Glycyrrhiza Research Articles

A preliminary pharmacognostical and pharmaceutical assay of Yastimadhu granules

Aim: Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhizha glabra Linn.) of Fabaceae family is one of the most commonly used herb in various Ayurvedic preparations with its vivid actions on various systems. It is also used as a flavouring agent and taste corrigent in pharmaceutical as well as confectionery industries. In a study conducted to evaluate the role of Yastimadhu in enhancing intellect and memory of school going children, the drug was used in the form of granules so ask to mask the issue of palatability. Pharmacognostical and physico-chemical properties were explored to assess the genuine nature of the raw drug in this new formulation after it underwent the pharmaceutical procedure. Materials and Methods: The present study provides the details of preparation of granules and methods employed in pharmacognostical and physic-chemical qualities. Results: The results obtained revealed that the genuine properties of raw drug did not change even after it underwent the pharmaceutical procedure into a new form which was easily palatable. Conclusion: As the drug possesses multiple actions and qualities, the new form would be of potential benefit to all age group of patients with issue of palatability. This study can also be used as a reference for further quality-control researches. Key words: Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.), pharmacognosy, physico-chemical analysis

천궁 및 당귀를 함유한 한방처방제 휘발성 향기추출물의 항염증 효과

This study was conducted to develop functional sources of herbal cosmetics for treatment of skin aging and inflammatory disorders using volatile flavor extracts of four different herbal medicinal prescriptions including Cnidium officinale Makino (COM), Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN), Mentha arvense L. (MAL), Artemisiae argyi Folium (AAF), Paeonia lactiflora Pall (PLP), Rehmanniae Radix Preparata (RRP), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PGM), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch (GUF). The volatile flavor extracts of four different herbal medicinal prescriptions (HH-1: COM, AGN, PLP, RRP, HH-2: COM, AGN, PLP, RRP, SBG, PGM, GUF, HH-3: COM, AGN, MAL, AAF, HH-4: COM, AGN, MAL, AAF, SBG, PGM, GUF) were extracted using SDE and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were measured by using DPPH radical and SLO, respectively. As a result, HH-2 showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity (68.24 %) and the strongest SLO inhibitory activity (83.96 %) at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, HH-2 of four different prescriptions significantly inhibited NO production on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner without considerable cell cytotoxicity at range of 2.0 ~ 50 μg/mL. Additionally, HH-2 also effectively suppressed the production of PGE2 and IL-6, which are responsible for promoting the inflammatory process. Major volatile components of HH-2 were identified as eugenol, paeonol, butyl phthalide, β-eudesmol and butylidene dihydrophthalide by GC-MS analysis. Thus, these results suggest that HH-2 may be useful as a potential source of anti-inflammatory agents in herbal medicinal cosmetics.

DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION & COMPARISION OF

The aim of this study is to hasten and improve the wound healing activity. Ensuring the physicochemical compatibility Glycyrrhiza glabra root Extract impregnated collagen and crosslinked collagen scaffolds (GGEICDS & GGEICCDS) were formulated using different concentrations.The formulated scaffolds were subjected to physical, biochemical and histopathological examinations. Wound healing studies on Male Wister Rats were performed for a period of 7 days and it was observed that the 10%w/v of both GGEICDS and GGEICCDS treated rats possessed higher amount of hydroxyl proline content 68.8% & 70.0 % when compared to that of the existing Marketed formulation (Neu- skinTM) (60.7%) . Further better wound healing activity was observed in the 10%w/v GGEICDS& GGEICCDS treated rats (75% & 76%). When examined histopathologically, more production in the collagen content was clearly observed in 10% w/v GGEICDS treated groups which resulted in the epithelial gap reduction. The more count of fibroblast's (62 and 64 in 100? in the wound healing process) in 10% GGEICDS and GGEICCDS treated groups was observed.

Coating of Indomethacin with Glycyrrhiza Derivatives Provides Protection Against Gastric Ulceration when Orally Administered to Rats

Liquorice has been shown to be effective in the treatment of gastric ulcer and in this study we have examined the protective effect of liquorice and its derivatives against gastric ulcer induced by indomethacin in rat. Animals were treated with a granular mixture of indomethacin alone or coated with glycyrrhiza derivatives including liquorice, deglycyrrhized liquorice, high glycyrrhized liquorice, carbenoxolone and enoxolone. The results show that indomethacin coated with these derivatives reduced the number and sizes of ulcers; decreasing the ulcer index from 2·9 to 0·75 and the incidence from 90% to 48% without reduction of plasma concentration of indomethacin.

한방화장품의 눈가 주름 개선 효과

맥문동, 차가버섯, 감초, 흑삼, 백출, 백복령, 당귀, 숙지황, 천궁, 작약의 추출물을 이용한 한방소재로 에센스와 크림을 제조하여 눈가의 주름개선 효과를 평가하였다. 평균연령 44.8세의 한국인 중년여성 6명을 대상으로 에센스 사용 후 크림 사용으로 매일 2회씩(아침, 저녁), $1cm^2$ 당 2mg씩, 4주간 연속 사용하도록 한 다음, 4주 경과 후 눈가 주름의 모사판을 제작하여 영상 분석하였다. 눈꼬리 주름 모사판 영상분석 결과, 에센스와 크림 사용 4주 후 주름 R1은 $3.22{\pm}0.85$ 에서 $2.38{\pm}0.32$ , R2는 $3.08{\pm}0.83$ 에서 $2.22{\pm}0.32$ , R3는 $2.29{\pm}0.64$ 에서 $2.29{\pm}0.64$ , R4는 $0.44{\pm}0.14$ 에서 $0.44{\pm}0.14$ , R5는 $0.98{\pm}0.21$ 에서 $0.98{\pm}0.21$ 로 유의하게 감소하여(P 【This study evaluated anti-wrinkle effect for eye using essence and cream containing extract of Liriope platy phyllla, Inonotus obliquus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, black ginseng, Atractylodes japonica, Poria cocos Wolf, Angelica gigas, Rehmanniae Radix Preparata and Cnidii Rhizoma, Paeonia lactiflora. 6 female adults on average at the age of 44.8, applied cream after essence under the normal conditions of use on the crow's feet area, twice a day (in the morning and evening), 2mg/ $1cm^ 2$ for 4weeks. After 4 weeks, the replica of eye wrinkle was made and analyzed the image. The result was that eye wrinkle was decreased in R1( $3.22{\pm}0.85$ to $2.38{\pm}0.32$ ), R2( $3.08{\pm}0.83$ to $2.22{\pm}0.32$ ), R3( $2.29{\pm}0.64$ to $2.29{\pm}0.64$ ), R4( $0.44{\pm}0.14$ to $0.44{\pm}0.14$ ), and R5( $0.98{\pm}0.21$ to $0.98{\pm}0.21$ )(P】

Some important herbs of India Iranian origin in mother and child health care

Even in the 21st century when the modern medicine has made tremendous progress in development of promptly acting medicines and precise diagnostic equipments the total health is still a challenge to medical science. Since many decades the utility of the Traditional Medicines/Wholistic medicine throughout the world has been felt immensely and the World Health Organization have also accepted the viable use of various traditional medicinal like Chinese System of Medicine, Ayurveda, Unani System of medicine in health care. The Unani System of medicine which is a synthesis of Egyptian, Middle East, Iranian and Indian Medicines is providing the safe and effective treatment in the various common and complex diseases in this sub-continent since hundred of years. Among the hundred of plants which are used in Unani System of Medicine number of them are commonly grow in Iran and are useful in the Health care of the mother and child e.g. Banafsha: Viola odorata. It is a perennial herb, grows commonly in Iran and India. Its flowers are effective in coryza, cough, reduce the congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract and it is safe in children and even in pregnant mother. Kasni or Cichory Cichoruim Intybus: It is a perennial herb. It is a good diuretic, antipyretic, and analgesic and protects the liver from various indoginous and exoginous toxins. Aslussos or Liquorice or Sheren Byan (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn): It is a perennial herb. Its rhizome is expectorant, demulcent, anti-inflammatory and is commonly used for cough and catarrhal infections. In recent studies, it has also found useful in peptic ulcers. Kaknaj or winter cherries (Physalis al kekengi linn): It is a perennial herb with creeping roots. Its fruits are good diuretic and useful in urinary tract infections in females and children. Carvy or Zera (Carum carvi Linn): A biennial herb of high altitude growth in Iran and India. It is aromatic, Carminative, good glactagogue and emmenagogue and is also useful in intermittent fevers and intestinal worms. Sad Kafi or Motha ! (Cyperus rotundus Linn): It is a perennial herb. Tuber roots are used. It is a good diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue and glactogogue. It is also useful in anorexia and diarrhea in children. Satar Farsi (Zataria multiflore Boiss): It is also a perennial herb, best quality is from Iran, its leaves are aromatic. This is a good carminative, anti-tussive, anti-flatulence and is also useful in hiccup and early stages of asthma. Fennel or Razyana (Foeiculum vulgare): It is also a perennial herb. Its fruits are carminative, anti-flatulence, and safe in children and pregnant mothers and may protect them from Iodine Deficiency as it contains iodine. Rehan or Shahasfarm (Ocimium sanctum Linn): It is an aromatic perennial herb. Its leaves and seeds are used as antipyretic, anti-bacterial, carminative, cardio-tonic and expectorant. It is also good in cold and coryza. Ode Saleeb (Paeonia officinalis Linn or Paeonia femina Linn): It is a perennial herb. Its roots/Tuber is used. It is a good diuretic, emmenagogue, antispasmodic and sedative and nervine tonic. It is useful in Epilepsy, Hysteria and Paralysis etc. Injeer or Teen (Ficus carica Linn): This is commonly grown in Turkey, Middle East, Iran and Afghanistan etc. Its fruits are used which are tasty. This is good laxative, diuretic. Due to its good nutrient property it is useful for general debility of both women and children. Toodri (Lepidium iperis Linn): This is a perennial herb commonly grown in Iran and India. It is a good glactogogue and improves the general health during lactation. Satawar (Asparagus racemosus wild): The root/Tuber of the plant is used. It is a carminative and a good appetizer, useful in diarrhea and dysentery. It is a general tonic and acts as glactogogue. The information on the above and other common plants will be discussed in detail at the time of presentation.

Evaluation of the control of citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) by leaf extracts of many plants and their effects on plant growth

The citrus nematode is an important nematode that is distributed in citrus gardens worldwide and causes decline and growth reduction of citrus plants. A control way of this nematode is chemical control that it is dangerous to environment. In this research, leaf extract of Allium sativum, Brassica campestris, Capsicumfrutescents, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Datura innoxia, Chenopodium botrys andFoeniculum vulgare was used to evaluate them on plant growth and citrus nematode control in Fars province, Iran. In laboratory conditions different plant extracts, concentration of each extract and duration time of exposure extracts was examined in Petri dishes. Results showed that increase in concentration and duration time of exposure extracts caused increased percentage of nematode mortality. In laboratory experiments extracts of A. sativum and C. frutescents, D. innoxia, F. vulgare were more effective respectively. In pod experiments, nematode populations decreased in seedlings that were treated with A. sativum, C. frutescents and F. vulgare compared with control sample. In these, pods increased plant growth. These results confirm that it is possible to use local plant extracts to control citrus nematode instead of using chemical nematicides. Key words: Citrus nematode, plants extract, citrus nematode control,Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Fars province, Iran.

Medicinal plants as immunosuppressive agents in traditional Iranian medicine.

Immunomodulation using medicinal plants provides an alternative to conventional chemotherapy for several diseases, especially when suppression of inflammation is desired. The "Canon of Medicine", the epochal work of Avicenna, the great Persian scientist of the middle ages, provides comprehensive information about medicinal plants which used to cure inflammatory illnesses in traditional Iranian medicine. Taking into consideration that the mechanisms of damage in these illnesses are mediated by immune responses, it is reasonable to assume that the plants used for such diseases may suppress the immune responses and the resultant inflammation. In Iran, because of great diversity of climate and geographical conditions, numerous varieties of plants grow and at least 1000 species are recorded as medicinal plants. Many of these plants such as Punica granatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Foeniculum vulgare and Polygonum species prescribed by ancient Iranian physicians have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In recent literature, different species of native medicinal plants such as Stachys obtusicrena, Salvia mirzayanii, Echium amoenum, Dracocephalum kotschyi and Linum persicum have been shown to have appreciable anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects including inhibitory effects on lymphocyte activation, suppression of cellular and humoral immunity and induction of apoptosis. This review focuses on plants that are used in Iranian traditional medicine and have been reported to act as immunoinhibitory agents.

Antioxidative and Fibrinolytic Activities of Several Medicinal Plant Extracts

ABSTRACT Objectives : This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidative and fib rinolytic activity of the water and ethanol extracts from medicinal plants. Methods : Five kinds of medicinal plants(Carthami Flos, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Atractylodes Rhizoma, Shiitake mushiroom) were extracted with distilled wate r and 70% ethanol, and the extracts were tested for their antioxidative and fibrilytic activities.Results : The highest polyphenol contents of the water and ethanol extra cts from medicinal plants were 812.52 mg and 685.44 mg per 100 g of Carthamus tinctorius and Schizandra chinensis, respectively. The electron donating abilities (EDA) of the water extracts from all medicin al plants except Lentinus edodes were about 90% at 1,000 ppm and ethanol extracts were higher than those of water extracts. The highest SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging abilities (NSA) were both of water and ethan ol extracts from Schizandra chinensis. Five kinds of medicinal plants had fibrinolytoc activity and the highest a ctivities were water and ethanol extracts from Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Conclusion : These results suggest that the medicinal plants can be used as natural antioxidant to prevent oxidative damage in normal cells probably because of their antioxidative and fibrinolytic activities. Key words : Carthami Flos, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Schisandrae Fructus, Atract ylodes Rhizoma, Shiitake mushiroom

PARACLINCAL INVESTIGATION CONCERNING CALVES WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES TREATED WITH NATURIST PRODUCTS (CETARIA ISLANDICA, PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, VALERIANA OFFICINALIS)

We are taken into study three-four months old calves, males and females, that had respiratory symptoms such nasal discharge, tahypnea, epyphora, normothermia, even subfebrility. The ill calves were separated in three experimental groups of eight calves each. The naturist products were administrated as following: group 1 - Cetraria islandica; group 2 - Plantago lanceolata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Valeriana officinalis; group 3 - Certaria islandica, Plantago lanceolata, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Valeriana officinalis. The plants extract were administrated per os twice daily for ten days. On day three and day ten of treatment period, blood was taken from the calves and were determined the following parameters: leukocytes formula with hematologic analyzer MS9, enzymatic, proteic and mineral profile with Vet-Screen analyzer. The lymphocytes number increases gradually on all groups. On group 3, at the end of treatment a 7,8 % increase was observed in comparison with the reference values. The eosinophilic percentage is placed between physiological limits (3 ± 0,17 %) excepting group 2 where we have registered a slightly increase (4 ± 0,12 %). The monocytes and basophiles on all groups had values between physiological limits. Individual medium values of ALAT and ASAT are between normal limits on all groups (30 - 35 U/I for ALAT and 21 – 25 U/I for ASAT). Uric acid, creatinin, protein and albumin levels during the period treatment are also between physiological limits. The mineral profile represented by calcium and phosphorus levels revealed in both cases a significant increase at the end of treatment (12,0 ± 1,1 mg/dl for Ca and 9,8 ± 0,5 mg/dl for P). In conclusion we can say that the general status of health improved after treatment even on the calves with reserved prognosis. The medicines based on plant extracts does not contain residues and do not remains in blood, tissues and organs. These extracts do not influence significantly enzymatic, proteic and mineral parameters and can be successfully used on calves in ecological farms.

Clinical Study on Treatment of Infantile Post-infection Cough with Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae

Objective To analyze the relationship between clinical features of infantile cough after infection and microelements in peripheral blood, and to observe the therapeutic of treating this cough with Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae. Methods 75 infantile patients were randomly recruited into a therapeutic group and a reference group. 39 patients in the therapeutic group were treated with Huangqi Zhusheye and Tablete Glycyrrhiza, while 36 patients in the reference group were treated with Azithromycin. The therapeutic effects were evaluated after the treatment. Meanwhile,microelements in peripheral blood of the 75 patients were assayed and made a contrast to 40 healthy children. Results The contents of Fe, Zn, and Mg in peripheral blood of the 75 patients dropped on different levels, comparing to the healthy children.The therapeutic effects of the therapeutic group was much better than the reference group with significant difference (P＜0.05).Liver and renal functional lesion was unseen in both groups after the treatment. Conclusion Infantile past-infection cough may related with the decrease of Mg, Fe, and Zn. Combined usage of Milkvetch Root and Radix Glycyrrhizae clinically has good therapeutic effects to this disease. Key words: Children; Post-infection cough; Microelement; Milkvetch Root; Radix Glycyrrhizae. Azithromycin

Effect of Antioxidants on Callus Browning of Glycyrrhiza glabra

Objective: In the present study, adsorbents and antioxidants incorporated in to callus cultures of Glycyrrhiza glabra to study their potency in checking callus browning. Methods: Activated charcoal was added as an adsorbent at varying concentrations of 100, 500 and 1000 mg/l. Ascorbic acid and cysteine were added as antioxidants each at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/l grown on Modified MS basal medium supplemented with growth regulators (BA, Kn, IAA, NAA). Result: Browning was effectively controlled by activated charcoal and ascorbic acid while cysteine did not show any inhibition. Discussion: Browning is a major problem affecting tissue culture studies of medicinal plants containing polyphenolic compounds that cause oxidation reactions leading to browning. Hence browning could be controlled by using adsorbents that adsorb the oxidative by products or by using antioxidants that prevent the oxidation reactions.

The antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts from the licorice ({\sl Glycyrrhiza uralensis} Fisch.) roots

The ethanolic extracts from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) roots were examined for antimicrobial activity against five bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus nigar) by using disc diffusion method and broth micro dilution method. Results showed, ethanolic extracts from the licorice roots exhibited high susceptivity against gram-positive bacteria, while no sensitivity against gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The range of MIC of 10% ethanolic extract against gram-positive bacteria is 0.156--0.312 mg·mL~(-1), while that of 80% ethanolic extract is 0.625--1.250 mg·mL~(-1). The results indicated that antibacterially active components of licorice roots can dissolved in higher concentration ethanolmore easily, which provides scientific basis for the application of ethanolic extracts from the licorice roots as antibacterial preparation in clinic.

Survey of using medicinal herbs in Semirom

- Finding the most important medicinal herbs in Semirom. - Determination of major diseases in Semirom. - Determination of medicinal herb successes on diseases treatment. This study was a measuremental study in 2002 based on filled questionnaire distributed among the Semirom people. - 30 regional species of medicinal herbs have been found for remediation of diseases. - More than 80 percent of Semirom people were Familiar with medicinal herbs. - 55 percent of people were using medicinal herbs for their ailments. - The most important medicinal herbs have been used in Semirom were as follows: Achillea wilhelmsii, Antemis nobilis, Thymus daenensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Ferulago stellata, Stachys inflata and Gundelia tournefortii. Increasing knowledge of Semirom people on the proper using of medicinal herbs and their side effects and also conservation of medicinal herbs of Semirom are the most important factors which must be considered.

カンゾウ培養細胞のフラボノイド生合成調節

カンゾウ培養細胞のフラボノイド生合成調節

Structures of Six Isoprenoid-substituted Flavonoids, Gancaonins F, G, H, I, Glycyrol, and Isoglycyrol from Xibei Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Sp.)

Four new isoprenoid-subtituted flavonoids, gancaonins F, G, H, and I, along with two known compounds, glycyrol and isoglycyrol, were isolated from the Xibei licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.). Structures of gancaonins F, G, H, and I were shown to be 3-6, respectively, on the basis of spectral evidence

24-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid from the roots of Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi

24-Hydroxyglycyrrhetic acid from the roots of Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi