Glyceryl Monostearate Research Articles

Formulation and characterization of novel dairy-based dip utilizing heat-acid-coagulated milk gel and whey.

An attempt was made to develop a novel dairy-based dip-like product from heat-acid-induced milk gel and whey. Based upon preliminary trials, the combination of cream (15-35%), whey (60-70%) and common salt (0.8-1.0%, all three as weight of heat-acid-induced milk gel) was selected for optimization of the dairy dip through factorial design of response surface methodology (RSM). Addition of glycerol monostearate, trisodium citrate and sodium hexametaphosphate each at the rate of 0.3% (as weight of heat-acid-induced milk gel) in the formulation was previously standardized. The optimization was carried out by analysing the textural and sensorial parameters of the dairy-based dip. The sensorial parameters (flavour, body and texture, colour and appearance and overall acceptability) and textural parameters (firmness, stickiness, work of shear and work of adhesion) were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the ingredient formulation. RSM analysis suggested the use of cream, whey and common salt at amounts of 27.92, 60.26 and 0.8% of the weight of heat-acid-induced milk gel for preparing dairy-based dip with a desirability of 0.84. The formulated product contained a lower fat but higher protein and lactose content than cheese dip.

Optimization of nano-structured lipid carriers for enhanced salbutamol delivery via buccal mucoadhesive film

Salbutamol sulphate (SS) is a widely prescribed β2 agonist for different respiratory disorders. However, its short plasma half-life and poor oral bioavailability strongly limit its compliance. This study targeted formulating SS in nanostructured lipid carriers (SS-NLCs) embedded in a buccal mucoadhesive film to enhance bioavailability and sustain release through an easy route of administration aiming to improve patient compliance and reduce dose-related side effects. SS-NLCs were prepared using glycerol monostearate (GMS), Labrasol® oil, and poloxamer 407 utilizing a full 23 factorial design. Eight SS-loaded NLCs formulations were evaluated for particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The optimum formula selected according to design expert® statistical analysis, was subsequently incorporated in a polymeric buccal mucoadhesive film and subjected to in vitro and in vivo characterization. The optimum SS-NLCs showed a mean particle size of 119.1 ± 1.28 nm, polydispersity index of 0.248 ± 0.023, zeta potential of - 40.9 ± 0.47 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 68.20 ± 2.05 % with apparent controlled release. Casting SS-NLCs in a mucoadhesive polymeric mixture resulted in a smooth strong film with a prolonged in vitro drug release duration reaching 10 h. In vivo, buccal application of the formulated film showed significantly higher Cmax (107.53 ± 5.20 ng/ml) and delayed Tmax to 4 h with improving the bioavailability of SS by 4.10 folds compared to oral SS solution. Consequently, the buccal polymeric mucoadhesive film of SS-NLCs holds promise as an alternative route for sustained release, enhancing bioavailability, and improving therapeutic efficacy in treating respiratory disorders.

Effect of Glycerol Stearates on the Thermal and Barrier Properties of Biodegradable Poly(butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)

Two types of glycerol stearates, glycerol monostearate (GMS) and glycerol tristearate (GTS), were added into poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT), with the aim to improve their water vapor barrier properties. The effects of the two small molecules on microstructure, chain mobility, and surface hydrophobicity were amply assessed via both experimental and simulation methods. The incorporation of the modifiers at small loadings, 5 wt% of GMS and 1 wt% of GTS, resulted in substantial improvements in water vapor barrier properties, while a further increase in the modifier content resulted in deterioration. The optimal water vapor permeability reached values of 2.63 × 10−13 g·cm/(cm2·s·Pa) and 6.55 × 10−13 g·cm/(cm2·s·Pa), which are substantially lower than the permeability, 8.43 × 10−13 g·cm/(cm2·s·Pa), of neat PBAT. The water vapor permeability of PBAT/GMS blends was also proven to be time-dependent and dramatically decreased with time, mainly due to the migration process of small molecules, forming a waterproof layer. The barrier improvement results are assumed to be related to the hydrophobic effect of glycerol stearate and are largely dependent on the content, polarity, compatibility, and dispersion of modifiers. In addition, the incorporation of modifiers did not largely sacrifice the mechanical strength of PBAT, which is advantageous in mulch film applications.

Computational and experimental insights into glycyrrhizin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: docking, dynamics, design optimization, and anticancer efficacy in lung cancer cells

BackgroundLung cancer (LC) remains a predominant global health concern, especially with escalating tobacco-smoking rates. Present study provides computational screening, molecular dynamics, DFT and simulation analysis of phytoconstituents on EGFR receptors (2ITY and W2O), followed by selection of highest docking score phytoconstituents among 45 for further analysis. The formulation was optimized by Central composite design. Nanostructured-lipid carriers were prepared by high-speed homogenization, combining a 1:1 ratio of liquid lipid (Castor oil) and melted solid lipid (glyceryl monostearate) with 4% surfactant (tween 80) in a water phase containing Glycyrrhizin. The resulting mixture underwent high-speed homogenization at 8000 rpm for 40 min, followed by sonication for 15 min to achieve formulation development of GNLC. The anticancer potential of GNLC have been proved by experimental analysis through MTT assay using A549 Cell lines.ResultsGlycyrrhizin was found to possess maximum docking score − 8.863 and − 8.837 on both 2ITY and W2O respectively. The study unveils Glycyrrhizin’s interactions with EGFR pivotal in cancer progression and treatment. Molecular dynamics simulations highlighted the structural and dynamic interactions within a protein–ligand complex, indicating both stability and flexibility characteristics. DFT analysis of Glycyrrhizin revealed its molecular properties, suggesting stability and potential reactivity. Glycyrrhizin loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (GNLC) have been developed and analysed by various parameters like particle size and drug release zeta potential, SEM analysis, and solubility analysis reveals critical insights into their optimization for effective drug delivery. Both GNLC and Doxorubicin (0.78–50 µg/ml) were used for the activity. The anticancer potential at 12.50, 25 and 50 µg/ml pf GNLC was found to be statistically significant and was comparable with that of standard group Doxorubicin. The observed structural transformations in Glycyrrhizin into a lipid matrix indicate potential enhancements in its drug release.ConclusionsGNLC shows promising anti-cancer potential in lung cancer, further pre-clinical and clinical studies, is crucial to validate its efficacy, safety, and integration into standard therapeutic regimens.Graphical abstract

DEVELOPMENT, SCREENING AND OPTIMIZATION OF ROSUVASTATIN LOADED NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIERS FOR IMPROVED THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY

Objective: the aim of the current study was to be screening of the formulation components, prepare ROS-NLCs by hot homogenization–ultrasonication technique and optimized by Full factorial design then formulations prepared were further characterized. Methods: The screening experiments were carried out to select the most suitable solid lipids, liquid lipids, and surfactants. Moreover, physical compatibility between the solid lipids and liquid lipids, along with their proportions, was evaluated. Additionally, characterization and optimization of the developed formulations were outlined and identified. Primarily, the solubility of ROS-Ca in various solid lipids and liquid lipids is the key factor for choosing the optimal one. Results: Stearic acid, Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS), and Compritol®888 ATO exhibited a higher ability to solubilize ROS-Ca, with solid lipid values per 10 mg of ROS-Ca (w/w) recorded as 750±3.56 mg, 1250±4.36 mg, and 1750±5.16 mg, respectively. In the systematic screening of different liquid lipids, Transcutol® HP (98.41 mg/ml), CapryolTM90 (78.64 mg/ml), and Labrafac MC60 (64.36 mg/ml) demonstrated a good affinity for the drug. The (Stearic acid-Transcutol® HP) mixture showed phase separation with oil droplet residue on filter paper, whereas the (GMS-Transcutol® HP) mixture showed no separation and left no oil droplet residue on filter paper. The optimized NLC formulations composed of glyceryl monostearate GMS (solid lipid) and Transcutol® HP (liquid lipid) as lipid phase, poloxamer 188 and Tween 80 (1:1 ratio) as surfactants. Conclusions: Study concludes the ability of NLCs to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by enhancing solubilization and dissolution rates in the gastrointestinal tract is well-recognized. Peer Review History: Received 11 July 2024; Reviewed 15 September 2024; Accepted 22 October; Available online 15 November 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewers: Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, tony_biomed@hotmail.com Asmaa Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Khalifa, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt, asmaa.khalifa@pua.edu.eg

Ultra-micro Liquid Crystal in Cosmetic Emulsion with Excellent Moisture Retention and Delivery Selectivity.

Compared with ordinary emulsified cosmetics, liquid crystal emulsified cosmetics have obvious advantages. In this paper, an ultra-micro liquid crystal (ULC) emulsion with particle size less than 4 μm was successfully synthesized using a simple oil-in-water emulsification method, and large liquid crystal (LLC) and non-liquid crystal (NLC) emulsions were also prepared as controls. Three kinds of emulsions were examined by polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Rheological tests, in vivo experiments, reconstructed Raman maps tracking selected markers and thermogravimetric (TG) results showed that the ULC emulsion expressed excellent viscoelasticity, long-term moisturizing property with barrier function and better selective delivery of active substances compared with LLC and NLC emulsions. Molecular dynamics simulation on the ULC system and deuterium order parameter plots respectively indicated that GYY (glyceryl stearate citrate) showed a tendency to form a stable structure by reducing the total interaction energy and enhancing system lamellar ordering. This work not only demonstrates the great potential of ultra-micro liquid crystals in for commercial applications in cosmetics but also offers a deeper understanding of the intrinsic properties and growth mechanisms of ultra-micro liquid crystals at the microscopic level.

Antioxidant and anticancer activities of hesperetin and its novel formulations in KB cells.

This study aimed to formulate the hesperetin nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) containing oro-mucosal gel for its activity assessment on the KB cell line. NLCs were prepared with glyceryl monostearate, oleic acid, and lecithin using a modified constant-temperature emulsification technique. The particle size analysis, in vitro drug release studies, etc., of prepared NLCs were evaluated. The formulated gels were analyzed with respect to spreadability, extrudability, swelling index, texture analysis, etc. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and drug entrapment of nanocarriers were recorded to be 221.733 ± 61.536nm, 0.381 ± 0.091, - 51.433 ± 4.143mV, and 89.29%, respectively. The optimized NLCs in 24h released 87.14 ± 6.62% of the drug. The round shape of NLCs was noticed with scanning electron microscopy. The pH, spreadability, extrudability, swelling index, content uniformity, and drug release studies of hesperetin NLCs-containing gel (HNG) were found to be 6.81 ± 0.04, 2.49 ± 0.04cm.mg/s, 539.04 ± 32.88g/cm2, 4.27 ± 0.47, 107.98 ± 1.93%, and 90.17 ± 6.67% (in 48h), respectively. The developed formulations showed promising in vitro anticancer and antioxidant activities. HNP results authorize that the formulation may be beneficial for the treatment of oral cancer.

Analysis of serum phase proteins and emulsifiers on the whipping capabilities of aerated emulsions: From the perspective of air-liquid interface rheology

In aerated emulsions, the serum phase plays a crucial role in determining whipping capabilities. However, the effects of serum phase components on emulsion properties remain largely unexplored and continue to be a mystery. This study takes a micro-level approach, focusing on the air-liquid interfacial rheology by incorporating different types of surfactants (proteins and emulsifiers) into the serum phase. It systematically explores the effects on the serum phase interface, emulsion properties, whipping capabilities, and foam stability in a stepwise manner. Proteins only slightly affect the strength of the air-liquid interface, primarily improving the capacity to trap bubbles at the initial whipping stage, thereby boosting the overrun of the aerated emulsion. The high viscoelastic modulus of the interface membrane is greatly influenced by the presence of solid lipid nanoparticles of glycerol monostearate (GMS SLN), leading to a reduction in whipping time and improved surface-mediated partial coalescence. This ultimately enhances the quality and stability of the foam system. Tween 80, due to its hydrophilic properties, is able to quickly adsorb at the air-liquid interface using the Gibbs-Marangoni mechanism. This helps to expedite the end of the whipping process and ultimately improves the foam quality. On the contrary, glycerol monooleate (GMO), a lipophilic emulsifier for liquids, struggles to effectively adsorb at the interface, leading to decreased stability of the air-liquid interface in the system and resulting in poor whipping capabilities. This paper delves into the mechanism by which different surfactants affect the whipping capabilities of aerated emulsions through an analysis of serum phase composition, laying the groundwork for enhancing formulation design.

Enhancing exemestane delivery: Solid lipid nanoparticles formulation and pharmacokinetic evaluation

This research investigates the development of exemestane (EXM) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the purpose of improving drug delivery. To prepare EXM SLNs, glycerol monostearate was used as the lipid and Tween 80 as the surfactant and solvent injection followed by high-pressure homogenization as a method of preparation. The formulation parameters were optimized, leading to the development of a promising formula. The formula has a particle size of 188.72 ± 5.62 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.215 ± 0.023, and an %EE of 65.39 ± 2.54 %. The formulation's robustness was indicated by minimal changes in particle size and %EE over 30 days, as revealed by stability studies. The bioavailability of EXM SLNs was found to be significantly improved in Wistar rats compared to conventional EXM suspension, as shown by pharmacokinetic studies. The formula that was optimized showed a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 168.92 ± 2.40 ng/mL, a delayed time to reach Cmax (Tmax) of 4 hours, and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) values. These results highlight the effectiveness of the optimized formula in improving drug absorption and bioavailability. The findings indicate that EXM SLNs show potential for enhancing the delivery and effectiveness of EXM, specifically in the treatment of breast cancer.

Lymphatic targeting of cilnidipine by designing and developing a nanostructured lipid carrier drug delivery system

Objective The objective of current research is to design, develop, and optimize a cilnidipine (CLN) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based drug delivery system for the effective treatment of hypertension (HT). Significance Oral administration of CLN-loaded NLC (CLN NLC) containing glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as a solid and isopropyl myristate (IPM) as a liquid lipid may show remarkable lymphatic uptake through payer patches. Methods The emulsification probe sonication technique was used followed by optimization using 32 factorial designs. Results The optimized batch showed a mean particle size of 115.4 ± 0.22 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 98.32 ± 0.23%, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.342 ± 0.03, and zeta potential (ZP, ζ) was −60.5 ± 0.24 which indicate excellent physical stability. In vitro studies showed a controlled release of CLN NLCs. Pharmacokinetics studies determined the C max of NLCs (373.47 ± 15.1) indicates 2.3-fold enhancement compared with plain drug (160.64 ± 7.63). Pharmacodynamic studies indicated that CLN NLCs were maintaining systolic blood pressure in a controlled manner without any signs of side effects. Conclusion CLN NLCs significantly improved lymphatic delivery and proved to be effective in the treatment and management of HT. It has been proved that CLN NLCs are found to be better than any traditional CLN dosage form due to enhancement in solubility, absorption, bioavailability, intestinal permeability, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, P-glycoprotein efflux and reduction in dose-related side effects, achievement of controlled and sustained release action.

Design of Aerated Oleogel-Hydrogel Mixtures for 3D Printing of Personalized Cannabis Edibles.

Cannabis seed oil oleogel structured with Glycerol Monostearate (20% w/w) was mixed with xanthan gum hydrogel (2% w/w) at different ratios ranging from 0% w/w hydrogel to 75% w/w hydrogel, using a syringe-to-syringe apparatus, for the preparation of 3D-printable food inks. This process enabled the simultaneous blend of oleogel and hydrogel phases and the incorporation of air in a reproducible and accurate manner. The printability of bigel inks with different mass ratios was evaluated by using a conventional benchtop food 3D printer. The printability of the inks was found to be negatively affected by the presence of higher portions of the hydrogel phase, while the printing performance of pure cannabis seed oil oleogel was superior compared to the printing performance of the bigel inks. The physicochemical properties of hybrid gels were investigated with rheological studies, thermophysical studies (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), Polarized Light Microscopy, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The microstructure of the aerated inks was affected by the presence of a higher oleogel fraction, in terms of air bubble shape and distribution. The addition of hydrogel at concentrations higher than 50% w/w had a strong negative effect on the mechanical properties of the inks leading to a partial collapse of the printed structures and subsequently to poor printing performance.

Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate ameliorates salt tolerance associated with ion transport, osmotic adjustment, and metabolite reprograming in white clover

BackgroundSoil salinization is a serious environmental hazard, limiting plant growth and production in different agro-ecological zones worldwide. Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) as an essential plant growth regulator (PGR) exhibits a beneficial role in improving crop growth and stress tolerance. However, the DA-6-regulated effect and mechanism of salt tolerance in plants are still not fully understood. The objective of current study was to disclose salt tolerance induced by DA-6 in relation to changes in water and redox balance, photosynthetic function, ionic homeostasis, and organic metabolites reprogramming in white clover (Trifolium repens).ResultsA prolonged duration of salt stress caused water loss, impaired photosynthetic function, and oxidative injury to plants. However, foliar application of DA-6 significantly improved osmotic adjustment (OA), photochemical efficiency, and cell membrane stability under salt stress. In addition, high salinity induced massive accumulation of sodium (Na), but decreased accumulation of potassium (K) in leaves and roots of all plants. DA-6-treated plants demonstrated significantly higher transcript levels of genes involved in uptake and transport of Na and K such as VP1, HKT8, SOS1, NHX2, NHX6, and SKOR in leaves as well as VP1, HKT1, HKT8, H+-ATPase, TPK5, SOS1, NHX2, and SKOR in roots. Metabolomics analysis further illustrated that DA-6 primarily induced the accumulation of glucuronic acid, hexanoic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, inosose, erythrulose, galactopyranose, talopyranose, urea, 1-monopalmitin, glycerol monostearate, campesterol, stigmasterol, and alanine.ConclusionsThe DA-6 significantly up-regulated transcript levels of multiple genes associated with increased Na+ compartmentalization in vacuoles and Na+ sequestration in roots to reduce Na+ transport to photosynthetic organs, thereby maintaining Na+ homeostasis under salt stress. The accumulation of many organic metabolites induced by the DA-6 could be attributed to enhanced cell wall and membrane structural stability and functionality, OA, antioxidant defense, and downstream signal transduction in leaves under salt stress. The present study provides a deep insight about the synergistic role of DA-6 in salt tolerance of white clover.

β-carotene and resveratrol loaded glycerol monostearate-based oleogels: Physicochemical characterization at low gelation concentrations

Oleogels are semi-solid systems that can function both as replacers of trans and saturated fats and/or as carriers of lipophilic bioactive compounds. However, bioactive compounds can affect the structure of the oleogel matrix and this effect depends on the properties of such compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop oleogels loaded with β-carotene (BC) or resveratrol (R), with low concentrations of glycerol monostearate (GMS, 2–5 wt%) and sunflower oil as organic solvent. The gels were characterized by polarized light microscopy, rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, oil binding capacity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At higher GMS concentrations, stronger oleogels and higher temperatures associated with transitions (sol–gel/gel–sol and crystallization/melting) were observed. The incorporation of bioactive compounds modified the gelation behavior. BC weakened the oleogel structure during the transient molecular organization of GMS, whereas R increased the dynamic moduli. BC also caused slight oil release at lower concentrations, while R improved retention. The high hydrophobicity of BC may be disturbing the solubility balance of the system, while R has phenolic hydroxyl groups that may strengthen hydrogen bonds. However, there were no considerable changes in mechanical properties after storage. We hypothesize that the molecular organization of GMS over time may be masking the modifications that bioactive compounds cause in mechanical properties. In fact, changes in the structure were revealed, as the addition of BC or R changed the morphology of the three-dimensional network crystals. Thus, the results can contribute to the rational choice of system components using low concentrations of oleogelator, as the composition of the bioactive compound exerts influence on the modulation of lipid matrices.

Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Patented Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Ambrisentan for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Ambrisentan is a new endothelin receptor antagonist extensively used to manage pulmonary or pulmonary arterial hypertension. The therapeutic efficacy of Ambrisentan is limited due to its reduced solubility, higher log P (3.4), and thus less bioavailability. The recent investigation was concentrated on the improvement of solubility, and bioavailability of Ambrisentan for the therapy of hypertension via solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) administered orally. XRD evaluated the compatibility of Ambrisentan with lipids with FTIR, DSC, and crystalline nature. The SLN was developed by High-pressure homogenization method. The Glyceryl monostearate and Tween 80 indicated the highest solubility, hence selected. The optimization was performed with Box-Behnken Design considering the concentration of GMS (X1), Tween 80 (X2), stirring speed (X3) as independent factors and particle size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2) as dependent factors. The Patents on the SLN are Indian 202321053691, U.S. Patent, 10,973,798B2, U.S. Patent 10,251,960B2, U.S. Patent 2021/0069121A1 and U.S. Patent 2022/0151945A1. The optimized batch F1 showed particle size (130 nm), ZP (-18.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (85.73 %). The dual release pattern (prompt and sustained) was achieved with the SLNloaded Ambrisentan for about 24 hours. The lyophilized sample was subjected to SEM, which also revealed a spherical shape of a colloidal dispersion with a particle size of 126 nm. Hence, the F1 batch is highly recommended for solid oral delivery and also for the pilot-plant scale-up. A marked improvement in the solubility and dissolution of Ambrisentan was attained with the SLN. Moreover, the sustained delivery via the oral route enabled the patient's comfort, compliance, and therapeutic efficacy.

Falsely elevated triglyceride and lipase levels due to hyperglycerolemia in a burn patient treated with topical silver sulfadiazine

Pseudohypertriglyceridemia is an overestimation of serum triglyceride levels, potentially leading to an inaccurate diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia. This can result from hyperglycerolemia, which interferes with enzymatic measurement methods. Hyperglycerolemia may arise from drugs or genetic glycerol kinase defects. We present a case of a severely burned patient with very high triglyceride levels (up to 5,696 mg/dL) that was resistant to lipid-lowering treatment, identified during the work up for pancreatitis associated with elevated lipase levels. Despite the very high triglyceride levels reported in the laboratory results, the standing plasma showed clear plasma, with no significant peak of pre-beta lipoprotein observed on serum lipoprotein electrophoresis. Serum apolipoprotein B levels were low, and urine triglyceride levels were high. This case confirms that very high serum glycerol levels caused the falsely elevations of triglyceride and lipase levels, resulting from hyperglycerolemia induced by the massive topical application of silver sulfadiazine cream (containing glycerine and glyceryl stearate) to the severely burned wound, which interfered with the laboratory assays. Triglyceride and lipase levels dramatically decreased after reducing the dose of silver sulfadiazine cream. No genetic defects related to glycerol kinase deficiency were identified.

Design of foodgrade oleofoams from carnauba wax and glyceryl monostearate whippable oleogels

The study aimed to design oleofoams based on carnauba wax (CW) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS), investigating the effect of their ratio (10:0, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8; 0:10) on the resulting oleofoam properties. Dynamic rheological analyses were performed to explore the mechanical properties of both oleogels and oleofoams. Oleofoams were also characterized for texture, color and physical stability Both oleogels and oleofoams exhibited a solid-like behaviour confirming the formation of a fat crystal network during the cooling and whipping process. Oleogels with lower G′ values generated the most stable oleofoams. CW-based oleogel did not whip, while GMS-based oleofoam did not show desirable properties. A CW: GMS ratio of 3:7, 4:6, or 5:5 is required to obtain self-standing oleogels with high oil binding capacity, whippable in 25–40 min reaching an overrun of 50%. The resulting oleofoams are stable and characterized by high network strength, crucial for food applications.

Engineering crystal network of supramolecular Oleogel via kinetical regulation for improved lutein bioaccessibility

This study presented an approach for controlling supramolecular oleogel crystal network by regulating kinetical factors - specifically, a combination of cooling temperature and aging period. Results indicated that only under long aging period, supramolecular oleogels prepared at different cooling temperature exhibited distinct crystal morphology compared to those under short aging period. The physicochemical properties of oleogels were affected by different crystal networks. Therefore, further research on oleogels under longed aging was explored. For lutein encapsulation, it was observed that supramolecular oleogels with denser crystal network exhibited higher lutein bioaccessibility. This was probably because the denser crystal network providing a solid physical barrier that effectively protected lutein unaffected by gastric acid degradation. Additionally, the micellar capacity was also enhanced to accommodate lutein due to release of long chain fatty acid from the gelator glycerol monostearate (GMS). Collectively, kinetical factors regulation facilitated rational design of oleogels for delivery of lipid-soluble bioactive compounds.

Therapeutic Potential of Molsidomine-Loaded Liquid Crystal Nanoparticles for the Treatment and Management of Niacin-Induced Varicose Veins: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Varicose vein therapy has historically relied significantly on invasive surgical procedures, which frequently resulted in poor compliance among patients. The tendency could stem from the past use of abrasive surgical procedures and a lack of documented drug-induced animal models. To address this challenge, we envisaged an innovative approach for animal model development that uses niacin-induced recurrent flushing. And to further treat the condition, we used liquid crystal nanoparticles (LCNPs) as carriers for the antiangiogenic, cardio protective, and anti-inflammatory drug molsidomine. After the successful initiation of reticular perforant varicose veins, the animals were administered and treated with molsidomine-loaded liquid crystal nanoparticles (MD-LCNPs) that were simultaneously synthesized via a straightforward homogenization method. The preparation of MD-LCNPs involved inducing the disruption of a cubic-phase gel of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) by Milli-Q water in the presence of a Tween-80. Characterization of MD-LCNPs encompassed an assessment of their physicochemical properties. Microscopic studies revealed monodispersity with an average size of 195 ± 55.94 nm. In vitro evaluations demonstrated commendable antioxidant potential, excellent swelling behavior, and sustained release behavior of MD-LCNPs. Furthermore, MD-LCNPs exhibited nontoxicity toward cells, with minimal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO). Histopathological and hematological analysis indicated the efficacy of MD-LCNPs in ameliorating niacin-induced varicose veins, the absence of detrimental and toxic effects on blood cells and visceral organs, and safety for intravenous administration. Following the administration of nanoparticles, the formulation demonstrated appropriate levels of prostaglandins (PGDs), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This substantiates the formulation's suitability for the treatment and management of varicose veins. In conclusion, our work shows an efficient method that induces varicose veins in rodents, and also a promising nanocarrier-based drug delivery approach using MD-LCNPs for effective and safe varicose vein therapy.

Exploring the oral processing mechanisms for saltiness enhancement with NaCl nanocrystals in oleogel systems based on black pepper oleoresin and sunflower seed oil

Reducing salt content in processed foods while maintaining flavor is crucial for human health. This study investigates the sensory interaction between the pungency of black pepper oleoresin and saltiness within an oleogel matrix by incorporating NaCl nanocrystals into a black pepper oleoresin formulated with glyceryl monostearate and soy lecithin (G-L-P). Psychophysical results revealed that the salt content in the G-L-P and G-L systems (G-L-P without black pepper oleoresin) was reduced by up to 66.77 % and 37.08 % compared to the G system (G-L without soy lecithin), respectively. During oral processing, the G-L and G-L-P systems formed oil-in-water emulsions with smaller and more numerous oil droplets. Within 5 s, the Na+ concentration was lowest in the G system (2.2 g/L), while the G-L and G-L-P systems showed higher concentrations (3.1 g/L and 3.0 g/L, respectively). This research provides a theoretical basis for the food industry to develop low-salt products without compromising flavor.

Microencapsulation for the delivery of terazosin hydrochloride: design, development, and characterization

The aim of the work. Terazosin HCL, which is a selective alpha-1 antagonist, has been recommended for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia-related medical conditions, including hypertension and urinary tract disorders. The purpose of this research was to create microparticles that would have a prolonged release of terazosin hydrochloride (TZ). However, TZ is a medicine that is readily soluble and has a high capability of dissolving in water. Materials and methods. A validated HPLC method was established to assess TZ. The TZ microparticles were produced using the process of melt dispersion by utilising cetyl palmitate (CP), myristic acid (MA), Glycerol monostearate 4055 (type II) or Kolliwax® GMS II (GMS), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticizer, and tween 80 as a stabilizing agent. Different formulations of TZ microparticles were evaluated with regard to particle size, zeta potential, and release, and morphological scanning was performed. Results. A zeta potential that falls between -22.9 and -29.4 mV is possessed by TZ microparticles. Furthermore, the size of TZ microparticles falls between 2.11 and 5.60 µm, and the polydispersity index (PDI) was between 0.24 to 0.41. In addition, the formula (F4) that included CP, GMS, PEG 400, and Tween 80 in the proportions of 0.8:0.2:1:0.5 had the highest zeta potential (ZP) and dissolved more than 85 % of TZ after 8 hours. Therefore, F4 was chosen for the purpose of conducting morphological research. Conclusion. Employing the use of CP, GMS, PEG 400, and Tween 80 in a ratio of 0.8:0.2:1:0.5 could result in the generation of microparticles of TZ that are the most acceptable