Choice Of Goals Research Articles

Motivation in organizational behavior: History, advances and prospects

In this article we selectively review major advances in research on motivation in work and organizational behavior since the founding of Organizational Behavior and Human Performance (now Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes) 50years ago. Using a goal-based organizing rubric, we highlight the most impactful articles and summarize research progress over time related to understanding the why, where, how, what, and when of motivation during goal choice and goal enactment. We also note macro-level trends in motivation research published in this journal, including the shift away from publishing new, core theories of work motivation in favor of using new approaches published elsewhere to examine key micro-regulatory processes involved in goal decisions and goal pursuit. We conclude with discussion of promising future research directions.

Acting effectively for biodiversity: a strategic framework for environmental non-governmental organisations

Environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) are major operators of conservation initiatives both in the political sphere and in the field. The context within which they operate can change rapidly and dramatically. As a result, they need to plan new strategies, and do so by taking up the challenges of strategic design like any institutionalised organization. However, the specific characteristics and situations of ENGOs call for new, relevant approaches to strategic analysis and design. Based on successive cycles of case studies and conceptual work drawing on the biodiversity and strategic management literatures, the present paper proposes a new framework to articulate four fundamental dimensions of ENGOs’ strategy: the choice of goals in terms of ecological priorities; the choice of how to act and press for change; the development of capacity (i.e. organization, internal governance and resources); and finally, a strategy to manage an often ambivalent mix of competition and cooperation with other ENGOs. The value of the framework is illustrated here by a case study of the French NGO ‘Humanite et Biodiversite’ (mankind and biodiversity), with dramatic changes in strategy to match and major strategic organizational challenges to be identified and resolved.

Efficacy of ketamine in refractory convulsive status epilepticus in children: a protocol for a sequential design, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label, non-profit trial (KETASER01)

IntroductionStatus epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening neurological emergency. SE lasting longer than 120 min and not responding to first-line and second-line antiepileptic drugs is defined as ‘refractory’ (RCSE) and requires...

Socialization and Self-Determination in Different-Age Dyads of Students who Are Deafblind

Introduction Deafblindness limits access to social cues and social feedback, thus restricting the development of social skills. Many children with CHARGE syndrome, a leading cause of deafblindness, experience challenges with emotional self-regulation and anxiety that may interfere with socialization. Learning about self-determination skills such as goal setting, problem solving, and choice making, in the context of socialization instruction, may improve emotional regulation and social skills. Methods This collaborative action research study employed grounded theory design, with ongoing data analysis. The primary research question was: How will interactions between adolescent students with CHARGE syndrome and younger students with mixed etiologies of deafblindness change over time, in the context of an arranged interaction space? Data sources were videotaped observations of interaction and feedback sessions, evaluation forms, and field notes. Independent qualitative analysis by two raters and member checks enhanced the trustworthiness of findings. Results The younger students learned to make toy choices when presented with them by the adolescent students. Joint attention challenges occurred, as adolescent students did not understand their pals’ visual latency and play skills. The adolescent students learned to interact more effectively with younger students while rehearsing self-determination skills such as goal setting and problem solving. Discussion Adult support was essential to successful interactions and to adolescent students’ engagement in self-reflection and self-evaluation during the feedback sessions. More research is needed on socialization and self-determination instruction of children who are deafblind, including those with CHARGE syndrome. Implications for practitioners Children who are deafblind require direct instruction for social skills and opportunities to practice interactions with differently aged children. They also require opportunities to problem solve in the context of socialization opportunities. Support from familiar adults may reduce the anxiety experienced during socialization.

Degree ladder maps: Helping students make earlier, more informed decisions about educational goals

ABSTRACTCommunity college students who arrive on campus knowing exactly what they want to do and how to do it are more likely to succeed. However, many students need help to choose which educational goal to pursue. Typically, colleges refer undecided students to campus advisors and websites, but these resources are underfunded and poorly organized to help disadvantaged students sort through the literally thousands of course, program, certificate, and degree options available. This mixed methods study of a matched pair of community colleges develops degree ladder maps and course checklists—low cost, interactive tools that colleges can create and use to help their students make earlier, more informed choice of education goals.

Specialized areas for value updating and goal selection in the primate orbitofrontal cortex.

The macaque orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is essential for selecting goals based on current, updated values of expected reward outcomes. As monkeys consume a given type of reward to satiety, its value diminishes, and OFC damage impairs the ability to shift goal choices away from devalued outcomes. To examine the contributions of OFC's components to goal selection, we reversibly inactivated either its anterior (area 11) or posterior (area 13) parts. We found that neurons in area 13 must be active during the selective satiation procedure to enable the updating of outcome valuations. After this updating has occurred, however, area 13 is not needed to select goals based on this knowledge. In contrast, neurons in area 11 do not need to be active during the value-updating process. Instead, inactivation of this area during choices causes an impairment. These findings demonstrate selective and complementary specializations within the OFC.

Neural Encoding of Self and Another Agent's Goal in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex: Human-Monkey Interactions.

The primate prefrontal cortex represents both past and future goals. To investigate its role in representing the goals of other agents, we designed a nonmatch-to-goal task that involved a human-monkey (H-M) interaction. During each trial, 2 of 4 potential goal objects were presented randomly to the left or right part of a display screen, and the monkey's (or human's) task was to choose the one that did not match the object goal previously chosen. Human and monkey trials were intermixed, and each agent, when acting as observer, was required to monitor the other actor's choice to switch the object goal choice in case it became the actor on the subsequent trial. We found neurons encoding the actor, either the monkey itself or the human, neurons encoding the agent future goal position and neurons encoding the agent previous goal position. In the category of neurons encoding the human future goal, we differentiated between those encoding the future goal of both agents and those encoding only the human agent future goal. While the first one might represent a covert mental simulation in the human trials, the other one could represent a prediction signal of the other's agent choice.

Restoration of impaired ecosystems: An ounce of prevention or a pound of cure? Introduction, overview, and key messages from a SETAC‐SER workshop

A workshop on Restoration of Impaired Ecosystems was held in Jackson, Wyoming, in June 2014. Experts from Australia, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States in ecotoxicology, restoration, and related fields from both the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry and the Society for Ecological Restoration convened to advance the practice of restoring ecosystems that have been contaminated or impaired from industrial activities. The overall goal of this workshop was to provide a forum for ecotoxicologists and restoration ecologists to define the best scientific practices to achieve ecological restoration while addressing contaminant concerns. To meet this goal, participants addressed 5 areas: 1) links between ecological risk assessment and ecological restoration, 2) restoration goals, 3) restoration design, 4) monitoring for restoration effectiveness and 5) recognizing opportunities and challenges. Definitions are provided to establish a common language across the varied disciplines. The current practice for addressing restoration of impaired ecosystems tends to be done sequentially to remediate contaminants, then to restore ecological structure and function. A better approach would anticipate or plan for restoration throughout the process. By bringing goals to the forefront, we may avoid intrusive remediation activities that close off options for the desired restoration. Participants realized that perceived limitations in the site assessment process hinder consideration of restoration goals; contaminant presence will influence restoration goal choices; social, economic, and cultural concerns can factor into goal setting; restoration options and design should be considered early during site assessment and management; restoration of both structure and function is encouraged; creative solutions can overcome limitations; a regional focus is imperative; monitoring must occur throughout the restoration process; and reciprocal transfer of knowledge is needed among theorists, practitioners, and stakeholders and among varied disciplines.

Forecasting and planning during international talks

We study the problem of planning economic development under uncertainty in the outcome of arms reduction talks that influence the choice of a long-term development goal, either peaceful or defensive. Instead of two-stage planning, we consider multistage planning which is not purely guaranteeing but rather stochastically guaranteeing. We assume that predictions of probabilities for various outcomes of the talks that are needed for this are provided by experts. Compared to the results of the talks on previous stages, expert predictions are corrected with formal statistical methods. We illustrate the general foundations of our approach with a twosector dynamic model of the economy with the maximum principle.

To reduce or abstain? Substance use goals in the treatment of veterans with substance use disorders and comorbid PTSD.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) frequently co-occur. Previous research demonstrates the utility of goals in attaining improved SUD outcomes, however, no previous studies have examined goal choices in the context of integrated treatment for comorbid PTSD and SUD. The present study investigated correlates of treatment entry goals to either reduce or abstain from substance use. Participants (N = 60) were treatment-seeking veterans with current PTSD and SUD. Participants completed self-report and clinician-rated measures of substance use, PTSD, and affective symptoms as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. Half (30/60) of participants endorsed a treatment entry goal to reduce substance use (reducers). Compared to participants who endorsed a treatment entry goal of abstinence (abstainers), reducers were significantly younger, more likely to be employed, more likely to have served in recent military conflicts (Operations Enduring/Iraqi Freedom), and endorsed significantly fewer symptoms of alcohol dependence. The findings demonstrate clinically relevant differences based on treatment entry goals, suggesting that individuals are often able to choose conceivably appropriate treatment goals based, most notably, on the severity of their SUD. Collaboratively engaging patients in establishing treatment goals that are consistent with their beliefs and desires in conjunction with empirical findings is particularly relevant in the context of treatment for SUD and PTSD where many patients are ambivalent about treatment and attrition is common.

The relationship between electronic goal reminders and subsequent drug use and treatment initiation in a criminal justice setting

IntroductionOpportunities to influence behavior through the use of electronic reminders has not been examined in a criminal justice population. The purpose of this study was to assess probationer preferences for short-term goals from a web-based program and evaluate the role of voluntary electronic reminders (e.g., text messaging, email) in achieving early treatment and probation tasks. MethodsWe used data from drug-involved offenders (n=76) participating in a clinical trial of a 2-session motivational computer program. As part of the program, participants could choose to receive text or email reminders about their probation and treatment goals for the next month. Poisson regression models were utilized to evaluate goal and reminder selection in relation to the days of substance use and treatment attendance at two-month follow-up. ResultsThe most common goals were related to probation and treatment tasks, relationships, and cognitive reappraisals. Forty-five percent of probationers elected to receive electronic goal reminders at Session 1 with a slight increase at Session two (49%). Probationers who opted to receive electronic goal reminders at Session one selected significantly more goals on average (M=4.4, SD=2.1) than probationers who did not want reminders (M=3.4, SD=1.8), (t=2.41, p=.019). Reminder selection and total number of goals selected predicted days of substance use and treatment attendance at a two-month follow-up. Probationers who opted not to receive electronic reminders and those who only chose to receive reminders at one visit had more days of substance use compared to those who chose to receive reminders at both visits, 1.66 and 2.31 times respectively. Probationers who chose not to receive electronic reminders attended 56% fewer days of treatment compared to those who chose to receive reminders at both visits. ConclusionsPeople's choice of short-term goals and reminders can provide advance notification of the likelihood of substance use and treatment initiation. Probation systems might use such information to triage at-risk probationers to a higher level of service, before problems have emerged.

The Advantage of Power of Goal-setting Theory Coupled with the Power of Choice in Iranian EFL Learners’ Writing

This study attempted the effectiveness of implementing a basic goal-setting choice model in Iranian EFL students’ essay writing course. It explored a motivational strategy, power of goal-setting theory coupled with the power of choice, to motivate students to choose the challenging tasks when given the choice. To boot, the difference between male and female learners with regard to their choice of goals was surveyed. The findings of the study on 93 EFL university students revealed that the majority of students preferred to pick the most challenging goal when presented with the choice to select their own goals. Furthermore, the results indicated that there was no significant difference between male and female learners regarding their choice of goals. The findings of this study can draw the attention of teachers to the fact that goal-setting theory can serve as an extremely promising pedagogical strategy in teaching L2 writings.

THE ASIA PACIFIC BIOETHICS PROGRAM OF THE UNESCO CHAIR IN BIOETHICSCAN RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BE BOTH ETHICAL AND BENEFICIAL TO LOGAL COMMUNITY ?

Abstract ln 2005 at the 33rd Session of General Conference at UNESCO, it adapted the Universal declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. Declaration article 1.1 outlines the principals that respond to ethical issue related to medicine, life sciences and associated technologies as applied to human beings. Thus the international standards for Bioethics are grounded in a language of rights -to safe guard human dignity and human rights. UNESCO made ethics of Science and technology one of its 5 priority areas. lt is charged with promoting the education of ethical issues of Science and Technology. The UNESCO Program in this area aims to strengthen lhe ethical link between scientific advancement that is taking place and the Cultural, Legal, Philosophical and religious context in which it occurs.The disparity of health amongst the world's communities is largely determined by the wealth of the countries. Developed countries have access to clean waters, vaccines and new medical technologies whereas developing countries do not. Researches in these countries are also funded by the wealthy countries and we will need to protect these countries from exploitation by those with the means in the name of clinical research.Hence, we have to discuss the necessary conditions for models allowing lnstitutional Review Boards to grani exceptions in low income countries to circumvent the need for Best Practices in their research requirements. There are commentators arguing that World's Best Practiees sheuld always be used in ali countries, but financial burden in the developing couniries prevents this. A total ban cn any research other than the world's best practice would prevent exploitation, but this may block important research that can improve health care in these countries. So is it possibie to address the potentiai for exploitation while allowing research that has the potential to benefit the host communities.We argue that lnstitutional Review Boards should be allowed to grant exceptions for research on grounds that the research satisfies the Scientific Necessity, Relevance for the host communities, sufficient host community benefits and Subject and Host Community nonrnaleficence.The argument has focused on the controversial HIV vertical transmission, and the trials used. World Best Practice is currently the long course treatment using AZT (zidovudine), but this is expensive involving early prenatal visits, frequent visits and lV infusions during labour, which is not feasible nor affordable in these countries. However studies in South Africa has identified that apprcximalely 75% of HIV vertical transmissions occurs ciuring or after delivery. Hence, trials comparing short ccurse AZT treatment against placebo were done on ihe grounds that it is better than no treatment at all. The trials suggested that short course ti'eatment is possibly better than placebo. Yet the variability in the transmission rate may suggest that the short-course treatment was not woi-th pursuing.The knowledge thal.75% of HIV vertical transmission occurs during delivery has led investigators to the iandmark trials using nevirapine as a single dose given during labour offerring a feasible and affordable treatment for reducing the rate of vertical transmission.To justify the relevance of these issues, the Elizabeth Glaser Paediatrics AIDS Foundation has devoted $100 miilion to prevent HIV vertical transmission. Assuming a cost of $250 per mother-child treatment using the long course AZT would translate to 65,000 fewer HIV infected child. Yet devoting the same money to a single-dose nevirapine, at $4 per mother-child can translate to 270,000 fever HIV infected child, lffrttE Supplemen Majalah Kedokteran Andalas. Vol. 37. No.Supl.1, [/aret 2014 potentially saving an additional 200,000 lives. The UNESCO Chair in Bioethics was established to coordinate and stimulate an international network of lnstitutes for Medical Ethics Training. ln this role there is a need to develop an up to date syllabus for Medical ethics education which will satisfy requirements of the Medical fraternity. These followed Two lnternational Studies in 2001 that UNESCO undertook in researching the importance and quality of education in ethics in Medical Colleges and faculties all over the world. The results confirmed that there is an emerging need for introduction of teaching of Medical ethics as a consequence of several social and scientific processes that have taken place. These included the relationship between health care providers and their patients, the choice of medical interventions for the individual patient, the choice of Public health interventions, the evaluation of effects of health care interventions, the collaboration between teams engaged in health care activities and the choice of goals and methods of medical reseai'ch.Hence, research using less than the world's best practice can be ethical and has the potential to provide sufficient benefit for the host communities and IRB should be given the authority to approve such activities on a case by case basis. Affiliasi Penulis : Director Centre for Asia Pacific Bioethics Studies, Korespondensi : Theong H. Low, email : thlow@bigpond. net.au,

Elizabeth Usher Memorial Lecture: Placing therapy in the context of the self and social connection

Background: The concept of self influences the choice of goals and helps to make sense of lives. Essentially, self-concept is a dynamic internal representation of the individual. This representation shapes behaviour and how information about oneself is processed. The self-story is developed and validated through social interactions and shaped continuously through life experiences.Method: The focus of this paper is the client's perspective of self and how one can actively use that perspective to plan therapy, particularly in the case of individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI). The paper draws upon the results of a number of research projects constructed around two primary aims: (1) to represent the perspectives of clients and their close others and (2) to maximize social connection through the delivery of effective communication intervention.Result: A model of self, derived from in-depth qualitative exploration of the experiences of people with ABI, is presented as a framework to guide collaborative therapy. The model depicts the multidimensional and cyclical nature of self- conceptualization supported by factors that facilitate social connection.Conclusion: Communication is crucial to maintaining social ties and communication breakdown is a significant predictor of participation. A new intervention that effectively improves coping with communication breakdown is presented.

(Modern Aspects in the Assessment of Effectiveness of Social Programming)

Russian Abstract: Оценката на ефективността на социалното програмиране произтича от целите и задачите на социалната дейност, налагащи определянето на критерии, използвайки различни подходи и отчитайки спецификата на нивата на изпълнение. Определянето на социалната ефективност и социалните технологии е в основата на методите и моделите за оценка, като се вземе предвид широк спектър от обективни и субективни фактори. Методите за оценка на ефективността на социалните програми (проекти) са свързани с целта на социалната система за социална защита и предоставяне на социални услуги на населението и използването на процесния подход и прехода към целеви методи, очертаващи някои основни проблеми , механизми в социалните услуги и задачи на оценяване, определящи основните изисквания към оценките за ефективността на социалното програмиране и различните етапи. Обсъждайки всички тези въпроси, проучването прави предложение за модел за оценка на ефективността на социалното програмиране, основаващ се на подхода организационна ефективност, обхващащ съвкупността от определени елементи - система за придобиване на ресурси, избор на цели, оценка на въздействието на външната среда, избор на стратегия, съобразена с принципа какво и приоритетите в социалната дейност, идващи от динамичните промени в социалната среда. English Abstract: Assessment of the effectiveness of social programming stems out from goals and tasks of social activity imposing determination of criteria using different approaches and considering the specificity of the levels of implementation. Defining social effectiveness and social technology is in the basis of the methods and the models for assessment taking into account the broad spectrum of objective and subjective factors. The assessment methods concerning the effectiveness of social programs (projects) are connected to the purpose of the social system to social protection and provision social services to population and the use of the process approach and the transition to program-target methods outlining the some main problems, mechanisms in social services and tasks of evaluation determining the base requirements towards the assessments of the effectiveness of social programming and different stages. Discussing all those issues, the study makes a proposal for a model for assessment of the effectiveness of social programming based on the approach of “organizational effectiveness” embracing the totality of certain elements – system of resources acquisition, choice of goals, assessment of the impact of outer environment, choice of a strategy, conforming to the principle “what-if” and the priorities in social activity coming from dynamic changes in social environment.

Self-Efficacy’s Influence on Persistence: Moderating Effect of Performance Feedback Ambiguity

The present investigation was designed to test the predictions of a control theory based view of self-regulation on the complex effects of self-efficacy on persistence (Vancouver, 2008). In particular, self-efficacy was expected to positively affect performance in a context where performance feedback never indicated goal achievement. In such a context, goal choice (i.e., whether to abandon the goal or not) is relevant and high self-efficacy individuals were expected to hold out longer. In contrast, when no performance feedback is available, those with high self-efficacy are more likely to believe they achieved the goal more readily, and thus persist less, than those with low self-efficacy. Participants (87 females and 67 males) were manipulated to have either high or low self-efficacy for a task involving hand grip strength by using a confederate who claimed to have overworked their hand (high manipulated self-efficacy) or to be a tennis player (low manipulated self- efficacy). Feedback ambiguity was manipulated by the presence or absence of a physical barrier between the participant and the confederate as they performed. Performance was assessed by length of time an individual could grip at 50% of their maximum grip strength. The results supported the hypothesized interaction of self-efficacy and feedback condition. Moreover, self-efficacy was found to negatively relate to self-reported effort regardless of feedback condition.​

Описание методики оценки базовых речевых и учебных навыков (ABLLS-R)

Diagnostics and assessment of the functional skills of children with disabilities and autism spectrum disorders are to be conducted to develop comprehensive remedial educational programmes. The described Methodology of the Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills — Revisited (ABLLS-R) allows to simplify and make the diagnostics more efficient, to conduct a comprehensive examination of the child in different areas of development, detect the formed and deficit skills. The second and final part of the description of the methodology offers recommendations on the filling of the Table of the Results of Initial and Repeated Testing and on the choice of goals of correctional work with a child on the basis of performance of individual test scales. The pattern of the table filled after the initial and repeated testing is given. In drawing up of the programme of individual development the willingness of the child to the development of that skill should be considered. Regular practice of selected skills in various situations and the preventive measures against the regression of skills are also important. Conclusive part. Beginning in № 3 (48), 2015

Implementing opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution in an outpatient community treatment program

Implementing opioid overdose education and naloxone distribution in an outpatient community treatment program

Environmental attitudes mediate the link between need for cognition and pro-environmental goal choice

Need for cognition is a form of cognitive motivation, which reflects the extent that one actively seeks information and enjoys critical thinking about information. Accordingly, those high in need for cognition seek out and acquire information, resulting in stronger and more stable attitudes. However, need for cognition has yet to be examined in the domain of goal pursuit. Toward that end, we examined how this form of cognitive motivation impacts goal related cognitions. Specifically, how need for cognition influences goal choice. Because need for cognition is a domain-general form of cognitive motivation, we hypothesized that domain-specific attitudes would mediate the relationship between need for cognition pro-environmental goals. This hypothesis was tested in two separate studies. Results demonstrate consistent evidence in support of our hypothesis that environmental attitudes mediate the relationship between need for cognition and pro-environmental goal choice. Results hold implications for goal pursuit research, such that need for cognition can be empirically studied in relation to goal related cognitions and behaviors to the same extent as other forms of cognitive motivation. Moreover, these results suggest that need for cognition can be considered along side previously investigated antecedents of pro-environmental behavior.

Shared Economic Thought and the Neglect of Social Costs: Reflections on Why Progressive Economists Often Stick to Conventional Wisdom

:The paper deals with the lack of attention that many socially minded economists pay to social issues, with social costs being a special case. It argues that while these economists acknowledge that social costs exist, and are rooted in the way the economy functions, they do not frame their economic inquiries accordingly. This is because they believe that scientific dialogue is possible only by accepting a commonly shared ground for scientific inquiry that focuses on restricted, but generally accepted goals. This behavior obscures a major implication of systemic openness: The choice of goals and the way scientific inquiry is carried out do not depend on once-and-for-all criteria, but require the explicit formulation of a range of value judgments. The conclusion of the paper is that it is possible to deal with social issues while pursuing scientific dialogue, but this requires framing the dialogue in a twofold manner: identifying the shared grounds of inquiry and identifying the specific issues to be investigated