Glycerol Trioleate Research Articles

Faceted crystal growth of cyclodextrin-oil inclusion complexes

The spontaneous formation of cyclodextrin (CD)-oil inclusion complexes (ICs) and their further growth into patterned crystals present a bottom-up route to the fabrication of periodic macroscopic structure. Although the inclusion processes are well established for the molecules, understanding intermediate structures during the crystal growth and emerging of persistent crystalline order has been lacking. Here we build a hierarchy of oriented micro/nanostructures of CD-oil ICs in solution by choosing different oil guests including several straight-chain alkanes of C12, C14 and C16, oleic acid (OA), glycerol trioleate (TG) and soybean oil (SO), in an attempt to reveal the roles of oil guests in the formation of their crystallites. Remarkably, the ICs tend to grow into clusters and terminate at a certain finite size as long columns or lamella plates with well-defined facets, dependent on the type of oil used. For the first time, we report a non-equilibrium growth of crystallites with surface faceting directed by the guests by means of Arching and Bundling.

The influence of palm oil-derived plasticizers and lubricants on the rheological and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber

Researchers have recently focused on green processing aids made from plants and vegetables to avoid the high concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from petroleum-based processing oils, which is hazardous to human health. This paper focuses on the effect of lubricants and plasticisers produced from palm oil on the rheological, mechanical and thermal aging properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). These lubricants and plasticisers are known as glycerol trioleate (GTO), n-butyl stearate (NBS), ethylene bis-steramide (EBS), ethylene bis-oleamide (EBO), pentaerythritol tetrastearate (PETS) and stearyl stearate. The abrasion performance, visual inspection appearance, and cure characteristics of the lubricants and plasticisers on SBR were examined and compared to processing oil-treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE), paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, polyethylene (PE) wax, epoxidised soybean oil (ESBO), and stearic acid. It discovered that rubber compounds based on GTO, stearic acid, and EBS exhibited better abrasion resistance and cure properties than rubber compounds based on processing oil. These samples were selected and subjected to mechanical properties, thermal aging effects analysis and comparison with processing oil. Tensile strength shows that SBR with EBS (22.49 MPa) and EBS with GTO (EBS/GTO; 21.25 MPa) are closely similar to SBR compounds with processing oil (21.02 MPa). The findings imply that EBS and EBS/GTO, green plasticisers and lubricants, are viable alternatives to petroleum-based processing oils while being cost-effective for tire production.

Preparation and characterization of injectable in-situ forming gel based on lipid liquid crystal for one month delivery of aripiprazole: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluations in rats

The present study developed a one-month sustained-release formulation of aripiprazole, used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, based on lipid liquid crystal (LLC) using phosphatidylcholine (PC) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent with sorbitan monooleate (SMO) or derivative glycerol oleate (glycerol monooleate (GMO), glycerol di-oleate (GDO), and glycerol trioleate (GTO)). The best formulation was selected based on the minimum initial burst release and the highest release of aripiprazole during the 30-day period. So, the formulations containing GMO and SMO exhibited the best initial slow release, while the other two formulations showed a burst release within 24 h. Furthermore, the GMO formulation did not release the drug completely during the 30-day study period, and the formulation containing GTO released the drug completely in less than a month. Therefore, the two formulations containing SMO and GDO were selected for further tests. The prepared liquid crystals had a hexagonal structure, indicating the creation of a suitable formulation structure with slow and controlled release. The area under the curve for the LLC-SMO formulation was higher than for other formulations, supporting the sustained release of aripiprazole and improving the long-term bioavailability of the drug. Moreover, this formulation was found to be safe and did not cause any damage to the skin at the injection site or vital organs such as the spleen, kidney, brain, heart, and liver. Hence, it can be considered a suitable option for developing an extended-release LLC formulation of aripiprazole.

Comprehensive study of the combined effects of biochar and iron-based conductive materials on alleviating long chain fatty acids inhibition in anaerobic digestion

This study investigated the feasibility of alleviating the negative influence of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on anaerobic digestion by biochar, micron zero-valent iron, micron-magnetite (mFe3O4) and their combination. The results demonstrate that co-addition of biochar and 6 g/L mFe3O4 (BC+6 g/L mFe3O4) increased cumulative methane production by 50% as suffered from LCFAs inhibition exerted by 2 g/L glycerol trioleate. The BC+6 g/L mFe3O4 did best in accelerating total organic carbon degradation and volatile fatty acids conversion, through successively enriching Bacteroides, Corynebacterium, and DMER64 to dominant the bacterial community. The proportion of acetotrophic Methanothrix that could alternatively reduce CO2 to methane by accepting electrons via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) was 0.09% with BC+6 g/L mFe3O4, nine times more than the proportion in control. Prediction of functional genes revealed the enrichment of the bacterial secretion system, indicating that BC+6 g/L mFe3O4 promoted DIET by stimulating the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances. This study provided novel insights into combining biochar and iron-based conductive materials to enhance AD performance under LCFAs inhibition.

Effects of structural characteristics of phenolic compounds on oxidation of glycerol trioleate: Action rule and mechanism

Effects of structural characteristics of phenolic compounds on the oxidation of glycerol trioleate were investigated, and the action rule and mechanism were further explored. By using thermal and multispectral analyses, all tested phenolic compounds significantly inhibited the oxidation of glycerol trioleate, and reduced the decomposition of CC and ester bonds of glycerol trioleate, which were attributed to their capability to inhibit the production of free radicals. Quercetin and gallic acid were the most effective among the condensed and hydrolyzable phenolic compounds in present study, respectively. For condensed phenolic compounds, the hydroxyl groups in B ring, substitution in C ring, and the structure of C ring played a crucial role in their inhibitory action. For hydrolyzable phenolic compounds, the amount of hydroxyl groups and their molecular weight had obvious effects on their inhibitory action. According to the measurement of molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbitals by density functional theory, the large maximum electrostatic potential and the small energy gap value were beneficial to enhance the inhibitory capability of phenolic compounds on the oxidation of glycerol trioleate. All present results suggested the potential action rule and molecular mechanism about the inhibitory effects of phenolic compounds on the oxidation of glycerol trioleate.

High-throughput screening of lipase inhibitors as anti-obesity drugs on liquid crystal-infused porous surfaces

High-throughput screening of lipase inhibitors is critical for developing anti-obesity drugs. Herein, a robust and versatile sensing platform based on the difference in the sliding time of droplets on liquid crystal-infused porous surfaces (LCIPS) is developed to detect lipase inhibitors. Lipase catalyzes glycerol trioleate (GT) to produce oleate that can adsorb at the solution/liquid crystal (LC) interface due to its high amphiphilicity, which impedes the sliding of droplets on LCIPS, resulting in an extended sliding time. However, in the presence of lipase inhibitors, the enzymatic hydrolysis of GT by lipase is inhibited, which shortens the sliding time. The screening of three lipase inhibitors, orlistat, cetilistat, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), popular anti-obesity drugs, is demonstrated to have IC50 values of 17.45 ± 3.15 nM, 72.15 ± 6.32 nM, and 2.19 ± 0.24 μM, respectively. This study provides a simple, inexpensive, portable, user-friendly, and instrument-free method for rapid, accurate, and high-throughput screening of lipase inhibitors. The LCIPS-based sensing platform is up-and-coming in developing advanced bioanalytical sensors.

Epoxy Triglyceride Enhances Intestinal Permeability via Caspase-1/NLRP3/GSDMD and cGAS-STING Pathways in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis Mice.

Oxidized triglyceride monomers are the main cytotoxic products of deep-frying oil. However, its impact on the intestinal barrier, the first health guardian, remains unknown. In this study, HPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the epoxy group is the main oxidation product, indicating that it may be the main cytotoxic factor. Therefore, 1-9,10-epoxystearic ester, 2,3-dioleic acid (EGT) and glycerol trioleate (GT) were used to reveal the effect of the epoxy group on the intestinal barrier of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Characteristics analysis showed that EGT could aggravate intestinal damage. The relative mRNA expression analysis suggested that EGT could activate Caspase-1/NLRP3/GSDMD, thereby inducing pyroptosis. The proinflammatory cytokines activated by pyroptosis and the cGAS-STING pathway were released through the pores, thus inducing the disintegration of the tight junction between the intestinal epithelial cells and enhancing intestinal permeability. Metabonomics further confirmed that EGT can change the composition and content of phospholipids on the cell membrane, indicating the morphological changes of the intestinal epithelial cell membrane. In conclusion, this study highlights that EGT induced intestinal dysfunction via Caspase-1/NLRP3/GSDMD and cGAS-STING pathways.

Development of Galloyl Antioxidant for Dispersed and Bulk Oils through Incorporation of Branched Phytol Chain.

In this study, a novel galloyl phytol antioxidant was developed by incorporating the branched phytol chain with gallic acid through mild Steglich esterification. The evaluation of the radical scavenging activity, lipid oxidation in a liposomal model, and glycerol trioleate revealed its superior antioxidant activities in both dispersed and bulk oils. Then, the antioxidant capacity enhancement of galloyl phytol was further explored using thermal gravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and molecular modeling. The EC50 values of GP, GPa, and GE were 0.256, 0.262, and 0.263 mM, respectively, which exhibited comparable DPPH scavenging activities. These investigations unveiled that the branched aliphatic chain enforced the coiled molecular conformation and the unsaturated double bond in the phytol portion further fixed the coiled conformation, which contributed to a diminished aggregation tendency and enhanced antioxidant activities in dispersed and bulk oils. The remarkable antioxidant performance of galloyl phytol suggested intriguing and non-toxic natural antioxidant applications in the food industry, such as effectively inhibiting the oxidation of oil and improvement of the quality and shelf life of the oil, which would contribute to the use of tea resources and extending the tea industry chain.

Real-Time Monitoring of Curcumin Release with a Lipid-Curcumin-Loaded Silica Colloidal Crystal Film Using Optical Interferometry.

A novel efficacious strategy for real-time monitoring of the release of hydrophobic cargo curcumin (molecule model nutraceuticals) from a lipid-curcumin-loaded silica colloidal crystal (L(Cur)-SCC) film controlled by lipase was developed. Curcumin was dispersed in a proportion of a digestible lipid complex (glycerol trioleate and glycerol tristearate) to prepare a lipid-curcumin complex and then loaded into the SCC film by a capillary to prepare an L(Cur)-SCC film. Lipase-triggered degradation of the digestible lipid complex resulted in curcumin release being tracked in real-time by ordered porous layer interferometry (OPLI). The optical thickness changes (ΔOT) of the L(Cur)-SCC film depend on the mass changes of the lipid-curcumin complex due to the migration of interference fringes caused by the lipase degradation of the digestible lipid complex. Curcumin release from the L(Cur)-SCC film was characterized and analyzed in combination with an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, a nanoparticle size analyzer, and an attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometer. The introduction of a soluble dietary fiber (pectin) into the L(Cur)-SCC film delayed the release rate of curcumin. Furthermore, the real-time sustained release of curcumin from the L(Cur)-SCC film in the simulated digestive fluids was tracked. This study provides an early exploration of the real-time controlled release of lipid-soluble nutraceuticals in the gastrointestinal tract.

Research progress of Shenling Baizhu San and predictive analysis on its quality markers

Shenling Baizhu San is a classic prescription for replenishing Qi to invigorate the spleen and dispelling dampness to check diarrhea, which mainly treats the syndrome of spleen deficiency and heavy dampness. With the pharmacological effects of regulating immune system, improving lung function and gastrointestinal function, and resisting oxygen, tumor, and inflammation, Shenling Baizhu San is commonly used in modern clinical practice to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis, chronic diarrhea, and diabetic, etc. This paper summarized the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and clinical application of Shenling Baizhu San in recent years, and predictively analyzed the quality markers of Shenling Baizhu San according to the "five principles" of Q-marker. The Q-markers of Shenling Baizhu San involved ginsenoside Rg_1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb_1, pachymic acid, dehydrotumulosic acid, batatasin Ⅰ, batatasin Ⅲ, diosgenin, liensinine, neferine, luteolin, quercetin, glycerol trioleate, β-sitosterol, platycodin D, glycyrrhizic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritin, pipecolinic acid, atractylenolide Ⅰ, atractylenolide Ⅲ, and bornyl acetate, which provided references for the quality control and follow-up research of Shenling Baizhu San.

Direct Production of Jet Fuel by Catalytic Hydrocracking of Glycerol Trioleate over a Ni/Mo Catalyst Supported on Nb2O5–ZrO2

Direct Production of Jet Fuel by Catalytic Hydrocracking of Glycerol Trioleate over a Ni/Mo Catalyst Supported on Nb₂O₅–ZrO₂

Catalytic Pyrolysis of Nonedible Oils for the Production of Renewable Aromatics Using Metal-Modified HZSM-5 Catalysts

Catalytic pyrolysis of triglycerides to aromatics over zeolites is an advanced technology for a high value-added utilization of renewable biomass resources. Therefore, in this research, the catalytic performance of M/HZSM-5 catalysts (M = Zn, Ga, In, Ni, and Mo) during the pyrolysis process of glycerol trioleate and the effect of the compositional difference of several woody oils and waste oils on aromatic formation were investigated. Results revealed that Zn/HZSM-5 with appropriate acidity and metal sites reached the maximum aromatics yield (56.13%) and significantly enhanced the catalytic stability. In addition, these renewable nonedible oils were effectively converted to aromatics over the Zn/HZSM-5 catalyst, the aromatic yield of jatropha oil reached up to 50.33%, and the unsaturation and double bond number of feedstocks were crucial for the production of aromatics. The utilization of biomass resources to produce high value-added aromatics can alleviate the problems caused by the shortage of fossil resources and achieve sustainable green development.

A simple device for simulating skin adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: design and application.

Dermal exposure is one of the main ways of human body exposure to atmospheric contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The skin type significantly affects the skin adsorption of contaminants. However, this is commonly ignored in assessing the dermal exposure based on the atmospheric concentrations of contaminants. In this study, a simulation device suitable for human dermal pollutant exposure assessment was established, which used polyethylene balloons coated with different doses of glycerol trioleate to simulate oily skin, neutral skin, and dry skin type. The sampling effectiveness of the device was verified, and the device was applied to the skin exposure assessment of atmospheric PAHs at different scenarios. Kinetic experiments indicated a linear adsorption within 6h. The adsorption kinetic constants (k) of PAHs on the oily surface of the balloon were significantly higher than those on the dry surface, especially for PAHs with high ring numbers. Compared with the calculated skin adsorption based on atmospheric concentrations, the results of this simulation device can better simulate the skin adsorption of atmospheric contaminants on different skin types and in different scenarios. Based on the result of balloon sampling, the dermal exposure of PAH3 rings by oily skin inside the tunnel is up to 5.668ng/cm2/day, indicating a non-negligible health risk.

Effect of vulcanization and reaction temperature of the carbide supported on activated carbon on glycerol trioleate deoxygenation

Cobalt molybdenum carbide supported on activated carbon was synthesized and the effect of sulfiding on the catalytic activity of the glycerol trioleate deoxygenation process (DOX) was evaluated. Prior to the glycerol trioleate deoxygenation reactions, the catalyst was reduced and sulfided with CS2/H2. The CoMo/CA carbide was characterized by specific area (B.E.T), X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (CHON-S), potentiometric titration with n-butylamine and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The specific area of the CoMo/CA carbide and the support were 246 m2/g and 881 m2/g, respectively. XRD analysis proved the presence of Co6Mo6C2 and metallic cobalt. XPS showed the presence on the surface of signals assignable to Moδ+, Mo4+, Mo6+, Co2+, S2– and SO42–. Sulfided CoMo/CA carbide showed higher activad to glycerol trioleate esoxygenation than unsulfided CoMo/CA carbide. The highest yield was obtained at 310 °C, 900 psi H2 and 2 h of reaction (100% conversion) and a higher selectivity towards heptadecane (55%) and octadecane (45%) favoring decarboxylation (HDCX) and decarbonylation (HDCn) than hydrodeoxygenation (HDO).

Buildup Factor Computation and Percentage Depth Dose Simulation of Tissue Mimicking Materials for an External Photon Beam (0.15–15 MeV)

Nowadays, the use of tissue mimicking material (TMM) is widespread in both diagnostic and therapeutic medicine, as well as for quality assurance and control. For example, patient exposure evaluation during therapeutic tests has been commonly measured using TMMs. However, only a few materials have been developed for research use at the megavoltage photon energy encountered in medical radiology. In this paper, we extended our previous work to cover the photon energy range of 0.15–15 MeV for five human tissues (adipose, cortical bone, fat, lung and muscle). As a selection criterion for TMM, other than the attenuation coefficient, we introduced the computation of the buildup factor (BUF) for a given couple of energy and depth based on the geometric progression fitting method. Hence, we developed a C++ program able to compute BUF for depths up to 40 mean free path. Moreover, we simulated the percentage depth dose (PDD) of a 6 MV photon beam through each tissue and their equivalent materials using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit (version 10.5). After the comparison of a set of parameters (mass attenuation and mass energy absorption coefficients, BUF, equivalent and effective atomic numbers, electron density, superficial and maximal dose and dose at 10 and 20 cm depths), we found that SB3 (a mixture of epoxy and calcium carbonate) and MS15 (a mixture of epoxy, phenol, polyethylene and aluminum oxide) accurately imitate cortical bone and muscle tissues, respectively. AP6 (a mixture of epoxy, phenol, polyethylene and teflon), glycerol trioleate and LN1 (a mixture of polyurethane and aluminum oxide) are also suitable TMMs for adipose, fat and lung tissues, respectively. Therefore, this work can be useful to physician researchers in dosimetry and radiological diagnosis.

A sustain-release lipid-liquid crystal containing risperidone based on glycerol monooleate, glycerol dioleate, and glycerol trioleate: In-vitro evaluation and pharmacokinetics in rabbits

The present study intends to develop an in-situ forming gel (ISFG) vehicle for the sustained and gradual delivery of risperidone to schizophrenic patients for longer drug dosing intervals. Initial burst release (IBR) was evaluated for the lipid liquid crystals (LLCs) containing glycerol monooleate (GMO), glycerol dioleate (GDO), and glycerol trioleate (GTO), along with different percentages of phosphatidylcholine (PC) as the oil phase, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. In vitro evaluations, pharmacokinetics, and histopathological studies in rabbits were done to find the optimal LLC formulation. The formulation containing GDO had lower IBR in comparison with the other formulations, including Risperdal CONSTA®. Microscopy assessment indicated that the structures of LLC formulations containing GMO, GDO, and GTO cubic (Q2) were hexagonal (HII) and an intermediate form of HII and Q2, respectively. Comparison of the pharmacokinetic data showed that the optimal LLC containing GDO/PC with the ratio of 2.2:1 and 30% NMP created more consistent release profiles in vitro and in vivo during 60 days. Histopathology results in rabbits showed almost no side effects for the formulations. This study emphasized the better drug delivery potential of GDO-based gel-forming systems compared to Risperdal CONSTA®, which would increase patient compliance and decrease the inconvenience of frequent drug oral administrations.

Search for Tissue Equivalent Materials Based on Exposure and Energy Absorption Buildup Factor Computations

Tissue equivalent materials (TEM) are frequently used in research as a means to determine the delivered dose to patients undergoing various therapeutic procedures. They are used in routine quality assurance and quality control procedures in diagnostic and therapeutic physics. However, very few materials that are tissue equivalent have been developed for use in research at the low photon energies involved in diagnosis radiology. The objective of this study is to describe a series of TEMs designed to radiographically imitate human tissue at diagnostic photon energies. TEMs for adipose, cortical bone, fat, lung, and muscle tissues were investigated in terms of energy absorption and exposure buildup factors for photon energy range 15–150 keV and for penetration depths up to 40 mean free path. BUF was computed based on GP-fitting method. Moreover, we also compared some radiological properties, including the total attenuation and the energy-absorption attenuation, the effective atomic number, and the CT number at 30, 100, and 120 kVp. We found that SB3, Glycerol trioleate, and MS15 perfectly mimic cortical bone, fat, and muscle tissues, respectively. Additionally, AP6 and Stracey latex are good TEM for adipose and lung tissues, respectively. The results of this work should be useful in radiation diagnosis and dosimetry applications for the large physician researcher community.

Composition and Characterization of Cold Pressed Moringa oleifera Seed Oil.

The present study aims to investigate the volatile compound and the triacylglycerol profiles of Tunisian cold pressed Moringa oleifera seed oil (MoSO) and to assess its thermal properties and its biological activities. GC-MS analysis identified thirty six phyto-compounds amounting to 98.99% of the total oil. These compounds were classified into eleven groups among which the fatty acid one exhibited the highest intensity (91.63%). Cis, 6-octadecenoic acid was the most abundant compound (70.68%). The triacylglycerol composition of MoSO was characterized by the predominance of the glycerol trioleate (OOO) (32.42±0.12%). Thermogravimetric analysis of MoSO showed that the oil possess an interesting thermal stability with a highly Onset temperatures (Tonset) of 390.72°C and 357.47°C, respectively in nitrogen and air atmospheres. By using the ABTS assay, MoSO exhibited an interesting antioxidant capacity of 365 μM TEAC. The oil was also endowed with a relatively strong anti-inflammatory activity since its treatment at the different concentrations tested (75, 150 and 300 μg/mL). However, no antimicrobial activity was observed. On the basis of the obtained results, MoSO could be used in diverse industrial applications such as pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food fields thanks to its thermal stability and interesting biological activities.

Microbial electrochemical degradation of lipids for promoting methane production in anaerobic digestion

In order to solve problems of low methane production from lipids in anaerobic digestion, microbial electrochemical degradation was proposed to promote methane yield of glycerol trioleate (a typical lipid component of food waste). The beta-oxidation of lipids was strengthened with an applied voltage to promote electron transfer and anaerobic digestion. SEM images showed that a lot of spherical and rod-shaped microbes adhered to electrode surfaces. Cyclic voltammetry showed that electron transfer rate constant at 0.8 V was 14.4-fold that at 0 V. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy showed that small organic degraded molecules were used more efficiently in anaerobic digestion. The methane yield of glycerol trioleate increased to 791.6 mL/g-TVS (at 0.8 V), while methane production peak rate increased to 26.8 mL/g-TVS/d with a shortened peak time to 24th day. The overall energy conversion efficiency in methane production increased from 53.6 to 60.1% due to microbial electrochemical degradation of lipids.

Research on the effect of spleen-invigorating and anti-swelling active ingredients in crude and processed coix seed based on Spectrum – Effects relationship combined with chemometrics

Coix seed (CS) is the dry mature seed kernel of Coix lacrma-jobi L. var. mayuen (Roman.) Stapf, which has the effect of spleen-invigorating and anti-swelling. However, research reports on the main active ingredients of CS were minimal. The purpose of this study was to find the main active ingredients that affect the efficacy of CS to invigorate the spleen and reduce swelling through the spectrum-effect relationship, combined with chemometrics, grey relational analysis (GRA) and entropy method, and to compare the differences between the effects of crude and processed CS. First of all, the HPLC-ELSD method was used to establish the chromatographic fingerprint of CS, and 12 batches of CS samples were analyzed through chemometrics in this study. Then, we studied the effect of spleen-invigorating and anti-swelling in CS. Finally, through grey relational analysis and entropy method, the spectrum-effect relationship between the chromatographic fingerprint and the seven pharmacodynamic effect indexes was studied. The results showed that the main pharmacologically active ingredients were 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (peak 8), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (peak 2), 1,3-Dipalmitoyl-2-Linolein (peak 5), 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (peak 3), 1,2-Dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol (peak 4), and glycerol trioleate (peak 7), and the comprehensive efficacy of bran-fried CS was better than that of raw CS. In summary, we have identified the main active ingredients related to the efficacy of CS. As far as we know, this is the first time that the crude and processed CS spectrum-effect relationship has been established and compared, which provides a theoretical basis for subsequent studies on the material basis and molecular mechanism of CS pharmacodynamics.