Glycine Chelates Research Articles

The Effect of a Diet Supplemented with Organic Minerals and l-Carnitine on Egg Production and Chemical Composition and on Some Blood Traits of Pheasant Hens (Phasianus colchicus)

The study aimed to determine the effect of replacing 75% of inorganic calcium, iron, zinc, and copper salts with organic forms (glycine chelates of these elements) with or without the addition of l-carnitine on some reproductive traits and the blood lipid and mineral profile, as well as mineral and fatty acid profile of pheasant egg yolk. The study was performed on three groups of pheasant hens using glycine chelates with calcitriol (group II) or analogical treatment with the addition of l-carnitine at the level of 100 mg/kg of feed (group III) instead of Ca, Fe, Cu, and Zn salts (control). The replacement of inorganic forms with glycinates contributed to an increase in the number of laid eggs with a concomitant lower share of rejected eggs. The supplementation of organic forms of minerals improved mineral absorption and bioavailability in blood serum as well as in the egg yolk of experimental groups. Egg yolk fat was characterized by a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a favorable ratio of PUFA ω-3/ω-6. The proposed nutritional supplementation of the pheasant’s diet might be a good strategy for increasing the nutritional reserves of poultry and improving their reproduction.

Effect of In Ovo Administration of a Multi-Strain Probiotic and Zinc Glycine Chelate on Antioxidant Capacity and Selected Immune Parameters in Newly Hatched Chicks.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of in ovo co-supplementation of chicken embryos with a multi-strain probiotic containing effective microorganisms and zinc glycine chelate on total antioxidant capacity; concentrations of sulfhydryl groups, bityrosine bridges, formylkynurenines, hydroperoxides, proteins, corticosterone, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and heat shock proteins; and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the serum, yolk sac and tissues of broiler chickens at 12 h and at 7 days after hatching. The results indicate high SOD activity in the small and large intestines of chicks at 12 h post-hatch in the groups receiving the multi-strain probiotic and in the small intestine and yolk sac of birds receiving the multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate. High concentrations of TNF-α and IFN-γ in the yolk sac and serum after in ovo administration of Zn-Gly chelate were observed 12 h after hatching. The use of a probiotic and a probiotic with Zn-Gly chelate increased the total antioxidant capacity in the tissues of chickens. It can be concluded that in ovo administration of a multi-strain probiotic and Zn-Gly chelate can maintain the oxidant/antioxidant balance in chickens and increase the defense capacity against oxidative stress.

Assessment of the Chemical Composition and Nutritional Quality of Breast Muscle from Broiler Chickens Receiving Various Levels of Fe Glycine Chelate

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Fe glycine chelate supplementation on the chemical composition and nutritional quality of breast meat from broiler chicken. The following parameters were assessed: fat content, cholesterol content, fatty acid profile, atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (H/H) fatty acid ratio. The 42-day experiment involved 200 broiler chickens assigned into four dietary groups: the control receiving Fe sulfate in the dose of 40 mg/kg of feed and three experimental groups of chickens supplemented with 40 mg (Fe-Gly40), 20 mg (Fe-Gly20), or 10 mg (Fe-Gly10) of Fe glycine chelate per 1 kg of diet. The results showed no negative effect of the application of Fe glycine chelate on the chemical composition and nutritional quality of breast muscle. Therefore, the advisability of the application of Fe glycine chelates in the nutrition of broiler chickens should be revised.

The effect of feed supplementation with zinc glycine chelate and zinc sulphate on hepatic proteome profiles in chickens

One of the most important factors influencing production outcomes in poultry farming is optimal balancing of the feed ration in terms of macro- and micronutrients. Zinc is an essential trace element that increases metabolic processes. The natural components of poultry feed do not contain sufficient zinc, or even contain numerous factors limiting its absorption, which necessitates supplementation of feed with this element. The purpose of the study was to identify proteins synthesized in the liver of chickens fed a diet supplemented with zinc in the form of sulphates and a glycine chelate; to determine differences in the expression of these proteins; and to describe the peptide profile of hepatocytes in chickens. A total of 900 1-day-old male Ross 308 chickens, assigned to 5 dietary treatments, were used in the experiment. The experimental groups received a basal diet + zinc in inorganic and organic form and a phytase supplement. The material for analysis comprised samples of liver and serum. The zinc concentration in serum and tissues was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The liver lipid profile was estimated by the gravimetric method. A complete proteomic analysis of liver samples included protein separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis, plotting of a protein map illustrating the proteome of the liver, statistical analysis, and identification of statistically significant proteins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The results of the study demonstrate that organic and inorganic forms of zinc used as feed additives for chickens not only affect the concentration of this element in the liver, but also have a systemic effect by altering the expression of proteins. A complete proteomic analysis of liver samples made it possible to identify eight proteins whose expression depended on the type of supplement added to the feed. The results clearly indicate that bioavailable zinc administered in the form of glycine chelates affects processes stimulating synthesis of ApoA-I, β2-MG, protein-disulphide-isomerase, neuroblast differentiation-associated protein AHNAK, and alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 in the tissues of chickens. Supplementation of poultry feed with zinc in both sulphate and chelated form caused changes in the expression of the protein yippee-like 4 and histone H1.1. A high concentration of prolyl endopeptidase protein in the liver of birds receiving zinc sulphate was also observed. In conclusion, supplementation of poultry feed with zinc chelates modifies the expression profiles of proteins involved in intracellular transport, the cell cycle, metabolism, and the immune response.

Dietary Supplementation of Ferrous Glycine Chelate Improves Growth Performance of Piglets by Enhancing Serum Immune Antioxidant Properties, Modulating Microbial Structure and Its Metabolic Function in the Early Stage.

The present research aimed to explore the effect of dietary ferrous glycine chelate supplementation on performance, serum immune-antioxidant parameters, fecal volatile fatty acids, and microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 80 healthy piglets (weaned at 28 day with an initial weight of 7.43 ± 1.51 kg) were separated into two treatments with five replicates of eight pigs each following a completely randomized block design. The diet was a corn-soybean basal diet with 2,000 mg/kg ferrous glycine chelates (FGC) or not (Ctrl). The serum and fecal samples were collected on days 14 and 28 of the experiment. The results indicated that dietary FGC supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the average daily gain and average daily feed intake overall, alleviated (p < 0.05) the diarrhea rate of piglets at the early stage, enhanced (p < 0.05) the levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase on day 14 and lowered (p < 0.05) the MDA level overall. Similarly, the levels of growth hormone and serum iron were increased (p < 0.05) in the FGC group. Moreover, dietary FGC supplementation was capable of modulating the microbial community structure of piglets in the early period, increasing (p < 0.05) the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria Tezzerella, decreasing (p < 0.05) the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria Slackia, Olsenella, and Prevotella as well as stimulating (p < 0.05) the propanoate and butanoate metabolisms. Briefly, dietary supplemented FGC ameliorates the performance and alleviated the diarrhea of piglets by enhancing antioxidant properties, improving iron transport, up-regulating the growth hormone, modulating the fecal microbiota, and increasing the metabolism function. Therefore, FGC is effective for early iron supplementation and growth of piglets and may be more effective in neonatal piglets.

The Impact of Zn, Cu and Fe Chelates on the Fatty-Acid Profile and Dietary Value of Broiler-Chicken Thigh Meat

Simple SummaryPoultry meat is deemed a product with a dietary value. The chemical composition of meat can be altered by modifying animals’ diets. Our objective was to show the impact of the addition of glycine chelates of minerals (Zn, Cu, Fe) to broiler chickens’ feed on the fatty-acid profile and dietary value of thigh meat. A positive effect was most frequently noted for Zn chelate, especially in a larger dose. The lowest levels of saturated fatty acids and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices but the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids n−3 and polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acid ratios and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices were noticed. The use of Cu and Fe glycine chelates was worse than Zn but did not meet the levels from the control group. These types of treatments are important in order to ensure correct functions of the body and can mitigate or even prevent the occurrence of many diseases.This study aimed to compare the effect of Zn, Cu and Fe glycine chelates on the proximate composition, cholesterol levels, fatty-acid profile and dietary value of the thigh meat of broiler chickens. The experiment involved three hundred and fifty Ross 308 chickens divided into seven groups. The chickens were administered Zn, Cu and Fe glycine chelates in an amount corresponding to 50% of the requirement or 25% of the requirement for 42 days. It was found that the use of Zn, Cu and Fe glycine chelates did affect the fatty acid profile and dietary value of meat. A positive impact was most frequently (p < 0.05) noted in chickens receiving Zn chelate in an amount covering 50% of the requirement: the lowest levels of SFA and atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, the highest content of PUFA n−3 and PUFA/SFA ratios and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices. Positive effects were more often recorded for chickens receiving Zn in an amount corresponding to 50% of the requirement. The results did not show that the use of Cu and Fe glycine chelates can reduce the dietary value of thigh meat in broiler chickens since, generally, the outcomes were not worse than those in the control group. It should be highlighted that due to ambiguous results, it is impossible to determine a dose of Cu and Fe glycine chelate which would be more efficient for broiler chickens. However, chickens receiving chelates in amounts corresponding to 25% of the requirement showed far better results.

The effect of Cu, Zn and Fe chelates on the antioxidative status of thigh meat of broiler chickens

The studies aimed to verify the effect of Cu, Zn and Fe glycine chelate on the antioxidative status in the thigh meat of broiler chickens. The study assumption was that due to the antioxidative or prooxidative effect of Cu, Zn and Fe, these elements supplemented to chickens in an easily assimilable form would modify the antioxidative status of meat and those having a prooxidative effect could deteriorate the quality of meat. The experiment involved three hundred and fifty Ross 308 chickens divided into seven equipotent experimental groups. Over 42 days of the experiment, the chickens were administered Cu, Zn and Fe glycine chelates in an amount corresponding to 50% of the requirement (experimental factor I) or 25% of the requirement (experimental factor II). The level of oxidative stress indicators such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde was determined in the muscles and blood. The groups receiving Zn or Cu chelate showed statistically confirmed higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and a higher level of glutathione in comparison to the group receiving Fe chelate. In order to increase the antioxidative stability of thigh meat, it is sufficient that broiler chickens receive Zn or Cu in the form of glycine chelate in an amount covering 25% of their requirement of such minerals. On the other hand, the use of Fe glycine chelates decreased antioxidative stability due to an increase in the level of malondialdehyde, so it should be considered whether the administration of pro-oxidative Fe chelate to broilers is advisable.

Effects of dietary supplementation of iron as sulphates or glycine chelates on the productive performance and concentrations of acute-phase proteins and iron in the serum and liver tissues of broiler chickens

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effects of inorganic (ferrous sulfate [FeSO4] and FeSO4 + phytase [FeSO4+F]) and organic forms of iron (ferrous glycine chelate [FeGly], Fe-Gly + phytase [Fe-Gly+F]) on the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SA), alpha- 1-acid glycoprotein (α-AGP), haptoglobin (Hp), transferrin (TRF) and iron in the blood and liver tissue of poultry. Ross 308 roosters were used in this study. The acute-phase protein (AP) levels in the chicken serum and liver tissues were assayed using the double-antibody sandwich ELISA kits for chickens. The iron levels in serum and liver samples were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the serum and hepatic iron concentration in the chickens receiving Fe-Gly and Fe-Gly-F were significantly higher than those in the control group and in the chickens receiving iron in the form of sulphates. Further, serum CRP and SA concentrations were lower in the chickens from the supplemented groups than in those from the control. The hepatic CRP concentration was higher in the supplemented groups than in the control group. The serum and hepatic TRF concentration were highest in the chickens receiving FeSO4 and FeSO4-F. The hepatic Hp concentration was higher in the chickens receiving organic forms of iron than in the control chickens, whereas the serum Hp concentrations were similar across the groups. The highest α-1-AGP concentration was found in the livers of the chickens receiving Fe- Gly and Fe-Gly-F. Taken together, these findings suggest that iron had the most beneficial effects for poultry in terms of health, performance and immunity when added to the feed in the form of glycine chelate.

Effect of organic minerals and alpha-ketoglutarate in pheasant diet on performance, hatchability and the composition of eggs

This study determined the effect of supplementation of the pheasant diet with mineral components (Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu) from organic sources with or without the addition of alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) on productivity, hatchability parameters, nutrients and mineral content in pheasant eggs. Studies were performed on three groups of laying pheasants, which were kept in aviaries and received a standard mixture (Group I, the control group), a mixture with Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu glycinates which replaced 50% of the mineral components in inorganic form (Group II), or a mixture with chelates and a 200 mg alpha-ketoglutarate supplement (Group III). Supplementation of the diet with chelates raised the content level of the mineral components in the whole egg and yolk, mainly the contents of calcium, zinc and iron. The addition of 200 mg of alpha-ketoglutarate to the diet with calcium, zinc, iron and copper chelates of glycine (50% of the supplemented elements) resulted in improved laying capacity and rates of reproduction and rearing of chicks, with a slight decrease in the size and weight of eggs. The eggshell was thinner, and the albumen and the Haugh Unit score were higher. Inorganic mineral components can be replaced by glycine chelates at up to 50%, especially with the addition of 200 mg of AKG, in the pheasant diet in commercial breeding.

The effect of zinc, iron, calcium, and copper from organic sources in pheasant diet on the performance, hatching, minerals, and fatty acid composition of eggs

The paper presents findings about how the substitution of calcium, iron, zinc, and copper salts with glycine chelates affects specific reproductive parameters of pheasants, the hatching potential and nutritional components of pheasant eggs, and the fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content in pheasant yolk. 4 groups were created for the experiment: the control, in which the birds received a feed containing standard calcium, iron, zinc, and copper salts, and 3 experimental groups in which chelates were used to replace 25, 50, and 75% of the mineral salts. The group with the 75% chelate share was not supplemented with the salts, and cholecalciferol was replaced with calcitriol. The groups included pheasant females (7 birds) and 1 male, respectively, and were maintained in outdoor aviaries. The birds were administered granulated feed mixes ad libitum, with free access to water. Their feed intake was recorded each day. The birds were weighed at the beginning and end of the egg-laying period. The eggs were collected throughout the egg-laying period, and the eggs gathered at the culmination of the egg-laying period were used for hatching. The eggs were morphometrically analyzed and the hatching process and subsequent hatchling survival rates were investigated. Nutritional components in the eggs were determined, and the fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content were assayed in the yolk. The results showed the use of Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu chelates in place of salts in the pheasant brood hen diet had contributed to enhancing the egg-laying performance, with a concurrent fall in the size and weight of the eggs. The highest egg-laying performance, with the lowest egg weight, was observed in the group that consumed the highest (75%) share of mineral chelates and received calcitriol supplementation. This corresponded with the highest incubation yield and hatchling survival. The thickest shells and highest crude ash percentages were identified in the eggs of the pheasant group that received a 50% by 50% proportion of salts and glycine chelates. In comparison with the control birds that received the mineral salts, the yolk of the pheasants that consumed the feed with the 75% share of calcitriol and Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu chelates had a higher percentage of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), with a far more advantageous n-6/n-3 proportion. No differences related to the source and levels of Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu in the feed were observed in the cholesterol content of the pheasant yolk.

The Influence of the Partial Replacing of Inorganic Salts of Calcium, Zinc, Iron, and Copper with Amino Acid Complexes on Bone Development in Male Pheasants from Aviary Breeding.

Simple SummaryA significant problem of birds reared in farms and then reintroduced to natural living environment is their survival, which is usually much lower than that of the free-living ones. Behavioral and physiological deficiencies rather than morphological anatomy decide about failure, nevertheless, the birds’ body condition, including quality and maturity of skeletal system, are also important. In this context, the problem of proper nutrition for growing game birds is a major one. The level and source of microelements, as well as the source of protein are the main factors affecting bone growth in young captive-reared birds. Since calcium, zinc, iron, and copper are critical nutrients in all practical diets, this experiment was undertaken to determine the possibility of the partial inclusion of organic forms of these elements to the diet of pheasants in order to improve their bone development and survival.This study analyzed the effects of partial replacing of Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu salts with glycine chelates on the measures of bones health in 16-week-old captive-reared male pheasants, allocated to one of the three experimental groups supplemented with Ca, Fe, Zn, and Cu in forms of inorganic salts (the control group) or groups receiving from the ninth week 25% and 50% of supplemented elements as glycine chelates. At the end of rearing birds receiving chelates were heavier (p < 0.001) and their tibia showed an increase of numerous mechanical parameters: yield and ultimate force (p = 0.028, p < 0.001, respectively), stiffness (p = 0.007), Young modulus (p < 0.001), compared to the control animals. The bones of birds receiving chelates in 50% were also heavier (p < 0.001) and longer (p = 0.014), with thinner cortical bone in midshaft (p = 0.027) and thicker proximal trabeculae (p < 0.001) compared to the control. While both doses of chelates increased mineral density in midshaft (p = 0.040), bone content of Cu and Zn decreased (p = 0.025, p < 0.001, respectively). The content of immature collagen in cancellous bone and articular cartilage increased in groups receiving chelates (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, glycine chelates probably enhanced development of the skeletal system in male pheasants as bones were denser and more resistant to mechanical damage.

Effect of Zinc Sulfate and Zinc Glycine Chelate on Concentrations of Acute Phase Proteins in Chicken Serum and Liver Tissue

The aim of the study was to determine how inorganic and organic forms of zinc affect the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α-1-AGP), haptoglobin (Hp), and transferrin (TRF) in the blood and liver tissue of 450 1-day-old Ross 308 chicken. Four experimental groups received one the following: inorganic zinc (ZnSO4), a zinc phytase enzyme supplement (ZnSO4-F), organic zinc in combination with glycine (Zn-Gly), or organic zinc supplemented with phytase (Zn-Gly-F). The chicken serum and liver homogenates were assayed using an ELISA kit. The results of the study showed statistically significantly higher serum and liver concentration of SAA in the group of birds that received zinc sulfate in comparison to the group of birds receiving zinc in organic form. A statistically significantly higher serum concentration of CRP and α-1-AGP was also noted in the group receiving zinc sulfate as compared to the Zn-Gly group. Comparison of the serum concentration of TRF between the supplemented groups showed a statistically significant increase in this parameter in the Zn-Gly-F group as compared to the ZSO4-F group. The increase in the serum concentration of Hp in all groups in comparison to the control may indicate stimulation of local immune mechanisms. The results of this study showed an increase in the concentrations of APPs such as AGP and TRF following the administration of zinc glycine chelates, which may demonstrate their effect on metabolic processes in the liver and on immunocompetent cells that regulate the intensity of the immune response.

Biological Response of Broiler Chickens to Decreasing Dietary Inclusion Levels of Zinc Glycine Chelate.

The study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Zn-Gly supplementation on the selected antioxidative enzymes and on the mineral composition in the liver and faeces as well as the biochemical and haematological parameters of chicken blood. Two hundred and fifty-one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, each of which was replicated five times (10 birds in each cage). Five experimental groups were formed: control negative (CN)-without Zn, control positive supplemented with 100mg ZnO, and three groups supplemented with 100, 50, and 25mg Zn-Gly. An increase (P<0.05) was recorded in the concentration of Cu and Zn in chicken livers after Zn-Gly supplementation, irrespective of the level of supply with the diet. The addition of 100mg·Zn-Gly improved the activity of SODCuZn (P<0.05) and reduced the MDA value (P<0.05) in chicken livers. The addition of 100, 50, and 25mg Zn-Gly reduced the concentration of zinc in the birds' droppings, compared to the CN and 100mg ZnO group. Zn-Gly at the level of 50mg increased the concentration of Cu and Ca in chicken blood. The results indicate that the addition of Zn-Gly increased the antioxidative capacity of the body and storage of Zn and Cu in the liver; it also reduced the amount of Zn excreted with faeces. Zn-Gly can be an alternative to ZnO in providing a good source of Zn to enrich feed mixtures for broilers.

Dosage Effect of Zinc Glycine Chelate on Zinc Metabolism and Gene Expression of Zinc Transporter in Intestinal Segments on Rat.

Zinc plays an essential role in various fundamental biological processes. The focus of this research was to investigate the dosage effect of zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) on zinc metabolism and the gene expression of zinc transporters in intestinal segments. A total of 30 4-week-old SD rats were randomized into five treatment groups. The basal diets for each group were supplemented with gradient levels of Zn (0, 30, 60, 90, and 180mg/kg) from Zn-Gly. After 1-week experiment, the results showed that serum and hepatic zinc concentration were elevated linearly with supplemental Zn levels from 0 to 180mg Zn/kg. Serum Cu-Zn SOD activities resulted in a significant (P<0.01) quadratic response and reached the peak when fed 60mg Zn/kg. There were linear responses to the addition of Zn-Gly from 0 to 180mg Zn/kg on Cu-Zn SOD and AKP activities in the liver. In the duodenum, MT1 mRNA was upregulated with the increasing dietary Zn-Gly levels and reached the peak of 180mg Zn/kg (P<0.05). Zip4 mRNA expression was downregulated with the increasing zinc levels (P<0.05) in both duodenum and jejunum. In the jejunum, Zip5 mRNA expression in 60mg Zn/kg was higher compared with other groups (P<0.05). ZnT1 mRNA in duodenum was numerically increased with the rising levels of zinc content and was significantly higher (P<0.05) with 180mg Zn/kg. In the duodenum, adding 60 or 90mg Zn/kg increased PepT1 expression, but in the jejunum, 60mg Zn/kg did not differ from 0 added Zn. In summary, there is a dose-dependent effect of dietary Zn-Gly on serum and hepatic zinc levels and the activities of Cu-Zn SOD and AKP on rats. Dietary Zn-Gly has a certain effect on MT1, Zip4, Zip5, and ZnT1 expression, which expressed differently in intestinal segments with different levels of Zn-Gly load. Besides, Zn-Gly also could regulate PepT1 expression in intestinal segments.

Effects of Iron Glycine Chelate on Growth, Tissue Mineral Concentrations, Fecal Mineral Excretion, and Liver Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Broilers

The study was conducted to determine the effects of iron glycine chelate (Fe-Gly) on growth, tissue mineral concentrations, fecal mineral excretion, and liver antioxidant enzyme activities in broilers. A total of 360 1-day-old commercial broilers (Ross × Ross) were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with six replications of ten chicks per replicate. Broilers were fed a control diet with no Fe supplementation, while five other treatments consisted of 40, 80, 120, and 160 mg Fe/kg diets from Fe-Gly, and 160 mg Fe/kg from ferrous sulfate, respectively. After a 42-day feeding trial, the results showed that 120 and 160 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly improved the average daily gain (P < 0.05) and average daily feed intake (P < 0.05) of broilers (4-6 weeks). Addition with 120 and 160 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Gly and 160 mg Fe/kg from FeSO(4) increased Fe concentration in serum (P < 0.05), liver (P < 0.05), breast muscle (P < 0.05), tibia (P < 0.05), and feces (P < 0.01) at 21 and 42 days. There were linear responses to the addition of Fe-Gly from 0 to 160 mg/kg Fe on Fe concentration in serum (21 days, P = 0.005; 42 days, P = 0.001), liver (P = 0.001), breast muscle (P = 0.001), tibia (P = 0.001), and feces (21 days, P = 0.011; 42 days, P = 0.032). Liver Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activities of chicks were increased by the addition of 80, 120, and 160 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Gly to diets at 42 days. There were no differences in liver catalase activities of chicks among the treatments (P > 0.05). This study indicates that addition with Fe-Gly could improve growth performance and iron tissue storage and improves the antioxidant status of broiler chickens.

Effects of Zinc Glycine Chelate on Oxidative Stress, Contents of Trace Elements, and Intestinal Morphology in Broilers

Three hundred and sixty healthy Ross × Ross 1-day-old broilers were used to study the effects of zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) on oxidative stress, contents of trace elements, and intestinal morphology. All broilers were randomly assigned to six treatment groups, which replicates three times. Diets were as follows: (1) control (containing 29.3mg zinc (Zn)/kg basic diet (0-21days) and 27.8mg Zn/kg (22-42days)); (2) basic diet plus 30mg Zn/kg from Zn-Gly; (3) basic diet plus 60mg Zn/kg from Zn-Gly; (4) basic diet plus 90mg Zn/kg from Zn-Gly; (5) basic diet plus 120mg Zn/kg from Zn-Gly; and (6) positive control, basic diet plus 120mg Zn/kg from zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)). The results showed that the addition of 90 or 120mg/kg Zn-Gly led to an improvement of activity of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and a reduction of malondialdehyde content in livers at 21 and 42days. With 90mg/kg Zn-Gly, the content of sera zinc increased by 17.55% (P < 0.05) in 21-day broilers and 10.77% (P > 0.05) in 42-day broilers compared with that of the control. Adding 120mg/kg Zn-Gly or ZnSO(4) to broilers' diets greatly enhanced the content of zinc in feces at 21days (P < 0.05) and at 42days (P < 0.05). For 42-day chickens, increased villus height and decreased crypt depth of the jejunum could be observed in the second growth stage of broilers fed with 90mg/kg Zn-Gly. Also, intestinal wall thickness decreased (P < 0.05). In addition, adding 90mg/kg Zn-Gly to the diet markedly elevated villus length of duodenum and decreased crypt depth of ileum (P < 0.05) in 42-day broilers.

Dietary Zinc Glycine Chelate on Growth Performance, Tissue Mineral Concentrations, and Serum Enzyme Activity in Weanling Piglets

One hundred twenty crossbred piglets (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire) were used to determine the effects of dietary zinc glycine chelate on growth performance, tissue mineral concentrations, and serum enzyme activity. All pigs were allotted to four treatments and fed with basal diets supplemented with 0, 50, and 100 mg/kg Zn as zinc glycine chelate or 3,000 mg/kg Zn as zinc oxide (ZnO). After the 35-day feeding trial, results of the study showed that, compared to the control, average daily gain was improved (P < 0.05) for pigs fed 100 mg/kg Zn from zinc glycine chelate or 3,000 mg/kg Zn from ZnO and Zn concentrations in serum and M. longissimus dorsi were significantly enhanced by 100 mg/kg dietary zinc glycine chelate and 3,000 mg/kg ZnO. In addition, supplementation of 100 mg/kg zinc glycine chelate decreased (P < 0.05) the liver Fe level, liver Zn level, spleen Cu level, and kidney Cu level compared to that of the 3,000-mg/kg ZnO group. For feces mineral excretion, 3,000 mg/kg Zn from ZnO greatly increased the concentration of fecal Zn (P < 0.01) and Mn (P < 0.05) compared to that of the control or the 100-mg/kg zinc glycine chelate group. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activities of pigs in 100 mg/kg zinc glycine chelate and ZnO treatments were greatly higher than that of the control. The results of present study showed that supplementation with zinc glycine chelate could improve growth and serum enzyme activities and could also decrease zinc excretion in feces in weanling pig compared to high dietary ZnO.

Effects of Zinc Glycine Chelate on Growth, Hematological, and Immunological Characteristics in Broilers

Three hundred sixty healthy Ross x Ross 1-day-old broilers were used to study the effects of zinc glycine chelate (Zn-Gly) on growth performance, hematological, and immunological characteristics. All broilers were randomly assigned into six treatments. Diets were as follows: (1) control (containing 29.3 mg Zn kg(-1) basic diet [0-3 weeks] and 27.8 mg Zn kg(-1) [4-6 weeks]); (2) basic diet plus 30 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly; (3) basic diet plus 60 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly; (4) basic diet plus 90 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly; (5) basic diet plus 120 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly; (6) positive control, basic diet plus 120 mg Zn kg(-1) from zinc sulfate (ZnSO(4)). After the 21- and 42-day feeding trials, the results showed that both of Zn-Gly and ZnSO(4) could improve the growth performance of broilers, with the greatest average daily feed intake observed in the broilers fed 90 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly, but the greatest average daily gain observed with 120 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly (0-3 weeks) and 90 mg Zn kg(-1) from Zn-Gly (4-6 weeks). Adding additional Zn-Gly improved the levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) and the contents of total protein and Ca in serum and increased the immune organs index especially with 90 mg Zn kg(-1) as Zn-Gly. However, there were no significant differences in responses to complements (C3 and C4) and albumin in serum among the treatments.

Molecular Structure of Seven-Coordinate trans(O 6)-(Ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetato-N,N′-di-3-propionato)(aqua)titanate(III), trans(O 6)-[Ti(eddadp)(H2O)

Abstract X-ray crystal analysis revealed that the title complex anion has an approximately pentagonal-bipyramidal (PB) structure in which a water molecule and two five-membered glycine chelates lie in an equatorial plane and two propionate groups occupy trans-axial sites. This complex anion is the unprecedented seven-coordinate eddadp complex which moreover has a trans(O6) structure.

A preliminary study of the bio availability of iron‐ and zinc‐glycine chelates

Groups of rats were fed diets containing marginal levels of Fe and Zn as glycine chelates (tradename 'Chelazome', Albion Laboratories, Verona, New Jersey, USA), or the same level of mineral as ferrous sulphate or zinc carbonate. The Fe diets were fed to weanling rats for 4 weeks and the Zn diets to young adult rats for 5 weeks. Blood Hb concentrations were significantly higher in the group fed Fe-chelazome than ferrous sulphate, 149 and 128 g/l respectively (P less than 0.001), but PCV and liver Fe concentrations were similar between the two groups. No difference in plasma Zn, pancreas, testes or femur Zn concentrations were observed between the two Zn groups, indicating that Zn-chelazome has no advantage over zinc carbonate. The results of this preliminary study indicate that Fe-chelazome has a higher bioavailability than ferrous sulphate and merits further study.