Goniometric Method Research Articles

Radiographic measurement of canine stifle joint angles using four different landmark methods

This study was conducted to compare angles physically set on the stifle joints of cadaveric limbs of dogs with the results by four different radiographic methods for stifle angle measurement. Thirteen pelvic limbs from various large breeds and skeletally-mature dogs were used. The stifles were fixed at four angles: 125°, 130°, 135° and 140°. Altogether 52 radiographs were done. Each stifle angle set on the cadaver limbs was radiographically measured using four sets of landmarks (the goniometric, long axis, eminence and kinematic methods). We found similarity between angles physically set on cadaver limbs and radiographically measured using the long axis method (P > 0.05). The goniometric method showed similarity in group of limbs with the stifle fixed at 140° (P > 0.05), and other measurements differed significantly (P < 0.05). Eminence and kinematic method measurements were different compared to the angle of fixation of the stifle on the cadaver (P < 0.05) but similar compared to each other (P > 0.05). The method of stifle joint angle measurement should be considered when comparing similar studies, and also in pre-operative measurements for some tibial osteotomies aimed at stabilizing the joint after cranial cruciate ligament rupture.

Establishment of a normative data for cervical and lumbar spine movements using spinal column analysis system

Introduction: The current assessment of spine movements during aeromedical evaluation of aircrew is performed using the CMS 20 spinal column analysis system. However, in the present configuration, the normal ranges of cervical and lumbar spine motions depicted by the equipment are based on normative data of German population measured by goniometric method. The study was conducted to generate normative values of cervical and lumbar spine movements with respect to age-specific Indian male population. Material and Methods: The study included a total of 225 healthy male Indian volunteers, divided into three age groups; <25 years, 25–35 years, and above 35 years, with 75 subjects in each age group. In each participant, ten cervical spine movements and six lumbar spine movements were recorded using CMS 20 S spinal column analysis system. The data were statistically analyzed to establish normative data for each of the cervical and lumbar spine movements for three age groups (<25 years, 25–35 years, and >35 years). Results: The mean age, height & weight of the participants were 21.2, 28.3 and 39.4 years, 173.1, 171.6 and 170.6 cm, 65.9, 68.7 and 70.2 kg respectively for the three different age groups - <25 years, 25-35 years and >35 years. The mean values along with standard deviation of the ten cervical and eight lumbar spine movements were derived and presented for the three different age groups. Conclusion: The normative data generated in the present study as per the three age groups may be used as reference values for male Indian personnel for that specific age groups for the assessment of cervical and lumbar spine movements using spinal column analysis system. The data may also be used as baseline data for aeromedical evaluation and future aviation research involving the same equipment.

Characterization of non-planar light sources using near field goniometric measurement method

Characterization of non-planar light sources using near field goniometric measurement method

Virtual Reality (VR) and Goniometric Methods: Reliability Comparisons for Documenting Shoulder Ranges of Motion

Abstract Date Presented 03/28/20 This study compared reliability recordings of shoulder ranges of motion using goniometer and VR methods. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of VR can be a reliable clinical tool equal or superior to goniometer methods currently used for examinations. These results have implications for OT curricular changes in the future. Primary Author and Speaker: Kimberly Putnam Additional Authors and Speakers: Danielle Ruotolo Contributing Authors: Kimber-Leigh Burkhart, Connor Sheridan, Patrick Carley

Measurement of the Coordinates of Radio Emission at High Frequencies by Goniometric and Goniometric-Range Finding Methods

The coordinates of radio emission sources at high frequencies are measured using a two-position system of azimuthal-meridional direction finders by a goniometric method. Active antenna lattices of vertical vibrators and synchronized coherent radio receivers with frequency conversion are used in the direction finder stations. The amplitude and phase discrepancies are minimized by preliminary calibration of the receiver channels at the frequencies of the direction finder signals. The measurement results are used to study the mean square deviations of the radio source coordinates for emission of the type for meteorological information from airport networks in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries, radio stations with standard frequencies and times, and telecoded and continuous transmissions. The attainable accuracy of the measurements is analyzed as a function of spatial position of the direction finders, path lengths, and fluctuations in the electrical parameters and spatial distribution of the ionized layers of the atmosphere leading to changes in the beam trajectories and anomalous errors in measurements of the ray trajectories and anomalous errors in measurements of the directions of arrival of the radio waves at different times of the year and day. It is shown that in the lower part of the high frequency band the error in measuring the coordinates of the radio sources by the goniometric system is 4.7%, and that as the frequency approaches the upper boundary this indicator increases by a factor of 1.2. Range finding of signals at a single point in space and measuring the height of the layers of the atmosphere using vertical ranging stations yields coordinates of the radio sources by the goniometric-range finding method. Measurements of the coordinates of objects by the goniometric-range finding method can be carried out with a mean square deviation equal to 11–13% of the distance.

Оценка точности позиционирования источника радиоизлучения разностно-дальномерным и угломерным методами. Часть 3. 3D-моделирование

This work completes a series of studies evaluating positioning accuracy of radiation sources using the differential-range and/or goniometric method for the spatial scenario. A complex of models and methods is proposed for estimating the limits of positioning accuracy by the metric of the scattering ellipsoid of the lower Cramer – Rao boundary and circular spherical deviation in 3D. Based on the developed tools, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of positioning scenarios in superdense 5G radio networks was performed. The assessments made it possible to verify the requirements of 3GPP specifications for the accuracy and reliability of geolocation applications and services in the promising 5G ecosystem.

Virtual Reality and Goniometric Methods: Reliability Comparisons for Documenting Cervical Range of Motion

Qobjective compared the reliability of standard goniometers with virtual reality (VR) for measuring cervical active ranges of motions (AROM) in six motions. The study compared goniometric methods taught to students with those using VR methods with the Oculus Rift in the measurement of cervical AROM.

Determination of optical parameters of lithium niobate films by srectrophotometry

Lithium niobate films on silicon substrates were synthesized by high−frequency magnetron sputtering of a target. The resultant film was a layer of polycrystalline lithium niobate. By the method of spectrophotometry we obtained the spectral dependences of the reflectance in the wavelength range 300—700 nm at small angles of incidence. The angular dependence of p− and s− polarized light were measured for a discrete set of wavelengths from 300 to 700 nm increments of wavelength 50 nm and increments for angles of 1°. The values of the refractive indicies, film thickness and extinction coefficients were determined using a numerical method for solving inverse problems. As the film is absorbing we accepted the simulation optical system as an isotropic monolayer absorbing film on a semi-infinite absorbing substrate with a sharp interface. Initial approximation for the solution of inverse problems were defined by the methods based on the estimation of the interference extrema position in the reflection-angular spectra. Values of the refractive indicies of the film differ from the values typical for LiNbO3 single crystals obtained both from the reference literature, and by refractive indices direct goniometric method measurements of a certified standard enterprise sample (SES) made from a lithium niobate single crystal. We additionally studied the specimens with X−ray diffraction and scanning probe microscopy. These deviations are attributed to the film inhomogeneity, the presence of the second phase, and disordering of the structure. Inclusions of the second phase in the form of crystallites with a predominant orientation along the Z axis are observed.

A statistical comparison of contact angle measurement methods

Contact angles are the characteristic angles made between the surface of a liquid and a solid surface. The measurement of contact angles can be done with multiple methods. However, because there are no reference standards for contact angle measurements, it is difficult to estimate the accuracy of a contact angle measurement method. It is possible to use statistical estimations of the precision and sensitivity of contact angle measurement methods and from this analysis to identify a preferred method. Contact angle measurements made using the Wilhelmy-plate method, a goniometer method, a tilting-plate method, and two automated drop dispensing and imaging methods are compared. Statistical analyses show that the Wilhelmy-plate method provides measurements with the greatest precision and sensitivity and is therefore a preferred contact angle measurement method.

Influence of gender and bilateral variability of the quadriceps angle (Q angle) among adults

Objective: The objective of study aimed to document bilateral variability in the mean Q angle and to study whether there is any difference of the above findings in males and females.Materials and Methods: One hundred healthy adult volunteers were studied. The Q angle was measured using a goniometric method with the subjects supine, quadriceps relaxed and lower limbs in neutral rotation. Appropriate statistical tests were used to determine the bilateral variability in the Q angle. Results: Of the 100 subjects included in the study mean age observed was 30.63+/-6.89 and mean Q angle of 16.20+/-4.45 and 15.12+/-4.34 on right and left side respectively. On comparing the Q angle between the right and left side of same sex, and between either sex was found statistically insignificant.Conclusion: The present study may not have any direct clinical applications, it is likely to be useful in explaining differences in the Q angle on either side of both sexes.

Features of the Surface and Subsurface Waves Application for Ultrasonic Evaluation of Physicomechanical Properties of Solids. Part 2. Strenghtned Inhomogeneous Surface Layer

The propagation of a pulsed signal of a surface wave over an object with a non-uniform surface layer, obtained, for example, as a result of surface hardening, with structural damage, is accompanied by the dispersion of the velocity of the wave carrying important information about the parameters of such a layer. The aim of the work is to study the relationship between the acoustic parameters of a pulsed acoustic signal of a surface and subsurface waves and the surface layer of steel specimens hardened by high-frequency hardening, and gray iron-chill. Features of the surface and subsurface waves application for ultrasonic evaluation of physicomechanical properties of solids. Strenghtned inhomogeneous surface layer.A brief analysis of the known works on determining the depth of hardened surface layers by various methods, including high-frequency hardening, cementation, etc., is carried out. Based on the Oulder integral expression. The dependence connecting the wave velocity, its frequency, the depth of the hardened layer and the spatial distribution of hardness represented as a step with a changing slope of its side surface simulating the transition zone of the hardened layer are calculated.Using the pulse method and low-aperture transducers with a frequency of 1−3.8 MHz, the dependences of the surface wave velocity on the cutting height of a layer hardened by HDTV hardening are obtained. A comparison of experimental data and calculations of the theoretical model showed a good qualitative correspondence between them, demonstrate a high «sensitivity» of the method in relation to the nature of the change in hardness over the depth of the hardened layer. It is shown that the proposed approach is promising for solving the inverse problem of restoring the spatial distribution of hardness based on experimental data.The goniometric method was approbated to determine the dependence between amplitude-angle characteristics and depth of the surface steel layers hardened by high-frequency hardening and depth of hardened gray iron specimens layer – with chill. It is shown that the optimal angle corresponding maximum of excited surface wave amplitude in steel specimens is decreasing up to 24–26'vs. hardened depth layer. But when the tested specimens from cast iron this angle decreasing is nearly of 6°. Recommendations on the use of research results in practice are given.

Comparing the Effects of SUREE Programs on People With Scapular Downward Rotation Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Scapular downward rotation syndrome (SDRS) is an impaired alignment that causes shoulder and neck pain. Interventions may lead to the reduction of pain intensity and joint position error (JPE) and improved range of motion (ROM). To evaluate the effects of 6-week Scapular Upward Rotation and Elevation Exercises (SUREE) with and without visual feedback on pain, ROM, and JPE in people with SDRS. Randomized control trial. Institutional practice. Forty-two young and active subjects (22.61 [1.80]y; 27 males and 15 females) with unilateral SDRS randomly assigned into 3 groups (2 intervention groups and 1 control group). SUREE without and with visual feedback programs. Pain, neck-flexion and rotation ROMs, and JPE were measured using visual analog scale (score), double inclinometer method, universal goniometer method (degrees), and a dual digital inclinometer (degrees), respectively, before and after interventions. The results showed statistically significant changes within the experimental groups in all variables except for the neck rotation ROM in the SUREE intervention without visual feedback (P < .05). However, there were no changes in the control group before and after the interventions in all dependent variables (P < .05). Also, there were no significant differences between both experimental groups concerning all dependent variables except for the rotation ROM (P < .05). The results suggest that the 6-week SUREE with and without visual feedback programs result in decreased neck pain and improved flexion ROM and JPE during active neck motions in subjects with unilateral SDRS. However, the 6-week SUREE with visual feedback may improve the neck rotation ROM in subjects with unilateral SDRS. However, further studies are needed to confirm the results of this study.

Measurement of coordinates of sources of radio emission at high frequencies goniometric and goniometric and range-metering by methods

Coordinates of sources of a radio emission of range of high frequencies using an on-off system azimuth and meridian direction finders are measured by a goniometric method. In the bearing posts active arrays of vertical vibrators and synchronized coherent radio receivers with frequency conversion are used. For minimization of amplitude and phase not identities preliminary calibration of channels of the receiver at frequencies of the taken the bearings signals is executed. By results of measurements average quadratic deviations of coordinates of sources of a radio emission of type of radio stations of meteo-information of airfield networks of the Russian Federation and the neighboring countries, standard frequency stations and time, transmitters of telecode and continuous messages are investigated. The analysis of dependences of achievable accuracy figures of measurements on the space provision of positions of direction finders, lengths of routes and also fluctuations of electro-physical parameters and space distribution of the ionized layers of the atmosphere leading to changes of beam trajectories of distribution and abnormal errors of measurements of the directions of arrival of radio waves to different season and day is carried out. It is shown that in the lower part of range of high frequencies the measurement error of coordinates of sources of a radio emission a goniometric system makes 4.7 %, and in process of approach of frequency to the upper bound of range this indicator increases by 1.2 times. By results of bearing of signals in one point of space and measurements of height of layers of the atmosphere with use of the station of vertical sounding coordinates of sources of a radio emission are determined by a goniometric and range-metering method. Measurements of coordinates of objects by a goniometric and range-metering method can be executed with average quadratic deviation of 11-13 % of range.

Оценка точности позиционирования источника радиоизлучения разностно-дальномерным и угломерным методами. Часть 2. 2D-моделирование

This article presents the development of a generalized mathematical model for estimating the limits of positioning accuracy, which was studied in part 1, when determining the radio source location using the difference-range and goniometric methods for particular scenarios on the plane. The results of this study were implemented in 2D models, which is a convenient tool for establishing the positioning accuracy limits and can it be practically used to substantiate the topologies of station placement in modern and advanced radio networks for solving radio communication, radar, and radio navigation problems, including adaptive beamforming for establishing and maintaining communications. Using private scenarios with three radio stations as an example, it is shown that for positioning of neighboring devices under conditions of their ultra dense distribution on the plane during the cooperation of the minimum required receivers number, the goniometer method is preferable.

Repeatability of measuring knee flexion angles with wearable inertial sensors

BackgroundAs assessment with inertial-measurement-units (IMUs) increases in research and in clinics, it is important to be aware of the repeatability of these sensors. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the measurement repeatability of IMU joint angles using a repeatable robot controller and an anthropomorphic leg phantom and to determine effects of joint speed and sensor positioning on the angles collected by these sensors. Comparisons to an electro-goniometer and three-dimensional (3D) motion capture cameras were also completed. MethodsTwo dual-IMU setups (posterior and lateral) were tested concurrently with an electro-goniometer and 3D motion capture cameras using a repeatable robot controller and a leg phantom. All modalities were attached to the phantom, which was flexed 10 times using a pre-programmed motion pathway during each test. Mean angles were compared across tests. Effects of joint speed, sensor re-positioning, and anatomical placement of the sensors on repeatability were assessed. ResultsRe-positioning caused greater deviation to the maximum and minimum angles than differences in speed. Overall, the means ± standard deviations, and 95% confidence intervals of the maximum angles across all tests for the 3D camera markers, electro-goniometer, posterior IMUs, and lateral IMUs were 119.4 ± 0.3° (119.4, 119.5), 112.4 ± 0.5° (112.3, 112.5), 116.2 ± 2.4° (115.7, 116.7), and 118.3 ± 1.1° (118.1, 118.6). ConclusionsBoth posterior and lateral IMU setups demonstrated acceptable repeatability in measurement of range of motion that was advantageous to manual goniometer methods. Posterior and lateral IMU setups demonstrated overlapping standard deviations about their means.

Особенности реализации алгоритма определения фокусного расстояния ИК-объективов гониометрическим методом

Особенности реализации алгоритма определения фокусного расстояния ИК-объективов гониометрическим методом

Validity and reliability of ankle dorsiflexion measures in children with cerebral palsy.

We compared a goniometer method in a non-weight-bearing position with a tape measure method in a weight-bearing position to determine which was more reliable for assessing dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Ankle dorsiflexion ROM was measured using goniometer and tape measure methods in non-weight- and weight-bearing positions, respectively. In the test-retest reliability of ankle dorsiflexion ROM using a universal goniometer, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) varied from 0.75 to 0.96 and the overall ICC score was 0.91 (p< 0.001). In the test-retest reliability of ankle dorsiflexion ROM using a tape measure, ICC varied from 0.98 to 0.99 and the overall ICC score was 0.99 (p< 0.001). Ankle dorsiflexion ROM using a universal goniometer had a standard error of measurement (SEM) of 2.86 and a minimum detectable change (MDC) of 7.94. Ankle dorsiflexion ROM using a tape measure had an SEM of 1.01 and a MDC of 2.80. The tape measure method in a weight-bearing position was more reliable than using a universal goniometer in a non-weight-bearing position in children with CP.

Statistical Validation for Clinical Measures: Repeatability and Agreement of Kinect™-Based Software.

Background The rehabilitation process is a fundamental stage for recovery of people's capabilities. However, the evaluation of the process is performed by physiatrists and medical doctors, mostly based on their observations, that is, a subjective appreciation of the patient's evolution. This paper proposes a tracking platform of the movement made by an individual's upper limb using Kinect sensor(s) to be applied for the patient during the rehabilitation process. The main contribution is the development of quantifying software and the statistical validation of its performance, repeatability, and clinical use in the rehabilitation process. Methods The software determines joint angles and upper limb trajectories for the construction of a specific rehabilitation protocol and quantifies the treatment evolution. In turn, the information is presented via a graphical interface that allows the recording, storage, and report of the patient's data. For clinical purposes, the software information is statistically validated with three different methodologies, comparing the measures with a goniometer in terms of agreement and repeatability. Results The agreement of joint angles measured with the proposed software and goniometer is evaluated with Bland-Altman plots; all measurements fell well within the limits of agreement, meaning interchangeability of both techniques. Additionally, the results of Bland-Altman analysis of repeatability show 95% confidence. Finally, the physiotherapists' qualitative assessment shows encouraging results for the clinical use. Conclusion The main conclusion is that the software is capable of offering a clinical history of the patient and is useful for quantification of the rehabilitation success. The simplicity, low cost, and visualization possibilities enhance the use of the software Kinect for rehabilitation and other applications, and the expert's opinion endorses the choice of our approach for clinical practice. Comparison of the new measurement technique with established goniometric methods determines that the proposed software agrees sufficiently to be used interchangeably.

Goniometric study of young and adult Saanen goats

Using the goniometric method, it is possible to take measures of extension, flexion, abduction, and adduction of a synovial joint. The aim of this study was to use goniometry to compare flexion and extension of fore and hind limbs of Saanen goats at different ages. Flexion and extension angles of the shoulder, elbow, and carpus joints, as well as of the thigh, stifle, and tarsus joints, were measured using a standard goniometer on 10 six-month-old goats and on 15 three-year-old goats. The range of motion was reduced in all joints of the adult animals compared to that of the younger animals, but the difference was statistically significant only for the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and tarsus. It was noted that the greater muscle volume of adult animals influenced the flexion capacity of limbs (statistically verified for all joints), whereas young animals reached a more complete flexion with smaller angles than in adults. Therefore, we have shown that age affects goniometric measurements of synovial joints in Saanen goats. Such data may be useful in evaluation of joints in other goats.

Анализ погрешностей измерения фокусного расстояния ИК-объективов гониометрическим методом

Анализ погрешностей измерения фокусного расстояния ИК-объективов гониометрическим методом