Gold Rush Research Articles

The patent gold rush? An empirical study of patent bubbles in Chinese universities (1990–2019)

The patent gold rush? An empirical study of patent bubbles in Chinese universities (1990–2019)

Performance Evaluation and Improvement of Deep Echo State Network Models in English Writing Assistance and Grammar Error Correctionn

INTRODUCTION: The research on the performance evaluation model of English writing tutoring and grammar error correction is very necessary, which is not only conducive to the rational allocation of teachers' writing tutoring resources, but also more conducive to the timely and effective correction of students' grammatical errors.OBJCTIVES: Aiming at the problems of non-specific quantification, low precision, and low real-time performance evaluation methods for English writing grammar error correction in current methods.METHODS: This paper proposes a grammar error correction performance evaluation method based on deep echo state network with gold rush optimisation algorithm. Firstly, by analysing the process of English writing assistance and grammatical error correction, we extract the evaluation features of grammatical error correction type and construct the performance evaluation system; then, we improve the deep confidence network through the gold rush optimization algorithm and construct the grammatical error correction performance evaluation model; finally, we analyse it through simulation experiments.RESULTS: The results show that the proposed method improves the evaluation accuracy, robustness. The absolute value of the relative error of the evaluation value of the syntactic error correction performance of the method is controlled within the range of 0.02.CONCLUSION: The problems of non-specific quantification, low precision and low real-time performance of the application of English writing grammar error correction performance assessment methods are solved.

Instantaneous Electricity Peak Load Forecasting Using Optimization and Machine Learning

Accurate instantaneous electricity peak load prediction is crucial for efficient capacity planning and cost-effective electricity network establishment. This paper aims to enhance the accuracy of instantaneous peak load forecasting by employing models incorporating various optimization and machine learning (ML) methods. This study examines the impact of independent inputs on peak load estimation through various combinations and subsets using multilinear regression (MLR) equations. This research utilizes input data from 1980 to 2020, including import and export data, population, and gross domestic product (GDP), to forecast the instantaneous electricity peak load as the output value. The effectiveness of these techniques is evaluated based on error metrics, including mean absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and R2. The comparison extends to popular optimization methods, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), and the newest method in the field, including dandelion optimizer (DO) and gold rush optimizer (GRO). This comparison is made against conventional machine learning methods, such as support vector regression (SVR) and artificial neural network (ANN), in terms of their prediction accuracy. The findings indicate that the ANN and GRO approaches produce the least statistical errors. Furthermore, the correlation matrix indicates a robust positive linear correlation between GDP and instantaneous peak load. The proposed model demonstrates strong predictive capabilities for estimating peak load, with ANN and GRO performing exceptionally well compared to other methods.

An Arduous Journey of Early Chinese Americans

After the state of California discovered gold in 1848, a gold rush immediately rolled out and spread across North America. But most laborers from the east coast did not want to go to California and only the white Irish workers were drawn to the West because they were smeared as “dirty whites” in the east coast. To attract more laborers to toil in the gold mines, employers began seeking immigrants from China. Unlike white workers, Chinese laborers did not want to stay in the US for very long time and all they wanted was making enough money to buy homes and marry a woman in China. They were willing to work longer time for less, which draw ire from their fellow white workers. Because white workers had voting rights, congressmen in California sided with white workers against Chinese laborers by passing a number of discriminative laws that culminated in the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. The law virtually banned all Chinese laborers to enter the US until 1943 when China became a wartime ally of the US. Some Chinese including Wong Kim Ark successfully challenged the law by capitalizing on the US legal system. The long and difficult journey of Chinese immigrants finally ran its course in the 1960s thanks to the Civil Right Movement.

Optimal controller design for reactor core power stabilization in a pressurized water reactor: Applications of gold rush algorithm.

Nuclear energy (NE) is seen as a reliable choice for ensuring the security of the world's energy supply, and it has only lately begun to be advocated as a strategy for reducing climate change in order to meet low-carbon energy transition goals. To achieve flexible operation across a wide operating range when it participates in peak regulation in the power systems, the pressurised water reactor (PWR) NE systems must overcome the nonlinearity problem induced by the substantial variation. In light of this viewpoint, the objective of this work is to evaluate the reactor core (main component) of the NE system via different recent optimization techniques. The PWR, which is the most common form, is the reactor under investigation. For controlling the movement of control rods that correspond with reactivity for power regulation the PWR, PID controller is employed. This study presents a dynamic model of the PWR, which includes the reactor core, the upper and lower plenums, and the piping that connects the reactor core to the steam alternator is analyzed and investigated. The PWR dynamic model is controlled by a PID controller optimized by the gold rush optimizer (GRO) built on the integration of the time-weighted square error performance indicator. Additionally, to exhibit the efficacy of the presented GRO, the dragonfly approach, Arithmetic algorithm, and planet optimization algorithm are used to adjust the PID controller parameters. Furthermore, a comparison among the optimized PID gains with the applied algorithms shows great accuracy, efficacy, and effectiveness of the proposed GRO. MATLAB\ Simulink program is used to model and simulate the system components and the applied algorithms. The simulation findings demonstrate that the suggested optimized PID control strategy has superior efficiency and resilience in terms of less overshoot and settling time.

Dandelion Optimizer and Gold Rush Optimizer Algorithm-Based Optimization of Multilevel Inverters

With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources into distribution and transmission networks, the efficiency of cascade H-bridge multilevel inverters (MLIs) in power control applications has become increasingly significant for sustainable electricity generation. Traditionally, obtaining optimal switching angles of MLIs to minimize total harmonic distortion (THD) requires solving the selective harmonic elimination equations. To this end, this research aims to use two recently developed intelligent optimization algorithms, dandelion optimizer and gold rush optimizer, to solve this problem. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms, an eleven-level cascaded H-bridge MLI (CHB-MLI) was considered in the study. Simulation results for different modulation indices were obtained, and the accuracy and solution quality were compared with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithms. MATLAB/Simulink-based models were used to verify numerical computations, ensuring the reliability of the findings. This research contributes to the field by providing insights into obtaining optimal switching angles and minimizing THD in MLIs by applying intelligent optimization algorithms.

Gold Rush vs. War: Keynes on reviving animal spirits in times of crisis

Abstract This paper aims to exploit fully the heuristic virtues of Keynes’ famous ‘old bottles’ story, deploying a multi-layered argument and drawing out its broadest implications. In essence, we show that through this story Keynes was making a very serious point about anti-crisis policies: the need for authorities to stimulate animal spirits by relying on people’s natural impulse to action. Rather than taking the place of entrepreneurs and paying people to dig holes, Keynes seems to be arguing that public authorities should put entrepreneurs in a situation where they are so enthusiastic that they go into debt to dig holes, just like during a gold rush. At the same time, it is a question of restoring the banks’ willingness to lend for these overoptimistic projects in a period of total depression. This article explores the conditions that make public intervention as effective as possible through the enthusiasm and individual initiative that can be generated by an artificial gold rush. Such intervention therefore can be as minimal as possible, without having to resort to the opposite authoritarian solution of war. Since the gold rush builds cities and war destroys them, Keynes spent considerable energy convincing his contemporaries that liberal-democratic countries would have to take the former path if they wanted to avoid the latter.

Контрабанда драгоценных металлов в XIX в.: условия, специфика и способы противодействия в кяхтинском приграничье

The article analyzes the reasons for the intensification of the smuggling of precious metals in the Kyakhta border region in the 19th century. This period is characterized not only by political instability in the Qing Empire, but also began in the second half of the 19th century. The “gold rush” in Eastern Siberia, which imposed its own characteristics on the dynamics of illegal import and export of precious metals in the region. In this situation the government of the Russian Empire with the help of legislative acts, tried not only to stabilize cross-border trade, but also to adjust the activities of the Kyakhta customs to combat the smuggling of precious metals.

A London Jew in the California gold rush

A London Jew in the California gold rush

Resilience and Performance of Prefabricated Modular Buildings Against Natural Disasters

Earliest global movement towards modular construction originated as a solution to the sudden housing demand which occurred during events such as British colonization, the California gold rush, the world wars and post war settlement. Present day, modular construction is explored by researchers aiming to maximize from the benefits of Industry 4.0 technology. Buildings of the 21st century frequently face natural disasters such as earthquakes, pandemics, floods, cyclones, and bushfires. This review is developed around recent episodes such as the Covid-19 pandemic which demands design resilience and the intraplate earthquake of Australia, which stresses on the necessity of improved structural performance of modular buildings. To understand the performance of modular buildings against natural disasters, this paper critically reviews recent developments in modular construction research and applications. Through the extensive analysis of literature, this paper identifies future research domains of modular construction that are required to confront natural disasters. The outcomes of this review facilitate timely and sustainable research directives towards resilient modular buildings.

MA2Z4 family heterostructures: Promises and prospects

Recent experimental synthesis of ambient-stable MoSi2N4 monolayer has garnered enormous research interest. The intercalation morphology of MoSi2N4—composed of a transition metal nitride (Mo-N) inner sub-monolayer sandwiched by two silicon nitride (Si-N) outer sub-monolayers—has motivated the computational discovery of an expansive family of synthetic MA2Z4 monolayers with no bulk (3D) material counterpart (where M = transition metals or alkaline earth metals; A = Si, Ge; and N = N, P, As). MA2Z4 monolayers exhibit interesting electronic, magnetic, optical, spintronic, valleytronic, and topological properties, making them a compelling material platform for next-generation device technologies. Furthermore, heterostructure engineering enormously expands the opportunities of MA2Z4. In this review, we summarize the recent rapid progress in the computational design of MA2Z4-based heterostructures based on first-principle density functional theory (DFT) simulations—a central work horse widely used to understand the physics, chemistry, and general design rules for specific targeted functions. We systematically classify the MA2Z4-based heterostructures based on their contact types, and review their physical properties, with a focus on their performances in electronics, optoelectronics, and energy conversion applications. We review the performance and promises of MA2Z4-based heterostructures for device applications that include electrical contacts, transistors, spintronic devices, photodetectors, solar cells, and photocatalytic water splitting. We present several prospects for the computational design of MA2Z4-based heterostructures, which hold the potential to guide the next phase of exploration, moving beyond the initial “gold rush” of MA2Z4 research. This review unveils the vast device application potential of MA2Z4-based heterostructures and paves a roadmap for the future development of MA2Z4-based functional heterostructures and devices.

Black gold rush - Evaluating the efficiency of the Fractionator in separating Hymenoptera families in a meadow ecosystem over a two week period.

In the face of insect decline, monitoring projects are launched widely to assess trends of insect populations. Collecting over long time periods results in large numbers of samples with thousands of individuals that are often just stored in freezers waiting to be further processed. As the time-consuming process of sorting and identifying specimens prevents taxonomists from working on mass samples, important information on species composition remains unknown and taxonomically neglected species remain undiagnosed. Size fractioning of bulk samples can improve sample handling and, thus, can help to overcome the taxonomic impediment. In this paper, we evaluate the efficiency of the fractionator in separating Hymenoptera families from a Malaise trap sample of a meadow ecosystem over a two week interval to make them available for further morphological identification. The fractionator system by Buffington and Gates (2008) was used to separate the sample in two size classes - a large (macro) and a small (micro) fraction - and Hymenoptera specimens were then counted and identified on family level. In total, 2,449 Hymenoptera specimens were found in the macro fraction and 3,016 in the micro fraction (5,465 specimens in total). For 24 out of 34 Hymenoptera families (71%), separation was significant. This study illustrates the efficiency of the fractionator and its potential to improve workflows dealing with specimen-rich Malaise trap samples.

Alluvial Gold Mining Technologies from Ancient Times to the Present

This article provides a comprehensive and chronological account of the technological advancements in alluvial gold mining. Gold has been a highly prized commodity throughout history and has played a significant role in humanity’s economic and cultural progress. The primitive methods of extracting gold from riverbeds were carried out in Ancient Anatolia and Ancient Greece. The earliest references to the extraction of gold from riverbeds can be traced back to the Argonautic expedition and the myth of the “Golden Fleece”. In this myth, fine gold particles were believed to be trapped within the skin of the fleece, thus alluding to the early practices of gold recovery from rivers. Since then, gold extraction and processing technologies have evolved. During the Roman Empire period, Emperor Augustus made significant advancements in hydraulic gold mining. He developed the “ground sluicing” method, which used water to wash away the overlying soil and expose the bedrock where gold deposits were located. Subsequently, the revolutionary pumps described by Georgius Bauer (Agricola) gained significant popularity during the Renaissance. Additionally, Spanish colonialists in America enhanced their techniques by observing the efficient methods employed by the indigenous populations. Finally, the “gold rush” era was perhaps the most crucial period in alluvial gold mining and took place in the rivers of America during the 19th–20th centuries. Today, technologies have evolved significantly, and exploring the evolution of primitive methods to the present is considered essential.

Settler colonial expansion and the institutionalisation of children in Victoria, Australia

ABSTRACT Recent histories have underlined the importance of understanding the nineteenth-century gold rushes which took place in various parts of the anglophone world in relation to settler colonialism, and this work has advanced understandings of gender, race and Empire in significant ways. However, the field has yet to seriously grapple with questions about the role, treatment and positioning of children. This article will examine the Australian colony of Victoria, which was profoundly transformed by a gold rush beginning in 1851. Through case studies of three families – one white, one Chinese and one Aboriginal – the article will illustrate the complex relationships between poverty, colonialism and carceral institutions for children during the second half of the nineteenth century. These case studies allow an exploration that centres on the lives of the children and families forced to navigate an often-inescapable network of institutions, thereby demonstrating the impossibility of separating these institutions (which form the foundations of our modern-day child protection system) from the project and philosophy of settler colonialism.

Predicting the loss of forests, carbon stocks and biodiversity driven by a neotropical ‘gold rush’

The loss of tropical forests represents a major threat to biodiversity. With accelerating deforestation in large parts of the Amazon, the Guiana Shield region, with its large expanse of closed forest cover, has the potential to play a crucial role in both climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. However, the region is now facing increasing deforestation pressures, primarily from artisanal gold mining activities concentrated in the nation of Guyana. To identify areas of Guyana at the highest risk of deforestation over the next 25 years, we employed a spatio-temporal modelling approach that accounted for the stochastic and contagious nature of deforestation. Our model predicted a 9 % net decrease in total forest cover by 2043. While the primary drivers of deforestation were mining and human settlements, protected areas were shown to reduce the probability of deforestation. Therefore, we assessed the potential impact of a proposed expansion of the protected area network in Guyana, on forest loss, carbon stocks and habitat loss for the country's most threatened forest vertebrates. Establishing the proposed protected areas would reduce forest loss by 17 %, predicted habitat losses by an average of 1.9 % per vertebrate group, and aboveground carbon emissions by 466,968 t over the next 25 years. These findings highlight the utility of using predictive models to identify areas at risk of future deforestation, which can contribute to the development of effective strategies against tropical forest loss, biodiversity loss and climate change.

Changes in the Treatment of Chinese Americans

The COVID-19 epidemic is spreading worldwide, especially in the United States. Since the large-scale outbreak of the epidemic in the United States in March 2020, Asian Americans have also faced the secondary threat of "racism" and "Asian hatred" due to the COVID-19 virus. They have become the targets of persistent harassment and attacks by diehard Asian haters. Discriminatory words and deeds against Asian Americans have also spread in American society like the covid-19 virus and become an event sweeping across the United States. The rising anti-Asian incidents in the United States not only focused the attention of American society, but also attracted the worlds attention. At the same time, it is not difficult to recall the anti-Asian situation in the United States at the end of the 19th century. The Opium War broke out in China in 1840. Therefore, many Chinese citizens chose to make a living in the more developed United States. At first, Asian workers were welcomed by industrialists because of their low wages and hard-working characteristics. They were regarded as "exceptional cultures from a distant land". However, with the increasing number of Asian Americans during the gold rush, American citizens and officials gradually changed their attitudes towards Asian Americans. Finally, in 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was established to restrict Asians from entering their territory. This article will analyze the changes in Americans' attitudes towards Asian Americans at the end of the 19th century to explore the reasons behind them, and take this opportunity to hopefully shed some light on how we should face racism today during the pandemic.

The Extent to which student “Gold Rush” contributes to sexual risky Behaviour amongst students in the spread of HIV/AIDS in higher institutions of learning: A case of Kwame Nkrumah University in Kabwe, Zambia

Transactional sex is very common in institutions of higher learning and has continued to influence high sexual risky behaviours amongst students in Zambian. The terminology that is commonly associated with transactional sex is “gold rush,” a situation where returning students in an institutional of higher learning negotiate for relationships with new students often times with the female first year’s students. The transaction takes place as the senior students negotiate for sexual favours in return for help in terms of money, answering assignments, protection from bullying and other forms of assistance. During transactional sex, there is high sexual risk behaviour as most of the time there is unsafe sex being practiced thereby leading to a high possibility of spreading HIV/AIDS pandemic and other sexually transmitted infections. The study aimed at exploring the vulnerability of students during gold rush. In its approach, the study used a mixed research methodological design. The findings of the study showed that there was high risky sexual behaviours between returning students and the first year’s students on campus leading to high risk exposure to the spread of HIV/AIDS and other related complications. It was recommended that enough sensitizations and well-coordinated awareness programs be engaged in order to mitigate the levels of vulnerability especially amongst female new students who reported on campus.

Shaping the Future of Education: Exploring the Potential and Consequences of AI and ChatGPT in Educational Settings

Over the last decade, technological advancements, especially artificial intelligence (AI), have significantly transformed educational practices. Recently, the development and adoption of Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPT), particularly OpenAI’s ChatGPT, has sparked considerable interest. The unprecedented capabilities of these models, such as generating humanlike text and facilitating automated conversations, have broad implications in various sectors, including education and health. Despite their immense potential, concerns regarding their widespread use and opacity have been raised within the scientific community. ChatGPT, the latest version of the GPT series, has displayed remarkable proficiency, passed the US bar law exam, and amassed over a million subscribers shortly after its launch. However, its impact on the education sector has elicited mixed reactions, with some educators heralding it as a progressive step and others raising alarms over its potential to reduce analytical skills and promote misconduct. This paper aims to delve into these discussions, exploring the potential and problems associated with applying advanced AI models in education. It builds on extant literature and contributes to understanding how these technologies reshape educational norms in the “new AI gold rush” era.

An assessment of the impact of illegal artisanal gold mining on the environment in parts of Chewore Safari Area, Northern Zimbabwe

Illegal artisanal gold mining threatens biodiversity conservation within protected areas. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the environmental impacts of illegal artisanal gold mining in Chewore Safari Area (CSA) and (ii) assess trends in illegal artisanal gold mining within CSA, northern Zimbabwe. A mixed methods approach was used to collect data (i) from law enforcement records kept at CSA focusing on the period 2014 to 2021, and (ii) from field visits to areas affected by illegal artisanal gold mining. The study found that there was a gold rush into CSA with many people from the adjacent communities being arrested and prosecuted in the year 2014. A gradual decline trend in illegal gold mining activities was observed. Equipment or tools were confiscated from illegal miners including gold metal detectors. Site observations indicated destructive gold mining practices associated with visible land degradation. The study recommended increased law enforcement and awareness programmes within communities adjacent to CSA and reclamation of mined sites.

‘A long want’: an archival exploration of scurvy in the Otago goldfields of New Zealand

ABSTRACT In this paper we test a long-held assumption regarding Otago, New Zealand, goldfields life and death- that scurvy was a ubiquitous and persistent cause of misery and death among the goldminers. We will also explore a parallel argument that the Chinese market gardeners played a large role in stamping out the disease in the goldfields. Through the interrogation of various archival medical primary sources, we show that scurvy was indeed a terrible scourge in the Otago goldfields, but only during the initial rushes into new regions. We also argue that while Chinese market gardeners undoubtedly contributed to a more nutritious and varied diet for European miners and settlers, scurvy had already markedly reduced in frequency by the time of their arrival in the gold fields. Patient-oriented accounts of scurvy in the gold demonstrate the clinical and functional cost of scurvy in during the initial gold rushes of Otago. Furthermore, individual stories of previously anonymous patients found locked in these archival sources demonstrate the importance of re-humanising the past to understand the biological and social context of these frontier times.