Glycerol Mono Research Articles

Unravelling Competitive Interactions between Polymer Side Chains and End Groups with β-Cyclodextrin.

This study investigates unexpected competitive host-guest interactions of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), which can occur with polymers in aqueous solution, using the examples of the two polymers poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) and poly(glycerol mono methacrylate). Systematic structural modifications of the polymer provide insight into the host-guest interaction with β-CD and the competition between side chains and end groups such as hydrophobic end groups remaining from reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization or intentionally implemented molecular recognition units such as arylazopyrazole photoswitches.

Utilization of Sulfonated Natural Zeolite as Catalyst for Glycerolysis Monooleate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study

The development and production of alternative fuels such as biodiesel that continues to be carried out further increases glycerol as a by-product of the biodiesel process. The accumulation that continues to occur will cause a decrease in the price of glycerol. To solve this problem, glycerol is reprocessed into its derivative products, one of which is Glycerol Mono Oleate (GMO). In this study, natural zeolite was modified using a sulfonation process. The results of catalyst characterization based on FTIR indicate that the modification in natural zeolite was successful when the catalyst had the expected functional groups. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) are determined for this reaction using the Eyring equation. The reaction fits with the pseudo-2nd order kinetic model. The activation energy of the esterification reaction using sulfonated zeolite is reported as 37.855 kJ/mol. The result shows that the best variable to produce GMO is the reaction at a temperature of 220oC with the conversion value was 95.00%.

Preparation & Evaluation of white pigmented inkjet inks based on glycerol mono oleate - Gallic acid as a dispersing agent for textile inkjet printing

Preparation & Evaluation of white pigmented inkjet inks based on glycerol mono oleate - Gallic acid as a dispersing agent for textile inkjet printing

Extraction and Estimation of antistatic agent Glycerol Mono Stearate in Polypropylene by Gas Chromatography Coupled with Flame Ionisation Detector

A new method has been developed for the estimation of an antistatic agent Glycerol Mono Stearate (GMS) in Polypropylene (PP) over Gas Chromatography coupled with Flame ionization detector (GC-FID). In the present work, selection of suitable sample specimen, sample weight, solvent mixture, extraction time, and temperature have been identified for the extraction of GMS in the PP resin. In-house Polypropylene pellet has been used for study and the GMS extorted into n-hexane-Ethyl acetate and quantified using GC-FID over 100% Dimethylpolysiloxane column. The method limit of detection is 1 mg/L and the limit of quantification is 5-750 mg/kg in PP resin with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999. This method is accurate and has not found any interference with other co additives used in the propylene.

Transesterification reaction of tristearin (TS) & glycerol mono stearate (GMS) over surface basified PAN fibrous solid catalyst

A unique process for transesterification at low temperatures using a novel functionalised polyacrylonitrile polymer mesh acting as a strong heterogeneous base in the production of biodiesel. A promising solution for energy minimisation and the sustainable use of waste fats and oils.

Development and Evaluation of Hydralazine Hcl Drug Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles

Objective The major goal of the current study was to create and assess solid lipids nanoparticles of Hydralazine hydrochloride to improve its bioavailability.Methodology Solid lipid nanoparticles SLN have recently received a lot of media interest.. Researchers are interested in it because of its increased stability and lower toxicity. Thermal homogenization of hydralazine chlorhydrate and various lipids resulted in the formation of solid lipid nanoparticles. Tristearin Glycerol mono stearate and Compritol 888 were the lipids used soy lecithin was utilized as a surfactant amp stabilizer and tween 80 poloxamer-188 were used for regulated release. Drug release and properties followed a diffusion-controlled release pattern.Results Particle size and PDI polydispersity index zeta potential entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release were all tested for the nanoparticles. The particle sizes varied between 45.72 and 576.4 nm. All the formulations had good PDI values ranging from 0.119 to 0.411. Blank SLN had a zeta potential of -15.2 mV but drug-loaded SLN had a zeta potential ranging from -12.3 to -32.3 mV. The measured entrapment efficiency was in the range of 78.68 to 96.25.Conclusion The cumulative percentage release of Hydralazine Hcl from different Hydralazine Hcl nanoparticles varied from 53.38 to 89.74 depending on the drug lipid ratio and the type of lipid used. The average percentage of drug released from different SLNs after 24 hours was in the following order F9 53.95 lt F6 56.75 lt F4 61.74 lt F7 63.90 lt F5 67.78 lt F8 69.09 lt F3 75.31 lt F1 79.36 lt F2 89.74. The release kinetic studies showed that the release was first order diffusion controlled and the n values obtained from the Korsmeyer-Peppas model revealed the release mechanism was Quasi-Fickian type n-value of 0.47.

Mechanistic insights into the effect of structural factors on film formation and tribological performance of organic friction modifiers

The influence of molecular structure of organic friction modifiers (OFMs) on their adsorption behaviour on iron oxide surface immersed in PAO oil was investigated using neutron reflectometry (NR). The effects of carbon chain length and levels of unsaturation on film formation was studied using a series of fatty acids with 18–20 carbon atoms in the temperature range between 25 and 100 °C. The results revealed that saturated OFM molecules generate thicker films compared to its unsaturated counterparts. Further, a decrease in film thickness was observed with the degree of unsaturation with the exception of linolenic acid. The film thickness and grafting density of the OFM increased with temperature. A decreased film thickness for the binary additive system comprising GMO and saturated molecules suggested that the adsorption of OFMs on the surface is hindered in the presence of glycerol mono oleate (GMO). A lower boundary friction coefficient and wear exhibited by OFMs with longer chain and linear structure suggest that their tribofilms are more effective in withstanding shear. The tribofilm thickness measured using optical interferometry showed no correlation with the adsorbed layer thickness determined from NR data; this lack of correspondence is attributed to the load and shearing forces experienced by the OFM molecules at the contact surfaces during friction measurements.

Effect of fat and sugar replacement on rheological, textural and nutritional characteristics of multigrain cookies.

Fat and sugar are responsible for the structure of cookies but make them nutritionally inferior. Therefore, in the present study, cookies with improved nutrition using whole wheat flour (WWF) and incorporation of multigrain mix (MM-oats, peas and fenugreek flours) at 0,25, 50, 75 and 100% levels was studied. Further, fatwas replaced using pumpkin seed (PS) or watermelon seed (WS) at 25, 50 and 75% level and sugarwas replaced using dry dates (DD) or raisins (RS) separately at 20, 40 and 60%. MM having protein at 15.13% and dietary fibre at 12.83% significantly decreased the water absorption (68.1-60.6%), stability (2.52-1.35min), amylograph peak viscosity (665-821 BU), and cookie dough hardness (1737-690.5) at 100% MM. Based on the physico-sensory analysis, 75% replacement of WWFwith MM was selected for replacement of fat or sugar. Addition of PS or WS increased the dough hardness (1235-4103g), whereas the spread ratio of cookies decreased from 6.25 and 6.31 to 5.54 and 4.06 respectively. Replacement of fat with PS at 50%, sugar by DD at 40% along with a combination of sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and glycerol mono stearate (GMS) showed improvement in the cookie texture. The scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) of cookie showed coating of starch granules and appearance of sheet-like covering of protein network. The mono and polyunsaturated fatty acid profile of cookies improved apart from a two-fold increase in protein and three-fold increase in dietary fibre.

Novel Intact Polar and Core Lipid Compositions in the Pyrococcus Model Species, P. furiosus and P. yayanosii, Reveal the Largest Lipid Diversity Amongst Thermococcales.

Elucidating the lipidome of Archaea is essential to understand their tolerance to extreme environmental conditions. Previous characterizations of the lipid composition of Pyrococcus species, a model genus of hyperthermophilic archaea belonging to the Thermococcales order, led to conflicting results, which hindered the comprehension of their membrane structure and the putative adaptive role of their lipids. In an effort to clarify the lipid composition data of the Pyrococcus genus, we thoroughly investigated the distribution of both the core lipids (CL) and intact polar lipids (IPL) of the model Pyrococcus furiosus and, for the first time, of Pyrococcus yayanosii, the sole obligate piezophilic hyperthermophilic archaeon known to date. We showed a low diversity of IPL in the lipid extract of P. furiosus, which nonetheless allowed the first report of phosphatidyl inositol-based glycerol mono- and trialkyl glycerol tetraethers. With up to 13 different CL structures identified, the acid methanolysis of Pyrococcus furiosus revealed an unprecedented CL diversity and showed strong discrepancies with the IPL compositions reported here and in previous studies. By contrast, P. yayanosii displayed fewer CL structures but a much wider variety of polar heads. Our results showed severe inconsistencies between IPL and CL relative abundances. Such differences highlight the diversity and complexity of the Pyrococcus plasma membrane composition and demonstrate that a large part of its lipids remains uncharacterized. Reassessing the lipid composition of model archaea should lead to a better understanding of the structural diversity of their lipidome and of their physiological and adaptive functions.

Effect of dealumination on the acidity of zeolite Y and the yield of glycerol mono stearate (GMS)

Research on the production of Glycerol Monostearate from glycerol using dealuminated Zeolite Y catalysts has been carried out. Optimization of the dealumination process is conducted using the help of statistical software 10, where the variables used are acid concentration (5–7 M), temperature of dealumination (55–70 °C) and time of dealumination (2–6 h). The acidity characterization test of dealuminated Zeolite Y using ammonia and pyridine solution. Glycerol Monostearate yield was obtained by GC-MS test that was carried out on 2 samples zeolite Y catalyst with the highest value of total and surface acidity of zeolite Y which produced 2.18% and 4% yield of Glycerol Monostearate. The two samples showed that the greater the acidity, the GMS yield was also greater. Compared to previous studies it was found that ZSM-5 catalyst has a higher acidity value than zeolite Y so that the yield of Glycerol Monostearate is higher with the use of ZSM-5 than Zeolite Y.

Development and characterization of paclitaxel and embelin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for breast cancer

In an effort to develop an alternative formulation of combination of paclitaxel (PTX) and embelin (EMB) suitable for parenteral administration, PTX-EMB loaded sterically stabilized solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared, characterized and examined for in vitro cytotoxicity. The SLNs, comprising glycerol mono stearate (GMS) as a solid lipid core, Brij 35 used as surfactant and PEGylated phospholipid used as stabilizer, were prepared using a hot homogenization method. Optimized PTX-EMB loaded formulation, the particle sizes of the prepared SLNs were around 300 nm, suggesting that they would be suitable as a parenteral formulation. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the SLNs were homogeneous and spherical in shape. Entrapment efficiency of paclitaxel and embelin was 92.83 ± 2.2%, 83.25 ± 2.4% respectively. An in vitro drug release study were performed in PBS (pH 7.4) for 80 hrs and observed that paclitaxel and embelin released from the PEGylated SLNs was 93.91 ± 4.1 % and 75.63 ± 4.37 % respectively. Furthermore, treatment of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with PTX-EMB loaded SLNs yielded cytotoxicities comparable to PTX solution, PTX-EMB mixture solution and PTX loaded PEGylated SLNs. These results collectively suggest that our optimized SLN formulation may have a potential as alternative delivery system for parenteral administration of paclitaxel and embelin.
 Keywords: Embelin, Apoptosis, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, Breast Cancer, Solid lipid nanoparticles.

PEMBUATAN SURFAKTAN DARI ASAM OLEAT

The synthesis of glycerol mono oleic from oleic acid and glycerol is classified as an esterification reaction. This research is aimed to study the influent of reaction temperature and catalyst concentration on reaction conversion. During the experiment the temperature of reaction mixture was varied as 110 oC, 130 oC, and 150 oC, while the catalyst concentration of 1%, 3 %, and 5% was used. The batch experiment was conducted in a glass reactor equipped with termometer, agitator, and reflux condensor. The oleic acid – glycerol mol ratio of 1 : 2 was used as a mixture feed. To maintain the reaction temperature at certain level, the oil bath was used. After the temperature of reaction mixture was reached the expected value, then H2SO4 catalyst was added to the reactor. To measure the extent of the reaction, every 30 minutes the sample was drawn out from the reactor vessel. The sample analysis include acid number, density, and viscosity measurement. From this research the optimum condition which is the temperature of reaction of 150 oC and 1% catalyst concentration was obtained. At this optimum condition the convertion reach 86% and the analysis of other physical properties of the product show the acid number of 24.12, the density of 0.922 g/cc, and the viscosity of 118.4 cp.

Influence of Glycerol Mono Stearate and Guar gum on Quality Characteristics of Gluten Free Macaroni fromCassava

Macaroni is one type of food products that are widely used as appetizer or main dishes ingredient. Macaroni is generally made from wheat flour. However, macaroni in this study was made from cassava to produce a healthier gluten free product. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of Glycerol Mono Stearate and guar gum on the characteristics of cassava macaroni. The research was arranged with Completely Randomized Designs with the concentration of GMS (0.1%, 0.25%) and guar gum (0.25%, 0.5%) against control. Parameters observed were water absorption, cooking loss, texture and proximate analysis. The results showed that the use of GMS and guar gum had significant effect on water absorption, cooking loss and texture of macaroni. Macaroni with best physical characteristics was obtained from GMS 0.1% and 0.25% guar gum which had water absorption 128.495%, cooking loss 5.060%, hardness 27.530 N, adhesiveness 0.920 mJ. The macaroni had moisture content of 7.892%, fat 0.047%, protein 0.777%, carbohydrate 88.890%, ash 2.383% and energy 359.690 Kcal, which was not significantly different from the control.

Organic signatures in Pleistocene cherts from Lake Magadi (Kenya) – implications for early Earth hydrothermal deposits

Abstract. Organic matter in Archean hydrothermal cherts may provide an important archive for molecular traces of the earliest life on Earth. The geobiological interpretation of this archive, however, requires a sound understanding of organic matter preservation and alteration in hydrothermal systems. Here we report on organic matter (including molecular biosignatures) enclosed in hydrothermally influenced cherts of the Pleistocene Lake Magadi (Kenya; High Magadi Beds and Green Beds). The Magadi cherts contain low organic carbon (< 0.4 wt %) that occurs in the form of finely dispersed clots, layers, or encapsulated within microscopic carbonate rhombs. Both extractable (bitumen) and non-extractable organic matter (kerogen) were analyzed. The bitumens contain immature “biolipids” like glycerol mono- and diethers (e.g., archaeol and extended archaeol), fatty acids, and alcohols indicative for, inter alia, thermophilic cyanobacteria, sulfate reducers, and haloarchaea. However, co-occurring “geolipids” such as n-alkanes, hopanes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) indicate that a fraction of the bitumen has been thermally altered to early or peak oil window maturity. This more mature fraction likely originated from defunctionalization of dissolved organic matter and/or hydrothermal petroleum formation at places of higher thermal flux. Like the bitumens, the kerogens also show variations in thermal maturities, which can partly be explained by admixture of thermally pre-altered macromolecules. However, findings of archaea-derived isoprenoid moieties (C20 and C25 chains) in kerogen pyrolysates indicate rapid sequestration of some archaeal lipids into kerogen while hydrothermal alteration was active. We posit that such early sequestration may enhance the resistance of molecular biosignatures against in situ hydrothermal and post-depositional alteration. Furthermore, the co-occurrence of organic matter with different thermal maturities in the Lake Magadi cherts suggests that similar findings in Archean hydrothermal deposits could partly reflect original environmental conditions and not exclusively post-depositional overprint or contamination. Our results support the view that kerogen in Archean hydrothermal cherts may contain important information on early life. Our study also highlights the suitability of Lake Magadi as an analog system for hydrothermal chert environments on the Archean Earth.

Optimization and infrared spectrometric evaluation of the mechanical properties of PLA-based biocomposites

In this work polylactic acid (PLA)/starch biocomposite samples with optimized mechanical properties and suitable cost have been prepared by extrusion and thermal mixing. The variables to be optimized were PLA, corn starch, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), carboxy methyl cellulous (CMC) and glycerol mono- stearate (GMS) contents. The experiments were carried out based on the experimental design using D-optimal mixture methods. The analysis of variance indicated accuracy of the model. It was observed that biocomposite sample with PLA 59.5%, Starch 20%, EVA 10%, CMC 6.5%, GMS 2% and CaCO3 2% would be attained noticeable improvement in the mechanical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in combination with partial least square (PLS) chemometric technique was used to estimate the mechanical properties in five different spectral regions. Results show good accuracy between calibration and validation sets also denoted that O-C = O stretching and C = O stretching functional groups of PLA, EVA, CMC and GMS have the most positive effect on tensile strength and hydrogen bonded hydroxyl group of starch has the minimum positive effect. This research provided a method to improve the mechanical properties of biocomposite samples by using the D-optimal design and PLS chemometric techniques and Obtained results demonstrated that PLS could accurately predict mechanical properties in these spectral regions.

Innovation Readiness Assessment toward Research Commercialization: Case of Surfactants for Food Processing

Determining the readiness of research toward commercialization becomes significant issues encountered by the institution working on research, innovation and technology development. Particularly in food processing area, the issue is much more involving other aspects aside from technological matter, hence, an assessment tool should be consider these aspects altogether to capture integrated perspective. This study explored the use of Innovation Readiness Level to measures the maturity of research from the perspective of technology, market, organization, partnership and risk. Case of surfactant researches in the Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences will be deployed as examples of study. According to the assessment, it has been obtained the surfactant recommended for further development towards commercialization of R D results for food processing, i.e. Glycerol Mono Stearate (GMS), which has reached the level of IRL 3. This finding resulted some implications for improvements strategies to foster the research toward commercialization.

Optimization foam mat drying of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract

In this study, foaming condition of roselle was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and the effect of drying characteristic was investigated. Roselle extract was foamed by addition of 1-5% w/w foaming agents (ovalbumin). The foaming stabilizer, glycerol mono stearate (0-1% w/w) was used to remain mechanic and thermodynamic stability of foam. As the response foam density and drainage volume was determined. The optimum foam variable was then dried at various drying temperatures (50-70°C). The moisture content was observed by gravimetry every 10 minutes for 90 minutes. Result showed that optimum formulation was 3.31% egg albumin and 1% GMS. The constant rate of the foam mat drying (temperature 50°C) was 3 times higher than non foam mat drying. Higher drying temperature can speed up the driving force but lead to color degradation.

Optimization of Preparation of Zeolite Y Dealuminate Catalysts for Glycerol Conversion to Glycerol Mono Laurate

This Research has been done to analyze Zeolite Y CBV 712 as a catalyst. Zeolite Y CBV 712 was dealuminated by treating it with H2SO4 solution, with 3 – 8 M concentration at 40 – 60 oC. The dealumination treatment runs for 4 hours. Then, dealuminated zeolite was calcinated with a furnace for 3 hours with temperature range between 500 – 600 oC. Dealuminated zeolit Y then tested to synthesize Glycerol Mono Laurate (GML). By Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analyze, indicated that the higher Glycerol Monolaurate yield, X2 factor is the most significance factor, indicating with high F-value (29.60768) and low P-value (0.001600). Objective function from this tests, is used to determine the optimum value between dealumination temperature (X1), acid concentration used (X2) and calcinating temperature (X3). The relation between each operating variables and the responses is shown in mathematical equation below : [see formula in PDF] The optimum condition obtained is 43.25oC for dealumination temperature, 5.45 M for acid concentration and 614oC for calcination temperature. According to the optimum condition obtained, the glycerol monolaurate yield obtained is 59.470%.

Glycerol Isopropyl Ethers: Direct Synthesis from Alcohols and Synthesis by the Reduction of Solketal

AbstractThe catalytic reduction of solketal ((2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐yl)methanol) over bifunctional heterogeneous palladium catalysts is proposed as an alternative to the synthesis of glycerol isopropyl ethers by the etherification of glycerol. The direct synthesis of glycerol isopropyl ethers from isopropanol and glycerol requires severe conditions (T=130–150 °C, p(H2)=20–35 bar) and a large excess of isopropanol to reach a considerable yield. The main reaction products in the catalytic reduction of solketal are glycerol mono‐ and di‐isopropyl ethers and solketal isopropyl ether. Solketal conversion over Al‐HMS‐supported palladium catalysts (T=120 °C and p(H2)=20 bar) affords a mixture of ethers with a high degree of conversion (87 %), 78 % selectivity, and excellent regioselectivity between isomeric ethers. Zeolite‐BEA‐supported palladium catalysts also exhibit high activity but much lower selectivity because of intense acetone aldol condensation. The effects of Si/Al ratios in BEA zeolites and Al‐HMS aluminosilicates and the amounts of supported palladium (1 and 2 wt %) on the properties of the catalysts at different reaction temperatures and hydrogen pressures are considered.

Characterization and Testing of Zeolite Y Dealuminate Catalysts for Glycerol Conversion to Glycerol Mono Laurate

Characterization and Testing of Zeolite Y Dealuminate Catalysts for Glycerol Conversion to Glycerol Mono Laurate