhibitors could quickly and randomly bind to the specific site closed to the β-sheet domain in the fibril, resulting in unstable and collapse of the protein fibril and yielding a complex system with aggregates of different sizes and monomers. The inhibitors, which could penetrate the blood-brain barrier, are expected to develop into the drug candidates for PD targeting α-Syn aggregation.

Review of Ointment Formulations in Modern Pharmaceutics

Ointment formulations refer to semisolid topical formulations of a certain consistency made by homogeneous mixing of the drug with a suitable base. Ointments made with an emulsion type base are called creams. Ointment agents since the aspects of liquid formulations mainly protect wounds, lubricate the skin and local treatment, etc., some drugs can have a local onset of action after transdermal absorption and can also produce systemic therapeutic effects. Therefore, ointment formulations have attracted much attention for their advantages of convenient use, stable properties, good dissolution properties, and are also one of the important directions in modern pharmaceutics research.

Hybrids of polyphenolic acids and xanthone, the potential preventive and therapeutic effects on PD: Design, synthesis, in vitro anti-aggregation of α-synuclein, and disaggregation against the existed α-synuclein oligomer and fibril

The misfolding and aggregation of α-Syn are the central mechanism linking and facilitating the other pathological mechanisms of PD. Maintaining α-Syn proteostasis by suitable inhibitors is an effective means to prevent PD. Disintegrating the neurotoxic oligomers and fibrils into the normal functional α-Syn by inhibitors is a more efficient way for PD treatment. This work synthesized two series hybrids of polyphenolic acids and xanthone. The hybrids possess a sheet-like conjugated skeleton and higher binding energies with α-Syn residues. Some compounds present well α-Syn aggregation inhibitory activities in vitro (IC50 down to 2.58 μM). The inhibitory action goes throughout the aggregation process from lag to the stationary phase by stabilizing α-Syn proteostasis conformation and preventing β-sheets aggregation. The candidate compounds with appropriate LogP values (2.02–3.11) present good disintegration abilities against the existed α-Syn oligomers and fibrils. The preliminary mechanism studies suggest that the inhibitors could quickly and randomly bind to the specific site closed to the β-sheet domain in the fibril, resulting in unstable and collapse of the protein fibril, yielding a complex system with aggregates of different sizes and monomers.

Directly compressible formulation of immediate release rosuvastatin calcium tablets stabilized with tribasic calcium phosphate

Reliable and stable tablet formulations for rosuvastatin calcium (RSC) in four strengths: 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg have been developed. Rosuvastatin is a cholesterol-lowering statin drug and is known to be unstable during storage. The possibility of its stabilization with inorganic salts of multivalent metals has already been reported in the literature. In the present study, a special grade of tribasic calcium phosphate excipient was used to chemically stabilize RSC in a directly compressible immediate release tablet formulation. The developed tablets exhibited good mechanical properties (breaking force ranging from 177 N to 250 N depending on tablet strength), rapid disintegration (less than three minutes) and fast dissolution rate (85% of the drug substance dissolved within 15 minutes) as well as satisfactory chemical stability during storage under stress conditions (50 °C/80% RH), even compared to the reference commercial product.

Effect of anionic carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate on recrystallization and surface modification of energetic ion salt TKX-50 crystal

The energetic ion salt, TKX-50, has attracted great interests in the field of energetic materials due to its advantages of high enthalpy of formation, low sensitivity and low toxicity. However, the large aspect ratio and poor surface adhesion performance of its crystal are inconducive to the safe use and interfacial bonding for the preparation of composite energetic materials. To solve these problems, we introduced an anionic polymer, carboxymethyl cellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), as the crystal control agent and surface modifier for the recrystallization of TKX-50 by the anti-solvent method. The effects of CMCAB on the morphology, internal structure, surface elemental composition, mechanical sensitivity, specific heat capacity (Cp) and thermal stability of TKX-50 were investigated. It was found that the morphologies of the TKX-50 recrystallized in the anti-solvents containing CMCAB were better with lower aspect ratios and narrower particle size distributions. A discontinuous CMCAB coating layer was formed on the crystal surfaces due to the electrostatic interaction between CMCAB and TKX-50, resulting in the CMCAB@TKX-50 complex. The coating degree and surface modification were more significant with the increase of CMCAB concentration. The CMCAB coating reduced the friction sensitivity of TKX-50 by 12–38%, meanwhile, the impact sensitivities of CMCAB@TKX-50 prepared at different CMCAB concentrations remained at the low levels of 4–12%. The DSC analysis revealed that the Cp of CMCAB@TKX-50 was generally higher than that of TKX-50. The bigger the crystals of CMCAB@TKX-50, the greater the Cp and the higher the thermal stability. The peak decomposition temperature of the first stage, the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) of CMCAB@TKX-50 were generally higher than those of TKX-50, suggesting better thermal stability and safety of CMCAB@TKX-50 than TKX-50. The CMCAB@TKX-50 prepared in our work not only shows superior safety performance, but also is well compatible with the traditional binder, cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB). The good dissolution properties of CMCAB make CMCAB@TKX-50 more suitable for the preparation of polymer-bonded explosives (PBX), which can promote the application of TKX-50 in PBX.

EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTIUROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PAVONIA ZEYLANICA (L) CAV

Objective: To evaluate in vitro antiurolithiatic activities of Pavonia zeylanica (L) Cav. Material and Methods: Whole plant of Ethanolic extract of Pavonia zeylanica was prepared and arranged in the three different concentrations (10mg/ml, 20mg/ml, and 30mg/ml). In vitro antiurolithiatic activity of Ethanolic extract of Pavonia zeylanica through turbidometric and titrimetric method was tested in terms of inhibition of calcium oxalate by nucleation and aggregation and dissolution of calcium oxalate, using the standard drug. Results: Standard drug has high percentage inhibition and dissolution ability and thus Ethanolic extract of Pavonia zeylanica also have a good percentage inhibition and dissolution ability was comparable to standard drug. Conclusion: The study concludes that the Ethanolic extract of Pavonia zeylanica have inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate for nucleation and aggregation assay. It also showed good dissolution of calcium oxalate crystals, so this extract has the good protection against Urolithiasis activity