Gold Crowns Research Articles

Assessment of Microbial Contamination of Dental Prostheses

Objective: Various dental prostheses, such as crowns and dentures, are crafted in dental laboratories and then applied within the patient's mouth in dental institutions. However, dental workers rarely disinfect them before application. Therefore, we investigated the bacterial contamination of various intraoral prostheses to confirm the importance of infection control. Methods: Bacterial samples were collected from 23 dental prostheses (including six gold crowns, seven zirconia crowns, four porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, and six dentures) in dental laboratories and dental institutions in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. These samples were inoculated onto 3M Petrifilm for general aerobic bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The colonies that formed after 48 hours of culture were counted. Results: General aerobic bacteria and S. aureus were detected on the majority of dental prostheses, with dentures showing the highest presence (p=0.003). Neither aerobic bacteria nor S. aureus showed statistically significant differences between dental institutions and laboratories. A positive correlation was noted between the denture and the denture in terms of general aerobic bacteria and S. aureus detection (r=0.829, p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result, many bacteria were detected in most dental prostheses. Therefore, there is a need to recognize the risk of crossinfection through dental prosthesis and to establish specific infection control guidelines.

Clinical Evaluation of Maneuverability and Durability of Titanium Nitride-coated Preformed Crown on Primary Molar Teeth: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The management of multisurface carious primary molar is challenging. Currently, the ideal choice for the management of extensive multi-surface carious primary molar is the placement of a preformed stainlesssteel crown (SSC)/preformed zirconia crown. Unfortunately, conventional preformed SSCs are frequently refused by parents for esthetic reasons, while the preformed zirconia crown has its own disadvantages like high cost and excessive tooth preparation. To evaluate the maneuverability and durability of titanium nitride-coated crowns on primary molar teeth and to assess the child-parent satisfaction of titanium nitride-coated gold-colored preformed crowns over metal-colored preformed SSC on primary molar teeth. Randomized controlled trial conducted on children between the age-groups of 6- and 9-year-old children. Group I for titanium nitride-coated preformed crown and group II for preformed SSC (control group) were allotted with a simple random technique. The maneuverability of the titanium nitride-coated crowns was evaluated in comparison with preformed SSC in terms of the level of difficulty while trimming, contouring, crimping, and wearing out of titanium nitride coating while manipulating. Participants of group I were recalled for follow-up in the 1st, 6th, and 12th months to evaluate the durability of the titanium nitride coating on the preformed crowns. There were no failures at the 12-month follow-up in terms of the durability of the titanium nitride coating, and there was no significant difference seen in terms of the maneuverability of both crowns. Overall, child-parent satisfaction was good with gold-colored titanium nitride-coated crowns. The study concluded that titanium nitride-coated gold crowns could be a boon to pediatric dentistry and serve as an alternative to metal-colored SSCs. Vundela RR, Gupta N, Balamurugan S, et al. Clinical Evaluation of Maneuverability and Durability of Titanium Nitride-coated Preformed Crown on Primary Molar Teeth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S263-S267.

Measurement of proximal contact of single crowns to assess interproximal relief: A pilot study

BackgroundIt is common for dental technicians to adjust the proximal surface of adjacent teeth on casts when fabricating single crowns. However, whether the accuracy of the proximal contact is affected if this step is eliminated is unclear. ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of the proximal contact of single crowns for mandibular first molars fabricated from four different restorative materials, without adjustment of the proximal surface of the adjacent teeth by the laboratory/dental technician. MethodsThis study was in vitro; all the clinical procedures were conducted on a dentoform. The mandibular first molar tooth on the dentoform was prepared using diamond burs and a high speed handpiece. Twenty single crowns were fabricated, five for each group (monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate, metal ceramic, and cast gold). No proximal surface adjacent to the definitive crowns was adjusted for tight contact in the dental laboratory. Both the qualitative analyses, using dental floss and shimstock, and the quantitative analyses, using a stereo microscope, were performed to evaluate the accuracy of the proximal contact of the restoration with the adjacent teeth. In the quantitative analysis, one-way analysis of variance was used to compare mean values at a significance level of 0.05. ResultsIn quantitative analysis, the differences between the proximal contact tightness of the four groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.802 for mesial contacts, P = 0.354 for distal contacts). In qualitative analysis, in most crowns, dental floss passed through the contact with tight resistance and only one film of shimstock could be inserted between the adjacent teeth and the restoration. However, one specimen from the cast gold crown had open contact. ConclusionsEven without proximal surface adjustment of the adjacent teeth during the crown fabrication process, adequate proximal contact tightness between the restoration and adjacent teeth could be achieved.

An 8-year retrospective study of fixed prosthodontics clinical unit completions in a postgraduate prosthodontics program.

The range of aesthetic fixed prosthodontics materials utilizing digital manufacturing techniques has expanded in recent years ostensibly replacing traditional laboratory techniques and materials. This retrospective study conducted over eight consecutive years aimed to analyze the types of laboratory fabricated fixed prosthodontics clinical units completed in a postgraduate prosthodontics specialist training program and determine meaningful trends. The logbooks of eight postgraduate prosthodontics completions from 2014 to 2021 were reviewed and the different types of laboratory fabricated fixed prosthodontics units and total number of fixed prosthodontics units completed were recorded. The data was categorized and presented in tabulated and chart form using Microsoft Excel software (version 2016). Paired t-tests and Mann-Kendall trend tests were performed to analyze for statistical significance between the different restoration types across the program completions. Porcelain bonded to metal (PBM) crowns represented 42.05% of all fixed prosthodontics units completed over all study years followed by all-ceramic crowns (ACC) (18.14%) and full gold crowns (FGC) (10.70%). Jointly, PBM, ACC and FGC's encompassed 70.88% of all fixed prosthodontics units. Over the 8-year study period, there were observed trends of reduced use of PBM's, increased use of ACC's, statistically significant reduced use of FGC's (p = 0.035) and a statistically significant difference in the use of complete and partial coverage restorations (p < 0.001). PBM crowns were the dominant laboratory fabricated fixed prosthodontic clinical unit across postgraduate prosthodontics program completions. The trend in later years indicating ACC as the dominant crown type warrants further investigation.

Combined full-length transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis reveals the regulatory mechanisms of adaptation to salt stress in asparagus.

Soil salinity is a very serious abiotic stressor that affects plant growth and threatens crop yield. Thus, it is important to explore the mechanisms of salt tolerance of plant and then to stabilize and improve crop yield. Asparagus is an important cash crop, but its salt tolerance mechanisms are largely unknown. Full-length transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed on two asparagus genotypes: 'jx1502' (a salt-tolerant genotype) and 'gold crown' (a salt-sensitive genotype). Compared with the distilled water treatment (control), 877 and 1610 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in 'jx1502' and 'gold crown' under salt stress treatment, respectively, and 135 and 73 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified in 'jx1502' and 'gold crown' under salt stress treatment, respectively. DEGs related to ion transport, plant hormone response, and cell division and growth presented differential expression profiles between 'jx1502' and 'gold crown.' In 'jx1502,' 11 ion transport-related DEGs, 8 plant hormone response-related DEGs, and 12 cell division and growth-related DEGs were upregulated, while 7 ion transport-related DEGs, 4 plant hormone response-related DEGs, and 2 cell division and growth-related DEGs were downregulated. Interestingly, in 'gold crown,' 14 ion transport-related DEGs, 2 plant hormone response-related DEGs, and 6 cell division and growth-related DEGs were upregulated, while 45 ion transport-related DEGs, 13 plant hormone response-related DEGs, and 16 cell division and growth-related DEGs were downregulated. Genotype 'jx1502' can modulate K+/Na+ and water homeostasis and maintain a more constant transport system for nutrient uptake and distribution than 'gold crown' under salt stress. Genotype 'jx1502' strengthened the response to auxin (IAA), as well as cell division and growth for root remodeling and thus salt tolerance. Therefore, the integration analysis of transcriptomic and metabolomic indicated that 'jx1502' enhanced sugar and amino acid metabolism for energy supply and osmotic regulatory substance accumulation to meet the demands of protective mechanisms against salt stress. This work contributed to reveal the underlying salt tolerance mechanism of asparagus at transcription and metabolism level and proposed new directions for asparagus variety improvement.

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Worn Molars With Prosthetic Crowns and Onlays Made of Various Materials

Background/Purpose Restoration of worn teeth represents a challenge for practitioners in terms of preserving dental tissues, achieving restoration requirements, and choosing the most appropriate material. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of both preparation and restoration type on stress distribution in modeled first mandibular molars when functional and parafunctional occlusal forces were applied. Materials and methods The study sample consisted of 40 three-dimensional computer models of restored lower first molars with full crowns (gold, nickel-chrome,lithium disilicate, BruxZir® zirconia, and porcelain fused to metal) and onlays (gold,nickel, chrome, lithium disilicate, and direct and indirect composites). Forces of different intensities and directions were applied, and then finite element analysis was carried out based on the von Mises equivalent stress theory to predict the failure that could occur in the restoring materials and luting cement or bonding agent. Results In functional forces groups, zirconia crowns showed the lowest value of the failure risk, while the highest value was in veneering porcelain with values close to the rest of the models. For onlays, gold onlays represented the best stress distribution with the lowest value of the failure risk, in contrast to the composite onlays that had the highest failure risk. In parafunctional forces groups, the preference remained for zirconia and gold crowns, as well as for metal onlays, with greater differences in the values of the failure risk. Conclusion Gold alloy exhibited better behavior in the stress distribution. All restorations showed similar behavior when applying functional forces; however, when applying parafunctional forces, both gold and zirconia crowns have shown the best results.

Treatment of Tooth Wear Using Direct or Indirect Restorations: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies.

Tooth wear is considered a well-developed issue in daily clinical practice; however, there is no standard protocol for treatment. The aim of this manuscript was to systematically review the literature to evaluate the clinical outcomes of direct or indirect restorations for treating tooth wear. A literature search was conducted through the PubMed MedLine, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Scielo, and EMBASE databases up to 29 April 2022. Clinical studies evaluating the clinical performance of direct or indirect restorations for treating tooth wear for a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included in the review. A total of 2776 records were obtained from the search databases. After full-text reading, 16 studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Considering the high heterogenicity of the studies included, a meta-analysis could not be performed. All studies included the rehabilitation of anterior and posterior teeth with extensive wear, using both indirect and direct restorations for a maximum follow-up of 10 years. Restoration materials included ceramo-metal crowns, full gold crowns, lithium disilicate ceramic, zirconia, polymer infiltrated ceramic networks, and resin composites. Most of the reports assessed the survival rate of the restorations and the clinical features using the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) Evaluation System criteria. Contradictory discoveries were perceived concerning the type of restoration with better clinical performance. Considering the current literature available, there is no evidence in the superiority of any restoration technique to ensure the highest clinical performance for treating tooth wear.

Fixed prosthodontics clinical unit completions in an undergraduate curriculum: A 10-year retrospective study.

Providing undergraduate dental students with a range of clinical experiences in fixed prosthodontics procedures is an important component of dental education. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the types of laboratory-fabricated fixed prosthodontics clinical units completed by undergraduate students over 10 consecutive years and determine any significant trends. The fixed prosthodontics treatment registers from 2012 to 2021 were reviewed and the different types of completed fixed prosthodontics units and total number of fixed prosthodontics units were recorded for each year. Completed units were categorised according to the type of restoration and expressed in whole numbers and as a percentage of the total number of units completed in each year. The data were presented in table and graph form. Mann-Kendall tests were performed to statistically analyse for trends in the different restoration types. Throughout all study years, porcelain bonded to metal (PBM) crowns (48.25%, range 35.70%-59.91%) were the most frequently completed fixed prosthodontics unit followed by full gold crowns (FGC) (20.84%, range 14.89%-27.30%) and all-ceramic crowns (ACC) (12.70%, range 3.67%-24.41%). Collectively, PBM, FGC and ACC comprised 81.80% of all completed fixed prosthodontics units. There were observed trends of increased use of all types of all-ceramic containing restorations, all types of all-gold containing restorations, all types of partial coverage restorations and specifically ceramic onlays and gold onlays. There were observed trends of reduced use of cast gold post-cores and all types of bridges. PBM crowns were the mainstay laboratory-fabricated fixed prosthodontic unit completed over 10 years of undergraduate student fixed prosthodontics clinical practice.

A Crown of Gold

A Crown of Gold

Outcome of Endodontic Treatment through Existing Full Coverage Restorations: An Endodontic Practice Case Series

IntroductionThis case series assessed the outcome of nonsurgical endodontic treatment completed through retained full coverage restorations (FCRs) in a board-certified endodontist private practice. The number of cases completed by the first author was 153. MethodsAll cases were performed following a standardized protocol for treatment and restoration depending on the type of FCR. Number of cases that showed up for 2- to 4-year follow-up was 127, with 83% recall rate. The age range of patients was 33–95 years, with mean age of 54.734 years. The mean recall time was 2.448 years. FCRs and their distribution were as follows: 4 anterior teeth, 14 premolars, and 109 molars. There were 103 nonsurgical root canal treatments and 24 retreatments. Patients who presented for recall had 74 porcelain fused to metal crowns, 17 zirconia crowns, 15 abutments of porcelain fused to metal bridges, 14 lithium disilicate crowns, 5 gold crowns, 1 full metal crown, and 1 gold onlay. ResultsThere were no endodontically related failures. Six cases failed; 3 were due to vertical root fractures, 1 was due to horizontal root fracture, and 2 were due to extensive recurrent caries causing restorative failure. The percentage of healed cases following the American Association of Endodontists outcome criteria adopted in 2004 with intact retained FCR was 95.3%. ConclusionsThe results suggest predictable favorable outcomes for nonsurgical endodontic treatment through FCR following the proposed protocol for diagnosis, treatment, and restoration.

Occlusal stress distribution and remaining crack propagation of a cracked tooth treated with different materials and designs: 3D finite element analysis

ObjectiveHere we used 3D finite element analysis (FEA) to analyze and directly compare stress distribution and crack propagation in identical cracked tooth models after treatment with various materials and designs. MethodsA 3D model of a cracked tooth was generated. We then applied eight restoration models, comprising combinations of three kinds of restoration designs (inlay, onlay, and crown) and four types of restoration materials (direct composite resin, indirect composite resin, ceramic, and gold). A 1000-N occlusal load was applied on the three reference points of the ball-shaped part in the direction of the longitudinal axis, causing crack line separation in the buccolingual direction. Stress distribution was analyzed on the occlusal surface, bottom level of the restoration, and mesiodistal longitudinal section. The stress on the lower margin of the crack surface was measured at 15 points on each model. ResultsCeramic inlay and onlay showed stress concentration at the restoration bottom, and low stress on the lower margin of the crack surface. Direct and indirect resin restorations exhibited low stress on the restoration bottom, and high stress on the proximal end of the lower margin of the crack surface. With a resin-unfilled gold crown, stress was concentrated on the crown bottom and the lower margin of the crack surface. Direct resin filling inside the gold crown yielded significantly decreased stress on both areas. SignificanceOur results suggest that inlay and onlay ceramic restorations, and gold crown with resin filling inside, are advantageous methods for preventing further crack propagation.

Quantitative analysis of metal artifact reduction using the auto-edge counting method in cone-beam computed tomography

The metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm is used in most CBCT unit to reduce artifact from various dental materials. The performance of MAR program of a CBCT unit according to the dental material type under different imaging mode was evaluated as introducing automatic quantification of the amount of artifact reduced. Four customized phantoms with different dental prostheses (amalgam, gold, porcelain-fused-metal, zirconia) underwent CBCT scanning with and without the MAR option. The imaging was performed under varied scanning conditions; 0.2 and 0.3 mm3 voxel sizes; 70 and 100 kVp. The amount of artifacts reduced by each prosthesis and scanning mode automatically counted using canny edge detection in MATLAB, and statistical analysis was performed. The overall artifact reduction ratio was ranged from 17.3% to 55.4%. The artifact caused by the gold crown was most effectively reduced compared to the other prostheses (p < 0.05, Welch’s ANOVA analysis). MAR showed higher performance in smaller voxel size mode for all prostheses (p < 0.05, independent t-test). Automatic quantification efficiently evaluated MAR performance in CBCT image. The impact of MAR was different according to the prostheses type and imaging mode, suggesting that thoughtful consideration is required when selecting the imaging mode of CBCT.

What German dentists choose for their teeth: A Web-based survey of molar restorations and their longevity

Statement of problemWhich restorative material is best suited for treating the posterior molar region is unclear. As dentists presumably choose the most appropriate restoration, German dentists were asked how their own molars were treated. PurposeThe purpose of this survey study was to examine molar restorations and their durability in German dentists. Material and methodsIn the official journal of the Federal Dental Association, German dentists were asked to participate in an online survey that gathered demographic data and information on the type and durability of their molar restorations. To reduce selection bias, the data were weighted for region, sex, and age of the dentist. ResultsThe data set consisted of 1719 molars from 288 dentists. Restorations included gold inlays (25%), composite resin (24.3%), amalgam (11.8%), ceramic inlays (5.4%), glass ionomer cement or compomer (0.8%), gold crowns (21.8%), ceramic crowns (6.6%), and metal-ceramic crowns (4.3%). Notable differences were identified based on the sex, age, and region of the dentist. Women selected increased esthetic options, as did young dentists. Restorations made of gold, amalgam, and base metal had the highest longevity, at more than 20 years ConclusionsAmong German dentists, restorations with metallic materials dominated in molars, with gold accounting for the largest share. In recent years, the proportion of tooth-colored restorations has increased, and in particular, young dentists use composite resin and ceramics.

A closer look at the Tillya-tepe folding crown and attached pendants

Tillya-tepe, the 1stcentury AD burial site, was situated in ancient Bactria, modern Afghanistan. Among the numerous gold artefacts found in the six excavated graves was a spectacular gold crown worn by a high status woman. This article analyses the design and iconography of this crown against the backdrop of a number of factors, including the steppe nomadic heritage of the Tillya-tepe people, and the presence of Graeco-Roman style imagery which appears on some of their most important possessions.

Plasma Fabrication and SERS Functionality of Gold Crowned Silicon Submicrometer Pillars.

Sequential plasma processes combined with specific lithographic methods allow for the fabrication of advanced material structures. In the present work, we used self-assembled colloidal monolayers as lithographic structures for the conformation of ordered Si submicrometer pillars by reactive ion etching. We explored different discharge conditions to optimize the Si pillar geometry. Selected structures were further decorated with gold by conventional sputtering, prior to colloidal monolayer lift-off. The resulting structures consist of a gold crown, that is, a cylindrical coating on the edge of the Si pillar and a cavity on top. We analysed the Au structures in terms of electronic properties by using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) prior to and after post-processing with thermal annealing at 300 °C and/or interaction with a gold etchant solution (KI). The angular dependent analysis of the plasmonic properties was studied with Fourier transformed UV-vis measurements. Certain conditions were selected to perform a surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) evaluation of these platforms with two model dyes, prior to confirming the potential interest for a well-resolved analysis of filtered blood plasma.

CREATION OF CITY’S COATS OF ARMS OF YUZHNYI, MUKACHEVO AND PROJECT OF THE NEW COAT OF ARMS OF THE UZHHOROD UNIVERSITY

Автор на основі джерел розглянув питання створення міських гербів Южного, Мукачева та проекту нового Ужгородського університету. Мета даного дослідження містила наступне: розкриття процесу створення герба міста Южний; яким є сучасний герб Мукачева і саме постать Св.Мартіна як єпископа чи вершника на коні; чи потрібний був новий герб Ужгородського університету, у зв’язку з віднайденням нової дати заснування вищої школи – 400 років (1613 р.). Виходячи з мети дослідження, аналізу останніх публікацій, викладу основного матеріалу статті, автор прийшов до попередніх висновків. Потрібно дуже ретельно підходити до створення герба будь-якого населеного пункту. При виборі символічних фігур герба потрібно обирати ті фігури, які символізують та характеризують той чи інший населений пункт. Потрібно звичайно консультуватися при розробці герба з фахівцями з Українського Геральдичного Товариства (УГТ), котрі можуть провести геральдичну експертизу, надати необхідну інформацію і т.д. У випадку зі створенням і прийняттям герба м.Южний, цей процес тривав 1994 по 2003 рік. При створенні або поверненні до зображення старого герба, котрий би міг бути або стати новим-старим гербом міста, потрібно добре знати історію та геральдику того чи іншого населеного пункту, а особливо появу та використання відбитків печаток (печатей) на документах міського самоуправління. Так, склалося, що у ХІХ ст. у м. Мукачеві, тоді Мункачі використовували три печатки Св. Мартін з посохом (одна) і Св. Мартін на коні (дві), відповідно у діловодстві та церковних справах. Відомий кольоровий опис герба Мункача (Мукачева) з 1906 року: «В синьому полі щита із зеленою основою Святий Мартін, єпископ, у римському рицарському вбранні, на голові шолом. Він сидить на білому коні, вкритому червоним покривалом, і відтинає мечем свого червоного плаща. Відтятий шмат він віддає напіводягненому мукачівському жебраку. Верхівка щита прикрашена гербовою золотою короною». Майже через століття було прийнято новий герб Мукачева (1998 р.), який поєднав у собі дві символічні фігури Св. Мартіна: єпископ з посохом, а друга рука благословляє; і римський вершник на коні, відтинає мечем частину свого червоного плаща, яку віддає жебракові. Опис герба наступний: у синьому полі іспанського геральдичного щита зображений Святий Мартін у білому єпископському одязі, лівою рукою тримає пастирський посох, а правою срібний щиток, у полі якого зображено золотий меч, який розрізає червоний плащ. У зв’язку з майбутнім святкуванням «400 річного ювілею» вищої освіти на Закарпатті, де акцентувалась увага про наступництво Ужгородського університету, який був створений на основі єзуїтської колегії (1613 р., пізніше гімназії), заснованої дворянською родиною Другетів, постало питання про створення нового герба УжНУ. Були представлені два проекти нових гербів Олександра Поповича (члена УГТ) та Лесі Поліхи, де основною символічною фігурою на щиті є дрізд. Обидва проекти так і не були затверджені. Якби було доведено, що УжНУ має 400 роківі це дійсно пов’язано з родиною Другетів, то обов’язково новий університетський герб мав би містити у собі герб (серце щита) дворянської родини Другетів – сім дроздів.

신라와 중앙아시아 황금문화 유사성 : 잉카 황금문화로의 그 유사성 확장에 대한 시론적 연구

In this study I mainly focus on similarities of ancient gold culture among Shinla, Central Asia and Inca. I first raise a question as to how golden relics such as Gold-filigreed Sword and gold crowns which were widely attributed to the West including Rome and Central Asia could have been found in Shinla located in the end of the Far East. In answering this question, I advocate the hypothesis that those relics were as a result of migration of particular groups. This is based on the claim that the northern gold culture had been introduced to Shinla by Xiongnu over a few different periods of time in the history and further gorgeously reincarnated in Shinla by collaboration of the moved Xiongnu with elaborated skills and the Shinla people with creativity. I then extend discussion on the observation that the gold culture of Inca in South America also has interesting similarities with that of Shinla-Central Asia together with other relics. Considering that humans had moved from Asia to America over various periods of time since BC 10,000 or earlier, I make a preliminary claim that the similarities in question support the above hypothesis; that is, the Inca gold culture resulted from migration of particular groups. However, also noting some variances in gold cultures between the two continents, perhaps due to different climatic and geographical conditions, I leave them for future study.

Dental Treatment with a Gold Alloy Cast Crown for Severe Lumbago

The patient was a 41-year-old woman experiencing severe lumbago for several years. The physician-in-charge referred her for dental treatment because examination did not reveal any specific abnormality in her lower back. Prior to the treatment, the patient could barely bend forward and backward because of serious back pain. Her body flexibility and lower back pain improved when a gold alloy cast crown was placed near her feet. However, when the crown was covered with aluminum foil, it was again very difficult for her to bend her body forward and backward. These results suggested that her body reacted positively because good electromagnetic waves emitted by the crown were absorbed by the body. The alloy used to make the crown was chosen using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test. Moreover, the shape, contact strength, and occlusion (biting condition) of the crown were also determined by the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test. After the crown was placed on her upper right first molar, her lumbago completely disappeared and did not recur for >5 years of follow-up. The effectiveness of electromagnetic waves on the condition of the body, as in this case, has not often been acknowledged in modern medicine, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear; therefore, further research is required.

신라 금제 관식의 이미지를 활용한 티아라의 응용 사례 연구 - 신라금관의 세움 장식을 중심으로 -

신라 금제 관식의 이미지를 활용한 티아라의 응용 사례 연구 - 신라금관의 세움 장식을 중심으로 -

Honorary Athenian Decree for Some Akarnanian Exiles

The decree, dating to the summer of 337 B.C., establishes on the one hand the granting of gold crowns and citizenship to two Akarnanians brothers, Phormion and Karphinas, commanders of an Akarnanian military contingent that apparently supported Athens in the battle of Chaironeia, on the other the recognition of a series of honours to the Akarnanians who followed them and constituted evidently the nerve of this contingent. The honorary decree is extremely interesting for the reconstruction of the Athenian situation immediately after the battle of Chaironeia, when Athens – apparently pro-Macedonian – seemed to carry on its resistance against Philip II by granting asylum to those who had supported the city in the military clash against Macedonia and were persecuted for this reason. The decree, then, explicitly remembers that the grandfather of the two honorands, Phormion, had in turn been beneficiary in 400 BC ca. of the granting of Athenian citizenship: the mention of this previous action creates a strong link, with evident propagandistic implications, between the moments following the battle of Chaironeia and those following the end of the Peloponnesian war. Finally, the decree may also be considered as a valid source for the study of the concession of the isoteleia, in this specific case granted in its widest form (exemption from the metoikion, right of enktesis, guarantee of legal protections, right to pay eisphorai with citizens) and not to individuals, but to a group of political exiles.