Goals Inventory Research Articles

Metacognitive awareness and learning and performance goals as key predictors of writing performance

Effective writing involves more than just grammatical correctness and vocabulary choice. A deeper understanding of one’s thinking processes while writing, coupled with clear writing goals, is crucial for producing high-quality text. Thus, this study explores the correlation between students' metacognitive awareness, their orientation towards learning and performance goals, and their performance in English Academic Writing (EAW). Specifically, it investigates participants’ current metacognitive awareness and goal orientation in relation to their English Academic Writing. By examining participants’ understanding of their writing processes and goal they set, this research seeks to establish baseline for exploring potential connection between metacognition, goal orientation, and writing outcomes. The research employed a qualitative design using a survey involving 252 non-English major students across three universities in Indonesia. Participants completed two inventories; the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) and the Goal Inventory (GI), along with summative assessments of their writing performance. Their English Academic Writing proficiency was evaluated through standardized assessment. As a result, multiple linear regression analysis indicated a significant positive impact of metacognitive awareness on EAW performance, explaining 73.5% of the variance with a regression coefficient of 1.171 (p < .001). However, learning and performance goals did not significantly affect EAW performance, as evidenced by a regression coefficient of 0.026 (p = .343). These results underscore the pivotal role of metacognitive awareness in enhancing EAW performance among non-English majors, suggesting that further research is needed to explore the influence of goal orientation, and to explore its potential moderating effects on the relationship between metacognitve awareness and EAW performance. Understanding the complex interplay of these factors is essential for developing effective pedagogical interventions to enchance EAW abilities among non-English major students.

Why hikers hike: an analysis of motives for hiking

ABSTRACT Hiking has become an increasingly popular activity for all age groups and can be seen as one of the major nature-based tourist activities. As in other areas of tourism, a trend toward a growing emphasis on quality is identifiable in hiking tourism. To better address the needs and demands of hiking tourists, knowledge of motives for hiking is crucial. Focusing on the context of hiking tourism, the aim of this study is to examine the motives of hikers and to identify possible underlying individual differences in motives. By using an adapted questionnaire based on the existing inventory ‘Bernese motive and goal inventory in leisure and health sports’ (BMZI), hiking tourists at three different locations in the Black Forest in Germany were interviewed. A total of 113 questionnaires were used for statistical analysis. First, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to classify motives for engaging in hiking, resulting in five motives: ‘experience of nature’, ‘health’, ‘distraction’, ‘social contact in sport’, ‘physique’, and ‘competition’. Second, further analyses revealed significant differences in terms of gender, age, educational level, frequency of exercising, frequency of hiking, and type of vacation regarding single motives for hiking, with the motive ‘health’ showing most differences according to sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics (i.e. gender, frequency of exercising, frequency of hiking). The results of this study provide a better understanding of hiking tourists and their motives. Furthermore, the results are useful for organizations, marketing, destinations, and networks in the field of sport and tourism to promote hiking tourism.

Content and attainment of individual treatment goals in CBT

This study examined the attainment of individual treatment goals as an approach to measure treatment outcomes retrospectively in comparison to standardized self-report measures. In total, 189 outpatients defined 1–3 treatment goals (N = 455) using the Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) at the beginning of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and indicated the degree of their individual goal attainment post-treatment. The goals were assigned to content-related goal types of the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-T). The extent of goal attainment was, on average, between 1 (goal halfway attained) and 2 (goal attained) (M = 1.43), regardless of goal content and diagnostic group. Goals of the goal type “problems and symptoms” were chosen most frequently and showed significantly higher goal attainment than “interpersonal” goals, thereby indicating that outpatients in CBT mainly want to work on treatment goals like coping with problems and symptoms. Additionally, standardized self-report measures (Brief Symptom Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory-II) were assessed, and associations with the GAS were calculated. They correlated significantly but moderately, thus indicating that the two concepts complement each other and should ideally be implemented together.

Assessing Motivations for Punishment: The Sentencing Goals Inventory

The purpose of these studies was to develop a novel measurement, the Sentencing Goals Inventory (SGI), for understanding the underlying people’s motivations for punishing justice-involved individuals. Prior scales have focused on punishment motives such as utilitarianism (incapacitation or deterrence) and retribution (“just deserts”) but have not assessed a rehabilitation motive (punishment with the goal of addressing the cause of criminality) in tandem. Building on the previous unpublished work by Perelman and colleagues (2010), we conducted four new studies on the SGI. A slightly modified version of the scale emerged as a well-fitting model for sentencing goals. It displayed good reliability across samples, internal structure validity, and discriminant and convergent validity with other measures. This work provides a strong basis of evidence for the SGI as a measure of current social attitudes toward criminal justice sanctions and punishment that can be used in future research and to inform public policy.

Goal Attainment Scaling in Outpatient Physical Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Study.

BackgroundPatient engagement in decisions regarding their health care may lead to improved outcomes and improved adherence to treatment plans. While there are several options for involving patients in their health care, goal setting is a readily accessible method for physical therapists to increase the involvement of patients in health care decisions. Physical therapy goals are often generated by health care providers based on subjective information or standardized, fixed-item, patient-reported outcome measures. However, these outcome measures may not fully reveal the activity and participation limitations of individual patients. Goal attainment scaling (GAS) is a patient-centered approach that allows patients to set meaningful goals. While GAS has been shown to be reliable, valid, and sensitive to change in various populations, there is limited evidence in the United States on utilizing GAS in physical therapy for patients with chronic low back pain (LBP).ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to describe the protocol for a study to (1) develop a way to apply GAS procedures for physical therapists treating patients with chronic LBP in the United States and (2) test the feasibility of applying GAS procedures for chronic LBP in an outpatient physical therapy setting.MethodsThis study used a mixed methods design with 2 phases: qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative phase of the study employed focus groups of patients with chronic LBP to identify an inventory of goals that were important and measurable. A series of prompts was developed from this inventory to assist physical therapists in collaboratively establishing goals with patients in a clinical setting. The quantitative phase of the study pilot-tested the inventory developed in the qualitative phase in patients with chronic LBP to determine feasibility, reliability, validity, and responsiveness. We also plan to compare how well GAS reveals change over time relative to traditional, fixed-item, patient-reported measures.ResultsPhase 1 data collection was completed in June 2020, while data collection for phase 2 was performed between March 2021 and December 2021. We anticipate that this study will demonstrate that GAS can be implemented successfully by outpatient physical therapists, and that it will demonstrate clinically important changes in patients with chronic LBP.ConclusionsGAS represents an opportunity for patient-centered care in the physical therapy management of chronic LBP. While GAS is not new, it has never been studied in real-world physical therapy for chronic LBP in a clinical setting. Due to unique time and productivity constraints, for GAS to be successfully implemented in this environment, we must demonstrate that clinicians can be trained efficiently and reliably, that GAS can be implemented in a clinical setting in under 15 minutes, and that GAS is able to detect clinically meaningful changes in patient outcomes.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/32457

Does age matter? Initial treatment goals of older adults with major depression in outpatient cognitive behavioural therapy.

Personal treatment goals (PTG) are important means to tailor psychotherapy to the needs of the patient, leading to increased engagement and greater improvement in relevant outcomes. According to lifespan developmental research, motivational goals in old age differ from goals of younger people, with management of losses rather than growth becoming more prevalent. However, this study is the first to systematically investigate age-specific differences in PTGs. We used routine data from patients with major depression assessed at the beginning of outpatient cognitive behavioural therapy. Initial high-priority PTGs were assessed using the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-C). Older patients (≥60 years, n = 52) were matched to younger patients (<60 years, n = 52) with regard to severity of depression, number of comorbidities, gender and level of education. Using a mixed method approach, high-priority PTGs of both age groups were focused most strongly on reducing depressive symptoms and, subsequently, anxiety. At the same time, older patients focused more strongly on PTGs related to well-being and functioning, while younger patients' emphasis was on personal growth. Furthermore, better coping with the ageing process and physical losses emerged as important PTGs for some older patients. Initial PTG themes are specific to diagnosis, but also seem to differ in regard to age. Thus, it is important to develop age-sensitive measures that allow appropriate and efficient tailoring of psychotherapy to meet older patients' needs and preferences.

Participation Motives of Sport and Exercise Maintainers: Influences of Age and Gender.

Promotion of physical activity has become a global priority for public health. While many people do not adhere to the recommendations, sport and exercise maintainers have found their right or fitting practice. Thus, assessing and knowing the participation motives across maintainers helps to improve our understanding of the sports and exercise practices and, thus, to recommend and to design physical activities and programmes that fit to individuals’ motives. A modified version of the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory was used in an Austria-wide cross-sectional study with 10646 sport and exercise maintainers (43% female). The study performed confirmatory factor analysis, examined measurement invariance, and compared participation motives. The results showed a good model fit and measurement invariance, indicating that the inventory can be applied independently of gender, age and years of sport/exercise experiences. Motives differed among gender, age and type of sports/exercise. Therefore, these variables should be considered in tailoring sport recommendations and interventions to promote adherence. Finally, the results are discussed by using the Self-Determination Theory indicating that sport and exercise maintainers pursue predominantly motives with intrinsic goal contents.

대학생 부정적 진로목표피드백 척도 타당화

대학생 부정적 진로목표피드백 척도 타당화

The Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Exercise- and sport-related motives and goals are important motivational factors in promoting exercise and sport among adolescents and young adults. However, at present, there is no well-validated instrument to assess these factors that considers age-specific characteristics. Therefore, the goals of this study were to adapt the existing Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory in exercise and sport for middle-aged adults for use in adolescents and young adults and to examine its psychometric properties. The Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for adolescence and young adulthood was validated with 2,318 participants aged between 14 to 34 years old. Applying exploratory structural equation modeling, the inventory demonstrated excellent model fit (CFI = 0.983, SRMR = 0.014, RMSEA = 0.040) using 26 items and covering eight motives and goals: Contact, Competition/Performance, Distraction/Catharsis, Body/Appearance, Health, Fitness, Aesthetics, and Risk/Challenge. A cross-validation confirmed the factor structure. Psychometric analyses revealed good reliabilities (CR ≥ 0.70, AVE ≥ 0.50, test-retest reliability: 0.62 ≤ rtt ≤ 0.83) and discriminant validity. The factors correlated, in predictable ways, with exercise- and sport-related self-concordance, indicating criterion validity of the inventory. Additionally, metric measurement invariance was supported for activity levels, gender, and age. Overall, the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory for adolescence and young adulthood is an age-specific, economical, and psychometrically sound questionnaire to assess exercise- and sport-related motives and goals. The inventory can be used in the practical field of exercise and sport promotion (e.g., sport counseling), as well as in research, to better understand the mechanisms and effects of motives and goals in exercise and sport.

Government Guide to Sustainability Impact Assessments

Global sustainability is becoming an increasingly important issue, as evidenced by the numerous conferences of the UN and its sister organizations with worldwide participation. The goal is a critical inventory of the desirable goals, as well as the questioning of the current status quo and the procedure. There are obvious gaps that will be briefly discussed. This paper does not only deal with state sustainability, but shows the approach of this topic by the German state. Not only the basic assumptions and the goals are documented, but these are, as far as possible, checked for their realism or feasibility. Method comparison of the defined procedure by the German Federal Government with the goals set by the UN and the finding of possible deviations. Research findings are shown within a brief summary to offer an opportunity for further analysis, discussions, or results. The sustainability test is an accepted possibility to measure effects on nature, based on indicators and values. The estimation of legal consequences must be borne in full by all decision makers. Ecology, Society, Technology and Economy have to go hand in hand and people have to be taught their current behavior regarding environment costs money. Results and implications for practice, applications and consequences are identified. Sustainability and its effects can be evaluated in the short, mid and long term run. All people worldwide are influenced by lived or just not lived sustainability massive in their lives. Avenues of future research should always include sustainability tests and estimations of legal consequences regarding the decisions done by politicians at this matter. This paper deals with sustainability and the associated consequences in the area of legislation, as well as with the verification of the achievement of individual environmental goals.

Social goals moderate the associations between peer status and behavior in middle school

AbstractThis study investigated the associations among popularity, agentic and communal social goals, and overt and relational aggression in adolescence, with a focus on social goals as moderators of the association between aggression and popularity. Three hundred eighteen sixth‐, seventh‐, and eighth‐grade students completed a sociometric assessment of overt and relational aggression, prosocial behavior, and popularity, and the Interpersonal Goals Inventory for Children (IGI‐C; Ojanen, Grönroos, &amp; Salmivalli, Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 699–710, 2005). Endorsing agentic goals moderated the association between popularity and both overt aggression and prosocial behavior. Adolescents who were both popular and who endorsed agentic goals were particularly high in overt aggression and prosocial behavior. Communal goals also moderated the popularity‐aggression link, but in different ways depending on the type of aggression being analyzed. We also found evidence that, among adolescents who endorse both types of goals, agentic goals may overshadow communal values. Some of these interactions were further qualified by gender.

Bernese motive and goal inventory in exercise and sport: Validation of an updated version of the questionnaire.

Target group-specific intervention strategies are often called for in order to effectively promote exercise and sport. Currently, motives and goals are rarely included systematically in the design of interventions, despite the key role they play in well-being and adherence to exercise. The Bernese motive and goal inventory (BMZI) allows an individual diagnosis of motives and goals in exercise and sport in people in middle adulthood. The purpose of the present study was to elaborate on the original BMZI and to modify the questionnaire in order to improve its psychometric properties. The study is based on data from two samples (sample A: 448 employees of companies and authorities; sample B: 853 patients of a medical rehabilitation programme). We applied confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling. Overall, both the original and the updated BMZI had an acceptable to good validity and a good reliability. However, the revised questionnaire had slightly better reliability. The updated BMZI consists of 23 items and covers the following motives and goals: Body/Appearance, Contact, Competition/Performance, Aesthetics, Distraction/Catharsis, Fitness and Health. It is recommended as an economical inventory for the individual diagnosis of important psychological conditions for exercise and sport.

Development of an inventory of goals using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in a population of non-ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin A

BackgroundIn the management of hypertonicity in children with cerebral palsy (CP), goals should be clearly identified in order to evaluate the effectiveness of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment, specifically in non-ambulatory children and adolescents, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), level IV or V. A retrospective chart review (Mesterman et al., 2013) identified the need for the development of a set of specific and meaningful goals linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for future goal setting and evaluation in this population. Our objective is to create an inventory of goals based on the ICF framework that captures the needs and values of families with children with CP.MethodsThis cross-sectional observational study recruited parents of twenty children and youths with CP in GMFCS levels IV or V (mean age 11.2 years, SD 4.3, 13 males) who were assessed for BoNT-A treatment at the Spasticity Management Clinic at McMaster Children’s Hospital (Hamilton, ON). A previous inventory of goals was developed by a group of experts at a national botulinum toxin conference held in January 2014 (Montreal, Canada). The inventory of goals was further refined by asking the parents to select goals from the inventory list that they would like their child to accomplish after receiving BoNT-A treatment, and asking healthcare professionals for clarity and phrasing of goals in the inventory list.ResultsAll parents identified body structure and function goals, with more than 75% of parents selecting reduction in muscle tone and increased range of movements in the upper and lower extremities. More than 50% of parents identified activity goals related to ease of caregiving. Two activity goals and three participation goals were missing from the inventory. Participation goals were identified by less than 5% of parents.ConclusionThe inventory may be a helpful tool to facilitate a discussion about goal setting between healthcare professionals and families in the context of BoNT-A treatment. A future study is needed to conduct qualitative interviews to better understand the information that families may require about setting goals during BoNT-A treatment and to evaluate the usefulness of the inventory.

A Study of the Relationship between Key Factors of Academic Innovation and Faculties’ Teaching Goals—The Mediatory Role of Knowledge

The following research tries to study the Relationship between key factors of academic innovations and faculties’ teaching goals with the mediatory role of their pedagogical, technological and content knowledge. The statistical population in this research included faculty members of Shiraz University. By simple random sampling, 127 faculty members were selected. The research instruments included of Academic Innovation Factors scale, Knowledge scale and Teaching Goals inventory. The data was analyzed, by structural equation model. Results showed Academic innovation key factors are positive predictor of various faculty members’ teaching goals. Academic innovation key factors are positive predictor of faculty members’ knowledge. Academic innovation key factors with the mediatory role of faculty members is positive predictor of faculty members’ teaching goals.

Development of an inventory of goals using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in a population of non‐ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin A

Development of an inventory of goals using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health in a population of non‐ambulatory children and adolescents with cerebral palsy treated with botulinum toxin A

Treatment goals and their attainment: a structured approach to assessment and evaluation

AbstractTreatment goals are considered a vital part of therapeutic work, and their role is often emphasized in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, the attainment of goals is rarely accounted for in terms of treatment outcome. In this study, we set out to investigate a structured format for goal assessment and goal attainment in CBT delivered as routine care. We were especially interested in the sensitivity to change in perceived goal attainment. Patients completed a self-administered version of the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-C) and rated their perceived attainment on a maximum of five prioritized goals before and after 12 weeks of treatment, along with measures on anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life. The results indicated that the prioritized goals only partially correspond to disorder-specific concerns, and that perceived proximity to treatment goals is clearly associated with improvements following treatment. The results are discussed in terms of the BIT-C being a promising tool for use in clinical settings in assessing treatment goals as well as in evaluating the attainment of these goals.

The stability of treatment goals, as assessed by a Swedish version of the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals

Formulating treatment goals has been shown to be an area of vital concern for both outcome and treatment processes. However, it is not as yet an area of structured routine assessment, either in clinical practice or in research. One possible explanation for this is the lack of validated and readily available goal assessment procedures. The present study investigated the test–retest stability of a Swedish translation of the checklist version of the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-C) among 30 patients in primary care. We calculated the consistency of the endorsement of the different therapeutic goal categories over a 2-week period prior to treatment. There were no changes in symptoms or quality-of-life-related measures between the two assessment points. Overall, the goal category items in BIT-C were found to demonstrate moderate to substantial reliability. In conclusion, even though our study was small, it provided initial psychometric support for the Swedish version of BIT-C as a clinically useful tool for the assessment of treatment goals.

Self-Efficacy, Achievement Goals, and Metacognition as Predicators of Academic Motivation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of self-efficacy, achievement goals (mastery goals and performance goals), and metacognition on academic motivation of university students in Jordan. A random sample of 145 students from the Hashemite University participated in the current study. The Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, the Goals Inventory, the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, and the Academic Motivation Inventory were used to measure the four variables consequently. The findings of this study showed that two predictors, mastery goals and metacognition had a significant joint effect on academic motivation. On the other hand, self-efficacy failed to have a significant effect on academic motivation.

Relevance of therapy goals in outpatient cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic psychotherapy

Objective: Against a background of sparse research and contradictory findings, the present study investigates determinants of psychotherapy goals and predictive value for therapy success in outpatient psychotherapy. Method: The sample consisted of 473 patients from a university-based polyclinic and their corresponding 103 therapists. Goals were coded with the Bern Inventory of Treatment Goals (BIT-T). Results: The results show that goal congruence between therapists and patients is relatively small. Theoretical orientation had a significant influence on the complexity of goal structure and goal preferences. With regard to the prognostic validity, only patients' problem- and symptom-focused goals enabled the prediction of treatment success independent of basic therapeutic variables. Conclusions: These findings underline the importance of consideration of patients' individual treatment goals in clinical practice and underpin the relevance of therapy goals for future psychotherapy research.

Client-centred therapy in multiple sclerosis: More intensive diagnostic evaluation and less intensive treatment

Despite beneficial effects on communication and process measures, client-centred practice has been shown to result in poor functional outcomes. To examine a potential explanation for poor functional outcomes, this paper aims to assess whether in client-centred therapy more time is spent on diagnostic consultation and less time on actual treatment compared to usual care. A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial was performed. Thirteen hospitals and rehabilitation centres, 29 therapists and 269 outpatients with multiple sclerosis participated. Measurements included an inventory of diagnostic and treatment goals, the number of sessions, therapy duration and therapy intensity. In client-centred therapy, more sessions were used for diagnostic consultation (10.9% points difference, p = 0.030); the time needed to formulate the first treatment goal was longer (11.4 days difference, p = 0.041); there was a tendency towards more goals directed to diagnostic issues (0.69 goals difference, p = 0.056), spending more hours on indirect issues (1.16 h difference, p = 0.051) and towards a longer total therapy period (1.56 months difference, p = 0.058) than in usual care. Client-centred therapy resulted in more intensive diagnostic evaluation and less intensive treatment. This suggests that client-centred therapy should be adjusted towards a more proportional distribution of time devoted to diagnostic evaluation versus actual treatment.